The bio psychosocial model
Wellness is the positive state of wellbeing and not the absence of disease, research has proven the truth in this by clearly illuminating light to the connection between our different dimensions as human beings(Evers et al., 2015). This includes the physical, psychological, social and spiritual aspects of man, however the Bio psychosocial model looks at the relationship between health and our physical, social as well as our psychological components.
The WHO defines health as state of psychological, social, physical, and spiritual wellbeing and not the mere absence of disease or infirmity all these aspects are intertwined and contribute to the position of a person’s health on the wellness continuum. This is where the bio psychosocial model comes into play. This model asserts that there are specific domains that influence the wellness of a person. The biological aspect of health has to do with physical wellness, it looks at the body’s functions, and illness is because of pathology from bacteria, virus or improper functioning of certain body organs and systems.
The psychological aspect has to do with emotions, intelligence, thoughts and other cognitive processes that may affect an individual. How an individual perceives and interacts with stress could affect how well this person is, some illnesses have been known to be psychosomatic and are simply triggered by thoughts and perceptions. The social aspect however is how one interacts with others and the type of interpersonal relationships they have. Unhealthy relationships and attachment could lead to psychological disturbances which could then lead to manifestations in the physical dimension. So in order to maintain a proper state of wellness one must be able to balance all these aspects, ensuring that they are not at the extreme negative end of the health continuum.
Effects of Family Environment on Personality
An individual social environment greatly contributes to the development of personality. Personality refers to those unique characteristics, traits, patterns of thought and qualities that make an individual stand out from the rest(Parks-Leduc, Feldman, & Bardi, 2015). The family environment is an example of a social environment. Researches that have been carried out in relation to the influence that family environment has on personality indicates that traits like extroversion, maturity and intelligence are affected by an individual’s family environment.
The family can influence an individual’s personality from the nurture and from the nature point of view. The nurture refers to the environment and in this case an individual who is in an unstable family environment has the tendency to develop an aggressive personality. Some children in this kind of environment may grow up to be socially withdrawn and they end up developing a conflict-driven personality this is because throughout their childhood they may have been exposed to an environment where the parents were in constant arguments in front of the children or even the child might have been exposed to parental violence. In families where the structural system is dismantled, it makes children in that household to acquire distorted personalities, which may include aggression, or even the children tend to be impulsive. Children with an aggressive personality tend to be troublemakers at home or even in school.
When children spend their entire lives exposed to the unstable family environments they may tend to exhibit violent personalities as adults and may find it very difficult to form and sustain social relationships(Israel et al., 2014). However, stable family environments help a child to develop traits such as confidence, high self-esteem, and independence. These are all signs of stability in the family structure.
Relationship between HIV/AIDS diagnoses, coping and psychopathologies
Numerous researches have indicated that patients who have been diagnosed with HIV/AIDS can easily develop psychopathologies. This is because due to health self-rating behavior some of the patients may either rate themselves on the negative or positive ends. When the reality of the disease overwhelms the patient, they may end up developing psychopathologies. Such psychopathologies may include Post traumatic stress disorder, depression or even substance abuse. A research carried out in South Africa showed that male patients tend to exhibit a higher chance of substance abuse and 22.7% of males were dependent on alcohol. They were also more susceptible to risky sexual behaviors.
Women patients who were diagnosed with HIV/AIDS according to the research had higher tendencies of developing PTSD this is because the thought of having the disease caused trauma to them because they tended to rate themselves on the negative end of the spectrum. They therefore easily develop feelings of impending doom or death. Women also tend to be in constant worry about their family well-being in case they die because of the disease this goes on to cause anxiety disorders which further affects their well-being. When it comes to depression both men and women are equally affected. When one is diagnosed with the disease, the psychological tuning of the mind determines the approach one takes. For some patients they associate the disease with death and therefore after being diagnosed they feel that they are going to die soon. This may make some fall into a depressed state because of feeling that their lives are over and there is nothing worth living for because they will eventually die. It’s therefore important that Clinician and therapists help patients deal with this psychopathologies which in most cases may even be as a result of stigma.
Personality traits
Psychology of personality is a wide field, especially because there are so many theories to personality traits and how they develop. There are even more theories on the types of personality disorders that affect people as well. In order to understand the disorders that affect individuals suffering from such psychopathologies, there has to be adequate understanding of the origins of personality.
Personality generally refers to the long-term mannerisms and behavioral tendencies that define a person or make the person unique. Researchers have found that there is an extensive interplay between biological factors i.e. genes and chromosomes as well as the environmental factors that people experience. One model that simplifies the explanation of personality traits though it has experienced criticism by various scholars regarding its originality and whether its situation specific, is the five factor model also referred to as the big five factors.
The theory is a combination of five major factors that used to define personality on a psychometric scale. These are Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness(Walker & Vetter, 2015). All these factors are put into consideration in analyzing the personality of an individual a percentage of each is derived after the end of a psychometric test. However, the issues that have been made against the theory have contended on clinical applicability of this model. Some psychologists have sited that it may simply be good for the study of personality and the types of traits one might have. There have been other issues regarding its applicability in industrial organization psychology as an aptitude test considering the fact that it is more situation specific, and anyone looking for a job could maneuver their way around it, making it all the more questionable.
REFERENCE
Evers, K. E., Castle, P. H., Fernandez, A. C., Prochaska, J. O., Prochaska, J. M., & Paiva, A. L. (2015). The functional well-being scale: A measure of functioning loss due to well-being-related barriers. Journal of Health Psychology, 20(1), 113–20. http://doi.org/10.1177/1359105313500094
Israel, S., Moffitt, T. E., Belsky, D. W., Hancox, R. J., Poulton, R., Roberts, B., Caspi, A. (2014). Translating personality psychology to help personalize preventive medicine for young adult patients. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(3), 484–98. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0035687
Parks-Leduc, L., Feldman, G., & Bardi, A. (2015). Personality Traits and Personal Values: A Meta-Analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(1), 3–29. http://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314538548
Walker, M., & Vetter, T. (2015). Changing the Personality of a Face: Perceived Big Two and Big Five Personality Factors Modeled in Real Photographs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000064
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