Chapter 12
- One of the features of the text is the bonding and connection between the texts and this feature is exclusively known as Cohesion. It is easy to create a cohesive text and connect sentences but it can be difficult to understand such text. Coherence is a feature that exists in people, and a person’s understanding of the text that is linked to their experiences is called Coherence.
- During a conversation, speakers wait for the other person to complete the speech. After completing the speech the speakers mark the completion points in the following ways, by indulging others with a question or by pausing with a phrase or a sentence at the end of a completed syntactic structure, or by providing an example.
- The names of the four Gricean maxims are: Quantity maxim that means contributing to the information as much as needed, not more or not less, Quality maxim means not to speak about something that is believed to be false, Relation maxim means to be relevant, and the Manner maxim means to be clear and concise.
- Hedges are certain type of words, expressions or phrases that are used by people when they are unsure about what is being said is adequately right or complete. Some examples of hedges are sort of, kind of and you know.
- The speaker hints that he or she may be mistaken and this is related to Quality maxim.
- Scripts are similar to the knowledge structures, and they can also be referred as a dynamic schema. A script has a series of conventional actions that take place (Yule, p.133).
Chapter 13
- The more common name for the posterior speech cortex is Wernicke’s area. Carl Wernicke, a german doctor reported that the posterior speech cortex in brain was damaged in the patients who had difficulty in their speech.
- The use of fire distinguisher instead of fire extinguisher is Malapropism.
- Aphasia is an impairment of language function due to localized brain damage that leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing linguistic forms (Yule, p.142). Aphasia is caused when the blood vessel ruptures in the brain. Aphasia can be classified as Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia, and Conduction aphasia.
- The speech that is usually spoken two times like. . read . . wr . . ripe, er, rike, er, write is caused by reduced amount of speech, and imprecise pronunciation and this is a serious language disorder called Broca’s aphasia.
- In dichotic listening test a person is given a set of earphones and two different sounds are passed in the earphones at the same time through each earphone. In this listening test it is assumed that the signal that comes in right ear goes to the left hemisphere of the brain and the signal to the left ear goes to right hemisphere.
- A child is not born with the capability to articulate a language from birth, but the lateralization or one-sidedness of the brain that is responsible for language is developed from childhood. There is a period in childhood when the human brain is nearly ready to receive input and learn a particular language that lasts from the early childhood till the puberty.
Chapter 14
- The four features of caregiver speech are baby-talk, frequent questions, longer pauses, and slower rhythm.
- Children of about nine to ten months typically produce the first syllable sequences and a number of different vowels and consonants in the later babbling stage.
- Children typically produce the varied syllable combinations such as ma, da, ga, and ba during the tenth and eleventh months.
- The order of regular appearance of the following inflections in a normal acquisition schedule would be: -ing, -s [plural], -’s [possessive], and -ed.
- The older child has produced the first utterance because the negative element is placed prior to the verb; however in the second sentence (b) the verb is added in front of the sentence.
- Overextension is the term used to describe the process when a child uses a word like ball to refer to an egg, an apple, or any round object. It is very obvious for a child to overextend the meaning of a word depending on the resemblance of shape and sound, and to a minimum extent the movement and touch and feel of an object.
Works Cited
Yule, George. The Study of Language. 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press. (2005). Print.
