Introduction
The following is a critique of both qualitative and quantitative research studies. The qualitative critique covers an article titled “Vulnerability in perioperative patterns: A qualitative study” by Cousley. The article properly presents the listing of factors that cause vulnerability in perioperative patients as well as the use of alternative techniques to ensure qualitative vigor is achieved. The weakness of the article is that it used only ten participants and it relied on a single interviewer.The quantitative critique covers the article “Sore throat in women after intubation with 6.5 or 7.0 mm endotracheal tube: a quantitative study” by Gustavson et al. The authors wanted to determine whether a difference in inner diameter of the endotracheal tube affects the instances of sore throat in patients after surgery (Gustavson et al., 2014; Biro et al., 2005). The overall application of both the qualitative and quantitative studies to nursing is considered with special attention to the New Zealand practice.
Nursing research refers to studies conducted by nursing professionals – practicing or teaching-that offers a basis for nursing practices in terms of available evidence (Polit & Beck, 2010). This essay comprises two parts; part one is composed of two tabulated critique frameworks - qualitative critique for article 1 and quantitative critique for article 2. Part two of the essay is a discussion of the articles as well as their relevance in the New Zealand practice and the application of the Kaupapa Maori perspective to the evaluation of the articles. Qualitative and quantitative research studies are fundamental to the field of nursing. However, it is essential to critique these studies to determine the level of validity and reliability of the information proposed as well as their relevance in the practice of nursing.
Part One
Qualitative Critique Framework: Article 1
References
Gerrish, K. & Lacey, A. (2006). The Research Process in Nursing. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Holland, K. & Rees, C. (2010). Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Skills Oxford University Press
Quantitative Critique Framework: Article 2
References
Gerrish, K. & Lacey, A. (2006) The Research Process in Nursing (6thed.) Oxford University Press
Jaensson M., Olowsson, L.L., & Nilsson, U. (2010). Endotracheal tube size and sore throat following surgery: a randomized control study” ActaAnaesthesiolScand, 56(10), 1306-1313
LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J., Cameron, C., & Singh, M. (2013). Nursing research in Canada: Methods and critical appraisal for evidenc-based practice. Toronto, ON: MosbyElsevier
Polit, D. & Beck, C. (2010) Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice (7thed.). China: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Xu, Y.J., Wang, S. L., Ren, Y., Zhu, Y., Tan, Z. M. (2012). A smaller endotrachael tube combined with intravenous decreases post-operative sore throat – a randomized controlled trial .ActaAnaesthesiolScand, 56(10), 1314-1320.
Part Two
The relevance of article 1, “Vulnerability in perioperative patients: a qualitative study” by A. Cousely is suggested by the findings of the study forged to discover the existence and extent of knowledge and awareness on the clinical practice element of perioparative vulnerability. The current perioperative environment is characterized by a need for a high risk management system(Manojlovich, 2005). It makes it necessary to determine the level of available information as information is key any management system and to also improve the level of perioperative care. The article also serves to alienate the effect of stressors, such as perioperative anxiety on the patients who need to receive surgery and promote the provision of holistic care (Cousley, 2015). Cousleyproposes that among the major factors causing perioperative vulnerability is anxiety, which sets off the stress response in patients. Application of this information would be as proposed by Agostini et al. (2014) through using clowns to ease tensions of children before surgery. Perioperative vulnerability is classified into three aspects, which are social, physical, and psychological (Scanlon & Lee, 2007). The holistic approach and individualization of care is necessary in delivering healthcare perioperative patients (Cousley, 2015).
The findings of the study were that there exists general awareness of perioperative vulnerability among nurses and analysis of the data brought up the concerns of labels according to vulnerability level of patients and recognition. Signs of vulnerability among patients and awareness amongst practitioners, and management was also revealed. The skills of professionals and the strategies they employed was covered (Cousely, 2015). It is among the pioneer research studies on the issue of perioperative vulnerability and is essential in supporting or contradicting related literature; in this case it supports the literature (Cousley, 2015). The information obtained from the interviews with the perioperative nurses is significant in noting gaps in awareness, knowledge, and experience, which can only be determined through a research study process. Critically, article 1 is on average as a source of reliable and valid data on the awareness and experiences of perioperative professionals.
The relevance of article 2 “Sore throat in women after intubation with 6.5 or 7.0 mm endotracheal tube: A quantitative study” is to lessen the occurrence of sore throats which is regarded as a complication and its incidence is estimated between 21%-74% (Jaensson et al., 2010). It makes the endotracheal tube (ETT) procedure more uncomfortable for patients who have undergone the surgery (Grap et al., 2002). Another consequence of the surgery is to determine which inner diameter of the tube – either 6.5 or 7.0mm is better for use by patients as it promotes a lower occurrence of sore throat. A study by Jaenson et al., proposed that reducing the inner diameter of the endotracheal tube would lessen the chance of occurrence of sore throat after surgery (Higgins et al., 2002). Such information is tested in the research study to support the existing literature in the field and to raise new questions and ideas on the field. Information on the kind of gel to use is also relevant as application of lidocaine gel lessens occurrence of sore throat as compare to using none (Sumathi et al., 2008; Basanoglu et al., 2004). Variables that increase risk of sore throat include age.Thestudy helped to confirm that people of greater age experience higher incidence of sore throat.
The application of the study can also be to substantiate the available literature knowledge of the incidence of occurrence of sore throats in women as more than that of men as well as determining the period of time the sore throat will occur after the surgery (Jaensson et al., 2010). Information about vulnerability is essential to care givers of patients who have undergone ETT surgery as they can use it in their practice of medicine to alleviate the occurrence of sore throat. The study was also used to advance other studies done on the subject (Hisham et al., 2001).
According to article 2, the incidence of sore throats increases with the increased inner diameter of the ETT even though not statistically significant and the use of lidocaine gel reduces the result of sore throat. Such information can be applied to Aotearora in the sense that lidocaine gel can be used in place of saline installations which are currently in use in New Zealand for intubation surgeries (Reeve et al., 2007). According to Reeve et al., 2007, the use of normal saline installation in the patients has dangerous effects and there is thus need to find a better way, probably use of strepsils(Ebneshahidi&Mohseni, 2010).
Kaupapa Maori perspective on research study refers to the prospect of change as well as its interest (Barnes, 2000).Article 1, which is based on the concern of vulnerability of perioperative patients reflects the Kaupapa Maori perspective as the study and recommendations suggested are to benefit the surgery patients and to ease their experience as well as reduce instances of anxiety (Cousley, 2015). Article 2 on endotracheal tubation applies this perspective as it focuses on changing the current incidence of sore throats especially in women who are more vulnerable to it and the interest of Gustavson et al., is to reduce the distress of patients after a surgery (2014).
Conclusion
In summary this essay is evidence to support the thesis that research studies, both qualitative and quantitative, play an important role in the sphere of nursing and that there is need to assess validity and reliability of the information therein to determine whether the study is relevant and significant in the practice of nursing. The quantitative and qualitative critique frameworks summarize the criticism of the two articles on different planes and the critique is supported by evidence.For the first article, the methodology and literature failed in the areas of objectivity and reliability of information as the sample size was small and homogenous. There was only one interviewer and there was significant contribution in the literature by other author’s works which reduces the credibility of the findings from the study. In the second article, the literature and methodology exhibited some elements that decreased its credibility, such as overreliance on the work of other researchers in the field, lack of statistical significance of the information, and a sample size that was not explained well by the author. The New Zealand nursing practice makes use of some unorthodox practices, such as the use of saline installations to lessen sore throats in endotracheal intubation procedures. The findings of the study on sore throats would be, thus, be significant. The principle of Kaupapa Maori is also applied to the information from the articles to determine whether they comply with this perspective.The two articles both score averagely according to the critique.
References
Agostini, F., Monti, F., Neri, E., Dellabartola, S., de Pascalis, L., &Bozicevic, L. (2013). Parental anxiety and stress before pediatric anesthesia: A pilot study on the effectiveness of preoperative clown intervention. Journal of Health Psychology, 19(5), 587-601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105313475900
Barnes, H. M. (2000). Kaupapa Maori: Explaining the ordinary.WharikiResearch Group. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.554.9881&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Basaranoglu, G., Erden, V., &Delatioglu, H. (2004). Postoperative sore throat: Effect of lidocaine jelly and pomade on endotracheal intubation.Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 16(1):79-80
Biro, P., Seifert, B., & Pasch, T. (2005). Complaints of sore throat after tracheal intubation. European Journal ofAnaesthesiology, 22(4), 307-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265021505000529
Cousley, A. (2015). Vulnerability in perioperative patients: A qualitative study. Journal of Perioperative Practice, 25(12):246-56.
Ebneshahidi, A., &Mohseni, M. (2010). Strepsils tablets reduce sore throat and hoarseness after tracheal intubulation. Anesthesia Analogy, 111(4), 892-4
Grap, M., Blecha, T., & Munro, C. (2002). A description of patients’ report of endotracheal tube discomfort. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 18(4), 244-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0964339702000654
Gustavson, L., Vikram, I., Nystrom, C., &Engstrom, A. (2014). Sore throat in women after intubation with 6.5 or 7.0 mm endotracheal tube: A quantitative study. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 30 (6): 318-324
Higgins, P.P., Chung, F., &Mezei, G. (2002). Postoperative sore throat after ambulatory surgery. British Journal of Anesthesia, 88(4):582-4.
Hisham, A., Roshilla, H., Amri, N., &Aina, E. (2001). Post-thyroidectomy sore throat following endotracheal intubation. ANZ J Surg, 71(11), 669-671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1445-1433.2001.02230.x
Jaensson M., Olowsson, L.L., & Nilsson, U. (2010). Endotracheal tube size and sore throat following surgery: a randomized control study” ActaAnaesthesiolScand, 56(10), 1306-1313
Jaensson, M., Gupta, A., & Nilsson, U. (2012) Gender differences in risk factors for airway symptoms following tracheal intubation. ActaAnaesthisiolScand 54
Manojlovich, M. (2005) Linking the practice environment to nurses’ job satisfaction through nurse-physician communication. Journal of Nursing Scholarships, 37 (4), 367-373
Myles, P.S., Hunt, J.O., &Moloney, J. T. (2000). Postoperative minor complications: Comparison between men and women. Journal of Anesthesia, 52(4):300-6
Sumathi, P.A., Shenoy T., Ambareesha, M., &Krishna, H. M. (2008). Controlled comparison between betamethasone gel and lidocain jelly applied over tracheal tube to reduce postoperative sore throat, cough, and hoarseness of voice”. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 100(2), 215-218
