Task:
Trans-boundary policy problem is a crisis resulting from set of rules that defines the clear cut in a boundary between two separate entities. The fight between two countries on the exact boundary line is the best example of this policy problem. Some water resources lie at the border of two countries and it becomes difficult in making the correct boundary line. Learning this helps us enhance our knowledge on how such cases arise and how they are addressed (Blatter 14).
Pro-modern ontology entails the comparison and approximation of objects to its perfect form. The best example of pre-modern onto.ogy is the Plato’s theory that describes form. This theory suggests that a an earthly object, which is known to be a table will only be proven by its form that approximates the physical outlook and other characteristics of a table. Pre-modern ontology is important because it helps in improving the basic knowledge of form identification.
Modern ontology explains that observation, identification is unproblematic, and humans will know the truth by observation. It further explains that human observation is perfect and senses can be trusted. Modern ontology proves that science is real and that objects are not forms or shadows. Modern ontology is important because it helps in boosting scientific inventions and provides more emphasis or reality of scientific world rather than the classical believes about forms and objects (Blatter 14).
Postmodern ontology is based on human understanding of the world. It asserts that every person has a different understanding of the world and the understanding of the world is human based. It therefore means that although the world is one, there is a varied but reasonable understanding on particular concepts due to difference in human understanding and interpretations. An example of postmodern ontology is a case of election criteria as suggested by different people. People may suggest that a winner in any election should be a person of high integrity, honest, or a person who can influence a large mass of people.
Depending on the outcome of the election, people who suggested the three criteria above will have different explanation on how their preferred choices were vindicated. This is important because it puts emphasis on the importance of personal understanding and portrays the inefficiency in description. It improves individual’s understanding on the loopholes on situational description and build confidence in people understands of the world and situations surrounding them.
Epistemic community is a way of making sense of the reality that those decisions, which are hardly grasped, may lead to actual but informal power from dictators to the privileged accorded with responsibilities in a global setting. It is, therefore, a network consisting of professionals who have recognized competence and expertise in a specific domain and a much-respected claim to knowledge that is policy-relevant within that particular domain. Experts dealing with finance for example, in a particular country will have difficult issues to handle; they will seek for support from experts in other nations or countries so that they may be able to come up with probable solutions to their problems. Epistemic communities help improve the bonds between nations and expand our understanding on the work and duties of experts working in a professional network.
Hyper-rationality is defined as the absolute belief in the efficiency of reason. This implies that people consider reason as supreme and make it so important that they pay much attention to it in every step they take in carrying out their activities. Human brain has neurological structures similar to reptiles’ brain. This is irrational as compared to being rational in terms of when compared to the functionality of the reptile brain. Hyper-rationalists have, however, tried as much as possible to escape from their irrationality and seek refuge elsewhere. Hyper-rationality helps in understanding the boundary of reason and acceptance of irrationality displayed in human nature without appreciation (DeSombre 36). It also enhances our knowledge on the inseparability of effects of reason on one hand and space and time on the other hand.
Symbolic tokens are those, which are used in countless exchanges that take place continuously between individuals who work far from each other such that they neither talk nor meet. Money is the best example of a symbolic token. Money is used in completing many transactions between people who rarely talk nor meet. The people completing the transaction are always separated in space and time. Symbolic tokens is important because it gives knowledge on the different ways of enacting transactions in areas where distance and time and factors of separation between business agents or partners. These tokens also help us understand the different ways of relieving uncertainty and reducing communication expenditure.
MacWorld is a word used to illustrate the increase of McDonald’s restaurants worldwide due to globalization. It generally describes the consequences of international McDonaldization and commercialization of service and goods respectively. MacWorld can also mean the act of globalizing and controlling the political procedures. The United States liberalism due to globalization gives a good example of MacWorld. This helps us in enhancing our knowledge on the McDonald goods and services that are currently being offered in many parts of the world. It also shows the extent of its market, the challenges McDonald faces and the opportunities it has in venturing new markets and the extent of political control it can take worldwide
Jihad refers to the tradition and its values evident in the extreme religious orthodoxy or nationalism and theocracy. The sacred reciprocation by individuals where globalization imposes its own culture is the best case of Jihad. Having this knowledge helps in getting a clear cut on religious orthodoxy and nationalism.
Network analysis is a technique, which project managers put in place for controlling and planning their projects (DeSombre 45). Network analysis is applicable for example, in a manufacturing company where several things including finishing, cutting, purchasing, assembling, machining, designing, and testing are carried out in their respective order. This helps us understand on the needs to assess tasks in every project being undertaken.
Discourse analysis is one of the qualitative methods developed and adopted by social constructionist in studying human behavior. Study of human behavior cannot be objective. The best example is the gaining of knowledge by individuals. Knowledge is objectively gained without preconception or bias. This analysis method helps in understanding reality and sociality in relation to scientific approaches.
Historical analysis is an approach that is used in analysis any popular culture. Ethnographic analysis on the other hand, is a research method, which involves a direct observation by a researcher or group of researchers. It is, therefore, a qualitative method of studying the distinctive human cultures. These types of analyses help us understand the evolution of different societies with time.
Social ecology describes environmental crisis due to hierarchical organization of authoritarian mentality and power, which are rooted in society’s structures. Industrial expansion and globalization are the causes these environmental problems. This helps us in identifying the causes and prevention of environmental problems.
A nation state refers to a state of uniform economic, political, cultural, and social actors in a worldwide system. Iceland is an example of a nation state. Nation states increase our understanding on how various activities and believes are carried out in such nations. Legal analytical framework is a tool based on law, used in analyzing situations. Economic analytical framework is a practical tool, which is used in analyzing economy of particular policy arenas. It helps in facilitating a profound understanding of policy arenas in order to provide large political description for the difference in national make up of sectors (Bullinger 46).
Works cited
Blatter, Joachim. E. and Ingram, Helen. Reflections on Water: New Approaches to
Transboundary Conflicts and Cooperation. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. 2001.
Print
DeSombre, Elizabeth R. Domestic sources of international environmental policy: industry,
environmentalists, and U.S. power. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000. Print.
Bullinger, Angelika. Innovation and Ontologies: Structuring the Early Stages of Innovation
Management. London: Gabler Verlag, 2008. Print
