English 1B
Original Thesis
Thus, (1) as technology continues to move forward, (2) so will the field of medicine as
these two go hand in hand, (3) as shown in the way modern medicine for both hospital and laboratory were developed through laboratory science (Worboys 109), (3) the development of important medical products through macromolecularization developed during World War II (Lowy 119), (3) the apparent link established among medicine, technology, and science as shown in history.
Rogerian Thesis
Neutral
The field of medicine will continue to move forward (Worboys 117), and this has been
indicated by the products produced by laboratory sciences, as well as the development of significant medical products like the penicillin, which was made possible through the discovery of ‘macromolecularization’ (Lowy 117).
Counter
Like the industrialization since the post-World War II era, the field of medicine will
continue to move forward (Worboys 117), as was indicated by history, specifically the industrialization period, which shows “development of hospital and laboratory medicine, public health, and the rise of the asylum took place” (Worboys 109).
2-4 parts of thesis
Thus, (1)as technology continues to move forward, (2) so will the field of medicine as
these two go hand in hand, (3) as shown in the way modern medicine for both hospital and laboratory were developed through laboratory science (Worboys 109), (4) the development of important medical products through macromolecularization developed during World War II (Lowy 119), (5) the apparent link established among medicine, technology, and science as shown in history.
Common Ground
A look at history would reveal that like everything else, the field of medicine has grown
exponentially to what it is now.
Solution
In order to establish the relationship of growth in medicine as influenced by technology,
the study begs for a review on the development in the field of medicine from the industrialization period, and look into the way modern medicine for both hospital and laboratory were developed through laboratory science (Worboys 109).
Complete Rogerian first paragraph
The field of medicine will continue to move forward (Worboys 117), and this has been
indicated by the products produced by laboratory sciences, as well as the development of significant medical products like the penicillin, which was made possible through the discovery of ‘macromolecularization’ (Lowy 117). Like the industrialization since the post-World War II era, the field of medicine will continue to move forward (Worboys 117), as was indicated by history, specifically the industrialization period, which shows the “development of hospital and laboratory medicine, public health, and the rise of the asylum took place” (Worboys 109). Thus, (1) as technology continues to move forward, (2) so will the field of medicine as these two go hand in hand, (3) as shown in the way modern medicine for both hospital and laboratory were developed through laboratory science (Worboys 109), (4) the development of important medical products through macromolecularization developed during World War II (Lowy 119), (5) the apparent link established among medicine, technology, and science as shown in history. A look at history would reveal that like everything else, the field of medicine has grown exponentially to what it is now. In order to establish the relationship of growth in medicine as influenced by technology, the study begs for a review on the development in the field of medicine from the industrialization period, and look into the way modern medicine for both hospital and laboratory were developed through laboratory science (Worboys 109).
Expanding each piece
The field of medicine will continue to move forward (Worboys 117), and this has been
indicated by the products produced by laboratory sciences, as well as the development of significant medical products like penicillin, which was made possible through the discovery of ‘macromolecularization’ (Lowy 117). Like the industrialization since the post-World War II era, the field of medicine will continue to move forward (Worboys 117), as was indicated by history, specifically the industrialization period, which shows “development of hospital and laboratory medicine, public health, and the rise of the asylum took place” (Worboys 109). Thus, as technology continues to move forward, so will the field of medicine as these two
go hand in hand, as shown in the way modern medicine for both hospital and laboratory were developed through laboratory science (Worboys 109), the development of important medical products through macromolecularization developed during World War II (Lowy 119), the apparent link established among medicine, technology, and science as shown in history.
A look at history would reveal that like everything else, the field of medicine has grown
exponentially to what it is now. In order to establish the relationship of growth in medicine as influenced by technology, the study begs for a review on the development in the field of medicine from the industrialization period, and look into the way modern medicine for both hospital and laboratory were developed through laboratory science (Worboys 109).
Neutral
The field of medicine will continue to move forward (Worboys 117), and this has been indicated by the products produced by laboratory sciences, as well as the development of significant medical products like penicillin, which was made possible through the discovery of ‘macromolecularization’ (Lowy 117).
Counter
Like the industrialization since the post-World War II era, the field of medicine will continue to move forward (Worboys 117), as was indicated by history, specifically the industrialization period, which shows “development of hospital and laboratory medicine, public health, and the rise of the asylum took place” (Worboys 109). It was also the period when several “neglected areas” in the field of medicine were given attention, and this includes the history of the human body, gender, alternative medicine, and patients. Medical research to battle the effects of World War II as well as the pharmaceutical industry also increased . Other disciplines such as endocrinology, hematology, and oncology also became grounded on biomedical.
2-4 parts of thesis
First, in order to see the future path of medicine, it would be helpful to
learn and understand some of its most significant achievements as influenced by technology. The nineteenth century marks the birth of modern medicine. It was during this time that “development of hospital and laboratory medicine, public health, and the rise of the asylum took place” (Worboys 109). It was also the period when several “neglected areas” in the field of medicine were given attention, and this includes the history of the human body, gender, alternative medicine, and patients. However, while this period marks a milestone for the medical world, as defined by the products produced by laboratory sciences, other scientists argue that the field of medicine should revert to biology-based medical sciences (Lowy 116). According to the Rockefeller Foundation, biological knowledge should be the basis of medical sciences, such that application of the cure and prevention of diseases should be anchored on it. Compared to laboratory science, biomedicine, which had its roots in World War II, when an increase in collaboration among biologists, clinicians, and industrialist lead to the creation of important medical products such as penicillin through the discovery of ‘macromolecularization’ (Lowy 117). With larger funds allocated for medical research to battle the effects of World War II, the pharmaceutical industry also increased. Other disciplines such as endocrinology, hematology, and oncology also became grounded on biomedical. In addition, historians of medicine who were highly trained in history increased in number, thereby providing a wider and richer collaboration between historians of medicine and scholars who worked on investigating current developments in the field of medicine.
Second, further development in medicine was achieved with the popularity of biomedicine and the discovery of macromolecularization. During the late twentieth century, biomedicine increased rapidly and became a subject of interest among sociologists, philosophers, and anthropologists (Lowy 119). As gender also became a subject studied by historians of medicine, sex hormones to control fertility, body performance enhancers, as well as medicines that would deal with atypical bodies as a result of sex/gender change materialized. These developments in pharmaceuticals show the rich contribution of biomedicine. However, as issues regarding biomedicine and gender are linked with various factors that include but is not limited to legal history, business, political science, and industrial history, historians of medicine, or more popularly called ‘scholars’ these days continue to work on expanding the pharmaceutical industry following the biomedicine approach.
Third, while medicine and technology have been intertwined for so many years that they have become inseparable, this is not the case between science and medicine. Scholars apparently find it challenging, if not awkward, to link science and medicine, and even all three together. Historians trace as far back as the Renaissance how certain terms started being used, specifically those which refer to genres of knowdeledge, i.e. ‘natural philosophy,’ ‘natural history,’ and ‘mixed mathematics.’ These three have strong links with science, technology, and medicine, collectively called STM, such that natural philosophy deals with meanings of the world, mathematicians with quantities, and naturalists in different kinds like animals, plants, and minerals, to name a few (Pickstone 124). Regardless of the historical disjoint of science, medicine, and technology, their functions and relationship with each other has made it possible for all three to work together effectively, such that science gave way to technology, which in turn developed medicine, thereby making medicine linked to science.
Last, while a strong link is established between medicine and technology, Worboys offered another perspective on the disjoint between science and medicine in his article “Practice and the Science of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century.” Worboys believes that the practice of science in medicine has yet to be completely realized, but that the focus of historians of medicine became less on medicine but more in history as they were said to be working more in history departments instead of “alongside historians of science or in medical schools” (110). Warner (as cited in Worboys) prescribes historians to look into meanings when it comes to science for medicine, delving into the wider roles of medicine ‘in shaping cultural values and social order, such as gender roles, hygienic ideas, and notions of normality’ (111). This suggests that knowledge about science in alternative medicine is important as it is linked to the “democratization of knowledge, as at its meanings in laboratory investigations, where special sites, long training, and esoteric terms seemed necessarily linked to expertise, exclusivity, and hierarchies” (Worboys 111). Science in medicine plays an important role in anchoring terminologies which are closely linked to practice and expertise, thus making it imperative for science and medicine to work together in order to not only explore the multitudes of possibility that the application of one to another could offer, but also to see how effective each would perform when applied.
Common Ground
A look at history would reveal that like everything else, the field of medicine has grown exponentially to what it is now. Biomedicine gave way to “micromolecularization” or “macromolecularization,” a standard method and technique was established when studying life phenomena and diseases, as well as the invention of certain medicines such as the Penicillin, which paved the way for the antibiotic age (Worboys 117).
Solution/Conclusion
In order to establish the relationship of growth in medicine as influenced by technology, the study begs for a review on the development in the field of medicine from the industrialization period, and look into the way modern medicine for both hospital and laboratory were developed through laboratory science (Worboys 109), and how these led, in one way or another to the development of important medical products through macromolecularization were developed during World War II (Lowy 119), and medical procedures and techniques which are being used in hospitals today.
Works Cited
Lowy, Ilana. “Historiography of Biomedicine: “Bio,” “Medicine,” and
in Between.” History of Science Society 102.1 (2011). pp.116-122. jstor.org. Web. 9 March 2016.
Pickstone, John V. “Sketching Together the Modern Histories of Science, Technology, and
Medicine.”History of Science Society 102.1 (2011). pp.123-133. jstor.org. Web. 9 March 2016.
Raj, Kapil. “Beyond Postcolonialism and Postpositivism: Circulation
and the Global History of Science.” History of Science Society 104.2 (2013). pp.337-347. jstor.org. Web. 9 March 2016.
Worboys, Michael. “Practice and the Science of Medicine in the
Nineteenth Century.” History of Science Society 102.1 (2011). pp.109-115. jstor.org. Web. 9 March 2016.
