There are several theories on altruism. Among them is the social theory, evolutionary theory, and the social norm theory. These theories have both similarities and differences.
The social exchange theory holds that humans seek to maximize rewards at a minimal cost. In this respect, an individual would make a decision whether to help or not based on whether the actions would yield rewards by analyzing the pros and cons. It follows that if the cons are more than the benefits, the person does not help.
On the other hand, the social norm theory holds that individuals’ behavior results from the perceptions or what others expect them to behave (Hahn-Smith and Springer). There are social rules that dictate attitudes and expectations and; therefore, one needs to help another if the social norms direct so even when it is costly. To help others change their behavior, the actor or helper need to understand the environment and interpersonal influence of the victim. The correct perception and expectations are a prerequisite to the success of the actions. It follows that social norms do not emphasize on the rewards like the social exchange theory.
The evolutionary theory states that humans help each to survive. In this regard, despite humans competing on many occasion for surviving, it comes a time when they have to cooperate by directing their efforts towards the welfare of others. From this perspective, one would help another as an aspect of survival or the common good other than individual gain. The desire to help is in the genes. For example, men may protect women for procreation. The evolutionary theory emphasizes on the welfare of others other than immediate rewards or perceived behavior of others.
However, the three approaches serve one purpose. They seek to help a person or the community. The difference arises from the driving forces or expectations of the actors and the people in need of aid.
Works cited
Hahn-smith, Stephen and Springer, Fred. Soil Norms theory. N.p. N.d. Pdf file. April 17, 2016, Available at <http://www.cars-rp.org/publications/Prevention%20Tactics/PT8.9.05.pdf>
