Abstract
This study critically and theoretically goes through several studies to examine methods, assignments and assessments done to examine how the sleep problem is being studied. In this regard, it analyzed the studies to determine how the authors discuss about student and parent self-knowledge about the sleep problem, effects of the sleep problem, and interventions of diagnosis and reduction. The study found that the majority of parents and adolescents are still not aware of their sleep problem. The sleep problem can result in physiological and psychological problems. Diagnosis interventions such as CBT plus BLT techniques can be used to determine the gravity of students’ sleep problem. Student education and motivation about healthy sleeping habits have been found to reduce the sleep problem.
Keywords: adolescent; sleep problem; studies; sleep problem effects; interventions
Method
The Lytle and Pasch‘s cross-sectional study sought to examine the relationship between sleep and weight in adolescents. 1 For King et al., using a controlled experiment cross-sectional approach, the study sought to investigate the effect adolescents’ increasing long-term exposure of videogames to their sleep. 2 The Wong, Brower and Zucker (2010) employed a longitudinal study to investigate the association between sleep problems and suicidal behaviors.3 Brand and Kirov (2011) uses theoretical review approach to review empirical researches on sleep and its importance among adolescence people. 4 The Grandisar et al.(2011)’s article uses a randomized trial to evaluate effects of cognitive-behavior therapy plus bright light therapy(CBT plus BLT) for those adolescents that manifest delayed sleeping. 5 The Moseley and Grandisar(2009) study employed a randomized and control trial to investigate effectiveness of school-based intervention in making learners become aware about sleep problems. 6 Short et al. (2013) used a survey study to collect data from adolescents regarding the examination of efficacy of adolescent self-report and parental report about an adolescent’s sleep problem. 7 The Short et al. (2012)’s article uses sleep habit survey caliberated on a Pediatric Daytime Sleeping Scale to collect data on sleeping habits among adolescents. 8
Assignment
In the Lytle and Pasch (2012)’s article only youth belonging to the Health Partners(HP) in the randomly selected schools at the University of Minnesota were allowed for this assignments. Further, those who could not understand English and had other emotional or physical condition were not allowed. 1 The King et al.’s (2013) study involved adolescents aged between 15-17 years old, with good health, having no sleep problems. 2 The Wong, Brower and Zucker (2010)’s controlled study was done on a sample of 112 girls and 280 boys from a high-risk alcoholic families. 3 Brand and Kirov (2011) study reviews samples of other studies to support its discussion on the topic. 4 The Grandisar et al. (2011)’s study was conducted on 49 adolescents that had been diagnosed with the sleep disorder condition. 5 The Moseley and Grandisar(2009)’s study was assigned on 81 adolescent students from two Australian high schools who were involved in educational awareness about promoting and maintaining healthy lifestyles based on cognitive-behavior therapy. 6 The Short et al. (2013) was carried out on 308 adolescents and parents from social economically diverse Australian High Schools. The reported sleeping habits were to be compared with reports of clinical criteria. 7 Short et al. (2012)’s article was carried out among 385 adolescents from eight high schools in the South of Australia. 8
In the Lytle and Pasch (2012)’s article, the Body Mass Index was objectively used to measure weight and height. Effects of sleep durations were therefore assessed according to one’s weight. 1 The King at al.’s (2013) study sought to assess impacts of prolonged violent gaming on an adolescent’s sleep. 2 In Wong, Brower and Zucker (2010), the researchers assessed the relationship between sleep problems and subsequent suicidal thoughts while controlling depressive behaviors at ages 15-17 years. 3 The Brand and Kirov (2011) study assess and synthesizes information from primary sources on the association of physical, psychological and cognitive well-being and better sleep. 4 Grandisar et al. (2011)’s study was carried out to assess effectiveness of the cognitive-behavior therapy plus bright light therapy (CBT plus BLT) for those adolescents that manifest delayed sleeping. 5 The Moseley and Grandisar(2009) assesses whether awareness program regarding promoting and maintaining healthy lifestyle improved the adolescent’s sleeping habits. 6 As for Short et al. (2013), an assessment was carried out on both parents and adolescents about the latter’s’ sleeping habits. 7 The Short et al. (2012)’s article assesses whether measures of sleep between actigraphic and sleep diary measures varied according to one’s characteristics or not. 8
Results
In the Lytle and Pasch (2012)’s article, it was found that lack of sleep among adolescent increased the risk of obesity. 1 However, the results become less assertive in older adolescents. In King et al.’s (2013) violent video-gaming for more than 150 minutes led to a decrement of 7% of sleep efficiency among adolescent. 2 Wong, Brower and Zucker (2010) noted that depressive symptoms, aggressive behaviors, nightmares and substance related problems were not significant predicators of suicidal tendencies when participants were having troubled sleeps. 3 The Brand and Kirov (2011)’s study has indicated that the role of sleep on the wellbeing of an adolescent is quite complex. 4 Sleep inefficiency can trigger and maintain sleep-related, psychiatric and somatic/organic problems. Grandisar et al.(2011)’s study indicated that that both CBT and BLT measures enabled the adolescents to continue recording better sleep characteristics regarding earlier rise time, earlier sleep time and reduced fatigue and sleepiness during the day. 5 Moseley and Grandisar (2009) found that the program increased sleep knowledge and had significant effect on sleep. 6 Over 77% of participants reported positive results of the program in improving sleep patterns. Short et al. (2013) indicated that that adolescents that delayed in sleeping or had odds in sleeping, reported increasing sleep problem. Only a third of self-identifying participants reported correctly about their sleeping problems. For parents, only a sixth of them could report sleeping habits of their children correctly. 7 For Short et al. (2012), there were significant differences between actigraphic measures and sleep measures. 8
Interpretation
In the Lytle and Pasch (2012)’s article, it is evident that as stressor, lack of sleep will cause overweight. As one moves in older adults, he finds that they tend to adapt to it and hence they become less and less riskier. 1 The King et al. (2013)’s results indicated that indeed violent video-gaming let to decreased duration of sleep among adolescents. 2 Wong, Brower and Zucker (2010)’s study indicate that troubled sleeping could strongly predict self-harm and suicidal thoughts in an adolescent. 3 Poor sleeps may trigger and maintain physical and psychiatric condition at present or later life of an adolescent. 4 The CBT plus BLT confirmed to be effective of correcting sleep impairments among adolescents. 5 Teaching adolescents about proper habits and practices to maintain better sleeping pattern is desirable, especially among adolescents. 6 The Short et al.’s 2013 study indicates that a majority of adolescents and their parents still cannot tell whether the former have healthy sleeping patterns and habits or not (Short et al. 2013). 7 The difference between actigraphic measures and sleeping measures arose due to the fact that boys had begun recording increased motor activity. The actigraphic algorithms usually score them as “wake” and therefore their measures will significantly be lower (Short et al. 2012).8
Extrapolation
In the Lytle and Pasch (2012)’s article, it implies that enough sleep is key to reducing obesity at this particular stage. 1 In King et al.’s (2013), repeated long term violent video-gaming just before bedtime should be stopped for the young adolescents to attain optimum sleep. 2 In the Wong, Brower and Zucker (2010), having trouble sleep may be a key indicator of the likely suicide or self-harm. 3 Proper diagnoses and management are needed to control the advancement of the dangers of sleep problem. 4 Adolescents with sleeping disorders should employ the CBT plus BLT technique to improve their sleeping habits. 5 Students have to be motivated and taught on better life practices for them to increase their sleeping levels so that parameters such as depressions or sleep disorders can be avoided. 6 The study indicated that parental and child sleep education and intervention strategies are needed so that parents and adolescents can have healthy sleeping patterns. 7 For Short et al. (2012), in order to obtain sleep measures, actigraphic measures have to be complimented with other measures.
References
Lytle, L A, Pasch, K E. The relationship between sleep and weight in a sample of adolescents. Obesity. 2011;19 (2).
King, L et al. The impact of prolonged violent video-gaming on adolescent sleep: an experimental study. Journal of Sleep Research. 2013; 22(2).
Wong, M M, Brower, K J, Zucker, R A. Sleep problems, suicidal ideation, and self-harm behaviors in adolescence. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2011;45 (4).
Brand, S, Kirov, R. Sleep and its importance in adolescence and in common adolescent somatic and psychiatric conditions. International Journal of General Medicine. 2011; 4:425-442.
Grandisar, M et al. A Randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavior therapy plus bright light therapy for adolescent delayed sleep phase disorder. Sleep. 2011;34(12).
Moseley, L, Grandisar, M. Evaluation of a school-based intervention for adolescent problems. Sleep. 2009;32(2).
Short, M A et al. Identifying adolescent sleep problems. PLoS ONE.2013;8(9):e75301. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075301.
Short, M A et al. The discrepancy between actigraphic and sleep diary measures of sleep in adolescents. Sleep Medicine. 2012; 13(4).
