The chosen theorist is Dorothea Orem, who was born in 1914 and died in 2007. She started her career after earning a diploma at Providence Hospital in Washington DC. In the start of her career, she worked as a nurse staff and then she became a nurse educator as well as administrator and nurse consultant. Also, with the help of her experiences, degree of doctorate level, she successfully introduced her general theory of nursing related to self-care, self-care deficit, and nursing system. However, the main focus of Orem was on self-care theory.
Orem has defined four meta-paradigm concepts in Self-care theory. According to her, nursing is an art through which a person can give assistance for daily needs of self-care to the people with disabilities and other medical problems. While talking about the environment, Orem described that environment around a patient plays a major role to motivate him/her to perform self-care activities for the betterment of his/her health. Herein, health is defined by Orem as a state of well-being. However, due to the current situation of environment and sociopolitical conditions, Orem presented a concept of preventive healthcare for people.
All four meta-paradigm such as person/ human being, environment, health, and nursing found in the theory of self-care as this theory is based on the self-care and improved healthcare practices to bring change in the overall environment and for the well-being of people and patients. All theories of Orem such as self-care, self-are deficit, and nursing system played a significant role to bring change in the profession of nursing. The application of Orem’s nursing theories especially self-care theory in the nursing profession successfully brought change in the practices. Also, further researches are conducted on her theory to bring improvement in the nursing field and its practices.
The other chosen theorist for this paper is Martha Rogers. She is a great name in the nursing profession and got famous because of her work and theory on the Science of Unitary Human beings (SUHB). Her focus was on human beings and their health. Moreover, she defined principles of homeodynamics in which, she created a balance between human life process and environment.
The reason to work on these principles was to help others to view individuals as a Unitary Human Being. Rogers has defined meta-paradigm concepts in her theory. According to Roger’s theory, the first meta-paradigm ‘person’ is defined as a Unitary Human Being who can interact with environment and bring change in it. The environment is the entire energy field that has identified patterns. It is noted that Roger has not focused on ‘health’. According to her, human and environment are the reason for healthy or unhealthy life. When it comes to nursing, Roger explained nursing as science and art.
While describing the application of SUHB, it can be said that nursing actions are focused in UHB. Some improvements can be found in the clinical practice of nursing. Rehabilitation of human beings was focused in Roger’s theory on SUHB. Therefore, this theory is implied in the education field as well. Various training sessions were arranged, and Roger's theory of UHB helped to develop a deep focus on explaining the patient, energy fields, and environment. However, before accepting this theory for educational and practice purpose researchers conducted a thorough study on SUBH. After that, this model proved to be applicable in all the settings of life.
References
Ammende, M. (1996). [Changes of nursing paradigms. 1. Martha Rogers' theory]. NCBI , 9 (1), 5-11.
Dorothea, O., & Taylor, S. G. (2011). Reflections on nursing practice science: the nature, the structure, and the foundation of nursing sciences. NCBI , 24 (1), 35-41.
