EDITORIAL RESPONSE ON A.G. HOPKINS - GLOBALIZATION IN WORLD HISTORY
Introduction
In Hopkins’s first edition, he chooses to focus on Globalization and brings out the importance of varying histories to Eurasia and Africa. Moreover, he brings out the modern version of America and the diversified ways that people appear to understand it.
In the second volume, he attempts to put up some level of uniqueness that can be embarrassed by other higher learning institutions. It is through it that many levels of expertise are portrayed such as economic and intellectual history. In these collections, essays are discussed and in this paper, we shall focus to analyze critically and understand one of the essays in these volumes.
Thesis statement of the writer
In the piece composed by Troutman (2013), Erika Bsumek, Karl Miller, and Mark Metzler who are involved in the case, have choosen to focus on the economic sphere which Hopkins’s terms as his territorial state. The writers focus on the different ways that culture affects international trade and globalization in general.
International trade
It is evident in most cases that a good number of economists base so much on globalization. The reason for this is that, from such kind of trade, maximized gains are achieved, and it opens up room to exploit numerous chances of competitive advantage. Due to the relativity in prices based on the international ways of conducting trade, the consumers make it pleasing to gain and get the most out of their prices (Troutman & John 2013).
The writer goes ahead and bring out a majority of commodities that are exchanged in this kind of trade. It is through it that woven rugs are discussed and the writer also makes a mention of the weavers based in India who were solely focused on making Navajo rugs.
The writers go ahead and bring out the levels of economic abstraction that seem to exist which are well discussed as elasticities. Culture and tradition describe them. The main point that these writers bring out in their series of arguments is that many variables do exist in international trade, and the only way to exploit such kind of business is to take full advantage of the prevalent competition is by reordering the culture in which most of us base our trading schemes. Karl Miller, shared the opinion by Hopkin when he referred to the economic sphere, emulating his words where he described his native land of The United Kingdom as the core of trade internationally and that it plays a significant role in the economy of many parts of the country in the yester years when barter trade was incepted.
Modern globalization
Modern globalization begun in the 19th century and was largely responsible for the expansion by western countries. Modern globalization also pioneered capitalism and imperialism which was supported by nation-state and industrial technology which was fostered by innovations in science (Hopkins 2011). Modern globalization was first experienced in the 1500s and continued to grow exponentially to its current state in the 21st century. Industrialization which is a characteristic of modern globalization came as a result of conquests by the British Empire as well as the opium wars.
Archaic globalization
Archaic globalization is made up three principles which include universalizing kingship which entailed kings who led their soldiers to far distances to find honor and prestige. In the process of crossing into foreign land they exchanged prized commodities and thus increased social economic relations. Others included medicinal understand and expansion of religious movements(Hopkins 2011).
Proto-globalization
This is the period following archaic globalization which occurred between the 17th and 19th century. This was after the archaic global routes were improved to pave way to more elaborate routes for more complex trade systems. Trade arrangements such as the East-Indian company were formulated during this time. The period saw the expansion of slave trade which was a way to increase production of plantations thereby enhancing trade (Hopkins 2011).
Consider the arguments implications
Culture is considered such an influential aspect when it comes to either foreign or international trade. It is through it that competitive advantage is prevalent in diversified economies. It is from such arguments by these writers that many historians choose to employ the commendable offshore economy in a good part of the practices and performing case studies.
Moreover, it is through these arguments presented by these writers that loops well elaborated by Miller can be used as interconnections between the local and global way of conducting trade in many competitive states that exist.
Lastly, connections are brought out between the Japanese Indigenous sources and the current global state. It is through it that we understand the historical economic thought. Policies that promote the quest for global trade are brought out. Implications of social bases and constitutional forms are presented as challenges. Nevertheless, they are also given as opportunities emanating beyond borders. These two variables are the challenges and the opportunities presented in these states. They play a significant role in analyzing the interaction that exists in both local and global trade.
The depletion in both local and global markets is brought out as a factor leading to accelerated globalization. For this reason, most states seem to be giving way to a majority of markets. This is despite the fact that most states are now considered to be of non-liberals.
Contextualize the essay with other readings made before
Counting culture as one of the major influential aspects of international trade, it is true that it has never been accountable to the foundation of the development of viable states. Global citizenship has led to discourse in economics, international relations and also politics as presented. Such kind of global citizenship has coupled various notions regarding various human rights and world’s great religions.
However, the translation of laws only seems to take place in institutional forms that awaken the global association revolution. The other readings seem to be geared more on the political states that appear to affect how global markets interact. Focusing the readings on issues related to citizenships, the writers in our case look at the culture and brings it out as a very influential factor that is highly underrated by most of the economists and foreign traders.
Offer an opinion
One important thing to note is that a universalizing spirit is something that a global society needs. Cases of racism and alienation tend to get attached to some of the philosophical statements of the world that can lead to crude charges especially in international relations.
In my opinion, culture is something to be put into consideration when it comes to international relations and trading affairs taking place. It is important that all these factors discussed by the various writers ranging from cultural diversities, citizenship, and political factors be put into consideration to exploit competitive advantage and acquire healthy markets internationally.
Bibliography:
"Reviews in History." 2016. Accessed April 20. doi:10.14296/rih/issn.1749.8155.
Troutman, John W. Indian blues: American Indians and the politics of music, 1879–1934. Vol. 3. University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.
Hopkins, Anthony G. Globalisation in world history. Random House, 2011.
