“Living in Limbo: Mandatory Detention of Immigrants Under the Illegal Immigration Reform and Responsibility Act of 1996” by Amy Langenfeld
In this article, Langenfeld (1999) discusses the history of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Responsibility Act of 1996, and the social implications of the 1996 reforms. According to Langenfeld (1996) the 1996 reforms were the meticulously revised earlier forms. However, the implementation of the 1996 reforms was criticized due to some of the policies apparently violating international human rights. To be specific, the 1996 reforms included a mandatory detention of suspected illegal immigrants for a time interval ranging from several days to several years in detention facilities and prisons. Moreover, Langenfeld (1999) describes the quality of living of immigrants, especially those who are detained in the US. Furthermore, the article analyzes the 1996 reforms according to its performance under the international human rights laws, due process, and separation of powers. Finally, Langenfeld (1999) presented recommendations that could nurture the immigration policies such that they meet the standards set by the international human rights laws, due process, and separation of powers. With all these ideas presented by Langenfeld (1999), the article will be a potential source to understand more the criticisms against the Illegal Immigration Reform and Responsibility Act of 1996. The article would be helpful in explaining the need for improving the Illegal Immigration Reform and Responsibility Act of 1996.
“Reinforcing the Rule of Law: What States Can and Should Do to Reduce Illegal Immigration” by Kris W. Kobach
This article presents the reasons why legislative actions are needed to control the immigration over a country. Kobach (2008) explains that a free immigration state has detrimental repercussions, even for large and rich countries. According to the author, immigration policies are necessary, not just to control the immigration population but also to protect the state from the financial burden for having a large number of illegal aliens. Various real-life consequences were attributed to the uncontrolled number of illegal immigrants. For instance, the city of Hazleton, Pennsylvania experienced financial burdens from having a significant increase in population without having a significant increase in the city revenues. Moreover, the city expenditures increased, such as the trash removal and educational programs. Furthermore, the crime rate increased dominated by the crimes committed by the illegal immigrants (Kobach, 2008). Because of the points presented by Kobach (2008), this article will have many uses for my Capstone Project.
“Undocumented Immigration Status and Diabetes Care Among Mexican Immigrants in Two Immigration “Sanctuary” Areas” by A. Elizabeth Iten, Elizabeth A. Jacobs, Maureen Lahiff, and Alicia Fernandez
In this article, Iten et al. (2014) investigated whether the immigration status of Mexican immigrants with diabetes had any effect on the quality of nurture given by clinics and hospitals within two immigration sanctuary cities: San Francisco Bay Area and Chicago. It must be noted that undocumented immigrants face challenges, especially when getting health care since they are less likely to access health care services, and most of them do not have health insurance. However, the results of the study stated otherwise. The quality of nurture given by the doctors, physicians and other health workers to undocumented Mexican immigrants do not vary much from the quality of care given to documented immigrants and Mexican Americans born in the USA (Iten et al., 2014). This article will help me because it proves that in some settings, the public can live and coexist with illegal immigrants.
“Humanitarian Aid is Never a Crime? The Politics of Immigration Enforcement and the Provisions of Sanctuary” by Kristina M. Campbell
The article authored by Campbell (2012) discusses the consequence of the increasing enforcement of immigration law and the politics of immigration reforms. According to Campbell (2012), the consequence is that sanctuary policies are becoming a necessity. Moreover, the article provides recommendations to constitute the sanctuary policies. The first parts of the article discusses the case of a certain Daniel Millis, who placed jugs full of water for migrants crossing the US-Mexico border in the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge. Although Millis' actions can be called acts of humanitarian aid, the district court charged Mr. Millis guilty of “Disposal of Waste” pursuant to 50 CFR. The later parts of the article discusses the policies of various states condemning individuals for helping (harboring or transporting) illegal immigrants, such as proving food, shelter, and medical treatment. Moreover, the article talks about the humanitarian aid provider organizations, especially organizations involved in the New Sanctuary Movement and sanctuary cities (Campbell, 2012).
““Sanctuary Cities” and Local Citizenship” by Rose Cuison Villazor
In this article, Villazor (2009) discusses in detail how sanctuary policies affect the dynamic relationship of the public and the immigrants. To be specific, the article discusses the technical definition of the term "local citizenship," and whether immigrants should be accepted as local citizens. Moreover, the article provides the history of San Francisco's status as one of the sanctuary cities in the USA. In this part of the article, Villazor (2009) provides an example of why cities and states should change some of their immigration policies. The example being mentioned refers to the murder of members of a family by an undocumented immigrants. Finally, the article examines the relationship between the local citizenship and the sanctuary policies of San Francisco (Villazor, 2009). This article will be helpful mainly because it provides an argument whether immigrants should have local citizenships. It must be noted that having local citizenship status has social implications, especially for immigrants. Having a local citizenship status should imply equality in terms of city services, such as medical care, and education. Moreover, since the article presents a real-life example of an undocumented immigrant committing a crime, we can take information on how judicial processes proceed when the suspect is an undocumented immigrant.
“Police Practices in Immigrant-Destination Cities: Political Control or Bureaucratic Professionalism?” by Paul G. Lewis & S. Karthick Ramakrishnan
The goal of this article authored by Lewis and Ramakrishnan (2007) is to describe the patterns of police practices towards immigrants. The article focuses on addressing basic questions regarding police practices and immigrants. A major issue that this article describes is the nature of the police practices towards immigrants. To be specific, the article describes whether the police practices are supportive or repressive. Moreover, the article also examines the influence of elected officials and police bureaucracies in developing their approach on how to deal with immigrant-related issues (Lewis & Ramakrishnan, 2007). Basically, the article also describes which is more influential during police practices.
“Divided We Stand, United We Fall: A Public Policy Analysis of Sanctuary Cities' Role in THE "Illegal Immigration" Debate” by Corrie Bilke
In this article, Bilke (2009) discusses the underlying issues concerning the struggle of the US with immigration. To be specific, the US struggles with the uncontrolled population of undocumented immigrants, which has effects on the financial stability of cities and states. Moreover, the article describes the current state of immigration policies within various cities and states. The article also focuses on the legal limitations of authorities in choosing their role in the enforcement of immigration policies. Furthermore, the article profiles all of the sanctuary cities in the US, and provides the historical development of each city. The article also describes the consequences of nonfederal enforcement of immigration sanctuary policies. Furthermore, the article describes two proposals on immigration policies: (1) the "No Sanctuary for Illegals Act," and the "Clear Law Enforcement for Criminal Alien Removal Act" (Bilke, 2009).
“Cities of Refuge: Immigration Enforcement, Police, and the Insurgent Genealogies of Citizenship in US Sanctuary Cities” by Jennifer Ridgley
In this paper, Ridgley (2008) presents how the criminalization of migration became one of the federal laws. Obviously, the transformation of immigration policies into strict federal laws provided a bigger involvement of local police and border control. The article describes the policy enforcement within sanctuary cities in the US. The article also provides a brief history of how sanctuary cities developed from activism rooted from the protection of the rights of Central America refugees (Ridgley, 2008). However, Ridgley (2008) proclaimed that sanctuary policies became an existing limitation to police and law enforcers against immigrants. The relevance of this article to my Capstone Project lies on its detailed discussion of the alternative visions for the security and politics against and/or documented and undocumented immigrants.
“Sanctuary Policies & Immigration Federalism: A Dialectic Analysis” by Pratheepan Gulasekaram and Rose Villazor
This article is similar to the other articles but focuses largely on the Refuge Ordinance of San Francisco City. In the article, Gulasekaram and Villazor (2009) accounts the historical development of the sanctuary ordinance and other immigration aspects of San Francisco. Later, the authors argue about the constitutionality of sub-federal enactments, such as the San Francisco City's Refuge Ordinance. The authors discuss the purposes and motivations of the sanctuary policies of San Francisco, as well as a few of the challenges. Finally, the article examines the implications of comprehensive federal immigration reforms (Gulasekaram & Villazor, 2009).
“Immigration Sanctuary Policies: Constitutional and Representative of Good Policing and Good Policy” by Bill Ong Hing
In this article, Hing (2011) explains the necessity to have sanctuary policies, not just to protect the immigrant individuals but also for the authorities, especially the law enforcement personnel and police, to focus on the much bigger problems. The author gave real-life examples of scenes where the immigrants face some sorts of harassments from police and law enforcers. For instance, a woman was arrested and detained for days after the police officers demanded for her immigration documents. In fact, the woman called the police to alert them of the physical injuries acquired by her sister from the attacks of her boyfriend (Hing, 2011). This article is relevant to my project because it provides real-life events that proves that sanctuary policies are necessary.
References
Bilke, Corrie. (2009). Divided We Stand, United We Fall: A Public Policy Analysis of Sanctuary Cities' Role in THE "Illegal Immigration" Debate. INDIANA LAW REVIEW, 42, 165-193.
Campbell, Kristina M. (2012). Humanitarian Aid is Never a Crime? The Politics of Immigration Enforcement and the Provisions of Sanctuary. Syracuse Law Review, 63, 71-117.
Gulasekaram, Pratheepan, & Villazor, Rose. (2009). Sanctuary Policies & Immigration Federalism: A Dialectic Analysis. THE WAYNE LAW REVIEW, 55, 1683-1724.
Hing, Bill Ong. (2011). Immigration Sanctuary Policies: Constitutional and Representative of Good Policing and Good Policy. UC Irvine Law Review, 2(1), 247-311.
Iten, A. Elizabeth et al. (2014). Undocumented Immigration Status and Diabetes Care Among Mexican Immigrants in Two Immigration “Sanctuary” Areas. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 16(2), 229-238.
Kobach, Kris W. (2008). Reinforcing the Rule of Law: What States Can and Should Do to Reduce Illegal Immigration. GEORGETOWN IMMIGRATION LAW JOURNAL, 22, 459-483.
Langenfeld, Amy. (1999). Living in Limbo: Mandatory Detention of Immigrants Under the Illegal Immigration Reform and Responsibility Act of 1996. Arizona State Law Journal, 31, 1041-1069.
Lewis, Paul G., & Ramakrishnan, S. Karthick. (2007). Police Practices in Immigrant-Destination Cities: Political Control or Bureaucratic Professionalism? Urban Affairs Review, 42(6), 874-900.
Ridgley, Jennifer. (2008). Cities of Refuge: Immigration Enforcement, Police, and the Insurgent Genealogies of Citizenship in US Sanctuary Cities. Urban Geography, 29(1), 53-77.
Villazor, Rose Cuison. (2009). “Sanctuary Cities” and Local Citizenship. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 37(2), 574-598.
