HPV vaccination among adolescent girls in the UK
Marlow, L., 2011. HPV vaccination among ethnic minorities in the UK: knowledge,
acceptability and attitudes. British Journal of Cancer, 105:486-492.
The research involves the study on the uptake of childhood vaccination from various ethnical minorities in the UK. The research method includes qualitative and quantitative peer-reviewed journals and articles published between January 2000 to March 2010 from scholarly resources. Purposive sampling was used in order to determine the ideal proportion of the ethnic participants in the study. Ethnicity related variables were included in the study with consideration of the geographical location, country of birth, language spoken and the years living in the UK and the subject's religion. The ethnic variations in the study are different based on the participants include different ethnicities from collected articles from CINAHL and PsychINFO. The key findings of the study provides that there are disparities in the uptake of HPV vaccination among adolescent girls in the UK and pointed out to various barriers such as the lack of education and inequality in the access to health care services, including beliefs and attitudes among the minorities. The strength of the study is that it explores the knowledge of and attitude towards the HPV vaccine among the minorities. Its weakess involves using ethnicity variables based on the self reporting measure where the subjects are asked what ethnicity they perceive themselves to belong. The study is also limited in focusing mainly on the acceptability instead of the uptake as the outcome of the research. However, it establishes the significant correlation of attitudes to vaccine uptake as its strong point.
Brabin, L, Roberts, S.A., Stretch, R., Baxter, D., Chambers, G., Kitchener, H., and McCann, R., 2008. Uptake of first two doses of human papillomavirus vaccine by adolescent schoolgirls in Manchester: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 1-3.
The research involves a prospective cohort study involving adolescent schoolgirls in Manchester receiving two doses of the HPV vaccine. The research method includes the administration of HPV vaccine to schoolgirls from the two primary care trusts in Greater Manchester who are between 12 and 13 years old. The main purpose of the study is to assess the acceptability of delivering HPV vaccine to adolescent girls.The key findings revealed that the vaccination uptake is lower among girls belonging to the minority ethnic groups, while its strength underpin the finding that the administration of the first two doses of the HPV vaccine is feasible and it helps determine the wide acceptance of the vaccine to most parents. The weakness of the study is the limited methodology of administering the two doses during the beginning of the academic year where schools are busy and it involves a very limited number of primary care trusts participating in the study with only two of ten invited giving their consent to join the study.
Forster, A.S., Marlow, L.A., Wardle, J., Stephenson, J. and Waller, J., 2010. Understanding adolescents' intentions to have the HPV vaccine. Vaccine, 28(7): 1673-1676.
The study involves a quantitative and qualitative research involving girls between the age of 16 and 18 years old who are living in the UK. The sampling of the study was taken from the catch-up program for HPV vaccination for older adolescent girls. The key findings of the research show that the majority of the girls who participated in the study (about 70%) revealed that they already intend to get the vaccination before for the reason that they are aware of the risks of cervical cancer. The main strength of this study lies upon the demonstration of the importance of information dissemination about the risks of cervical cancer and the benefits of the HPV vaccine which is helpful in encouraging adolescents to get vaccinated. The weakness of the research lies upon its failure in providing measures that can help influence the non-intenders towards getting the vaccine as a solution to its findings.
Fisher, H., Trotter, C.L., Audrey, S., Wallis, K., and Hickman, M., 2014. Inequalities in the uptake of human papillomavirus vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 42:896-908.
The main framework of the research is to underpin the existing inequalities in the uptake of the HPV vaccination using a qualitative approach and meta-analysis of various research databases since March 2012. The methodological approach of the research involves the comparison of HPV vaccination initiation using the variables of ethnicity through the process of systematic review of existing literatures and journals. The subjects involve young girls who are more less 18 years old with ethnicities of White, Asian, Latina and Black. Data extraction involved the establishment of data relating to the lowest and highest catergory in terms of primary caregiver/household income and area-level deprivation. The subjects were also grouped based on their healthcare insurance status as either insured or not insured.Its findings provide that Black young women are less likely to get vaccination as compared to White young women and that healthcare coverage can influence the initiation of young women to get vaccinated. Its finding also provides no correlation between vaccine initiation to parental education and family income variables. The weakness of the study primarily involves limiting the research mainly to data extraction from other reports and literatures and the research suffers from differences in the variables obtained based on the socioeconomic and ethnicity of the subjects which limited the research meta-analysis application by the researchers. However, its strengths demonstrated the consistent findings from other literatures that inequalities in the uptake of the HPV vaccine is indeed existent.
Ferrer, H.B., Trotter. C.L., Hickman, M. and Audrey, S., 2015. Barriers and facilitators to uptake of the school-based HPV vaccination programme in an ethnically diverse group of young women. Journal of Public Health, 1-9.
The researchers conducted a thematic analysis while using a data management system in the conduct of the study that aims to determine the barriers involved in the HPV vaccination uptake among young women belonging to ethnic groups. The subjects are from the South West of England. The samplings were taken from the three state funded schools with proportions of the student ethnic population consisting of young girls aged 12 and 13 years old who are from Black, Black British, Asian, British Asian, White British and mixed ethnicity, including six informants living in the UK. Data collection involves the conduct of interviews and the data was analyzed using a thematic analysis and the framework approach to data management. The core findings of this research study provide that beliefs influence the decision of young women to accept HPV vaccination and that the priority given by the school administration and staff can likely influence acceptance as well. The main strength of the research involves the emphasis on the development of provisions on HPV vaccine in the UK among schools in order to help overcome the financial burden and barriers to health care access among the minority young women. The weakness of the research involves the length of the interview which is very short that may not involve an in-depth discussion about the young women’s perception about the HPV vaccine.
Boyce, T. and Holmes, A., 2012. Addressing Health Inequalities in the Delivery of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Programme: Examining the Role of the School Nurse, Plos One, 7(9):1-8.
The main focus of the research is to identify the significance of the role of a nurse in reducing the inequalities in the HPV vaccine uptake. The researchers resorted to the method of using semi-structured interviews and evidence assessment involving school nurses and HPV immunization program coordinators. Thematic analysis was used in determining the outcomes of the study. The subjects of the research study are school nurses in the UK who are mostly employed by the Primary Care Trusts or Local Health Boards.The key findings of the study provide that the health inequalities in HPV vaccination uptake is associated to income and social factors which is in contrast with the findings of other researches pointing out ethnicity and religion as the main cause of the inequality. There is also a significant relation between the delivery of the program and HPV vaccination uptake and nurses are considered to be the untapped source of delivering the program among young women. The research however suffers from weaknesses which involves the use of unreliable sources since the nurse respondents who were interviewed were self elected and may already have their own point of view about HPV vaccination that can cause a biased finding to the researchers. On the other hand, its major strength lies upon the demonstration of the importance of the role of a nurse in reducing inequalities in HPV vaccine uptake.
Henderson, L., Clements, A., Damery, S., Wilkinson, C., Austoker, J. and Wilson, S., 2011. A false sense of security? Understanding the role of the HOV vaccine on future cervical screening behavior: A qualitative study of UK parents and girls of vaccination age. J Med Screen, 18:41-45.
The researchers conduct a qualitative interview with parents who have 12 to 13 years daughters who were offered to receive the HPV vaccine and girls of the age between 12 and 13 who were offered with HPV vaccination through the Primary Care Trust in the South East of England. Qualitative data were collected through interviews which were analyzed using a qualitative software. The significant findings of the study underpin the existence of uncertainties from parents about the level of protection by the HPV vaccine. The strength of the research is that it demonstrates the importance of awareness as being critical in promoting informed decisions among the parents of schoolgirls and to eliminate the incorrect assumptions that they have about HPV vaccination. The weakness of the research involves the seemingly very few respondents involved in the study and this can affect its relevance in the general population of parents and young girls of vaccination age in the UK.
