Discussion of the Dynamics of Endoplasmic Reticulum And Mitochondria
Introduction
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) of an organism forms an interconnected membrane network that extends from the outermost nuclear to the periphery cell wall. Mitochondria are a group of cell organelles that undergo fusion and fission at a constant rate. . In plants, daily regulation of energy is important for optimal growth thus mitochondria are important for integral regulation of the cellular responses for the survival of the plant. . In this paper, we are going to discuss the dynamics of ER and the mitochondria in plants by looking at the importance of Lat.B, AA and MV regulation energy in treated and untreated plants.
Mitochondria are eukaryotic organelles that were noted and investigated by several researchers in their works between 1850 and 1890. . Its history dates back to the discovery of unnamed granular bodies observed in plant cells to the discovery of cytomikrosomen by Adolf Freiherr von La Valette St. George in 1886. The term mitochondria was first coined by Carl Benda in 1898. . Meves first described the existence of mitochondria in plant cells in 1904 but it still took years before “common role of these organelles in all eukaryotes was established.” .
The synthesis of energy in the form of ATP occurs inside the mitochondria. This is why in a lot of books that discuss cell physiology, the mitochondria have earned the nickname “the powerhouse of the cell”. They also are involved in the de novo synthesis of phospholipids, nucleotides, and several amino acids; making them essential to eukaryotic life formation. Eukaryotes have the capability to respire anaerobically and they do so with the help of mitochondria. It manufactures ATP from raw materials processed by other cell organelles in a form that can be readily usable by the body. .
The ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) extends throughout the cell as a membranous network that is continuous with the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane. It also has rough and smooth elements. The main distinctive feature of rough ERs is the presence of ribosomes in the organelle membrane. These ribosomes function in the process of protein synthesis, the modification of newly formed proteins and the synthesis of new membrane.. To summarize the function of the rough ER, it is mainly involved in protein synthesis and subsequent modification of secreted proteins, lysosomes, membrane proteins, and Membrane synthesis. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum passages appear to be tubular and smooth because of its lack of ribosomes. It is connected with a rough endoplasmic reticula and usually extends up to the nuclear envelope. Smooth ER produces lipid compounds such as phospholipids, steroids, and fatty acids; in some cases it may also have specialized functions as well.
The cytoskeleton of a cell is a network of protein elements that extend throughout the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells and is composed of three types of protein fibers namely: microtubules that move materials in the cell along with the cilia and flagella, actin filaments that move the cell, and intermediate filaments that provide mechanical support.
Lat-B, Methyle Viologen and Antimycin A, their relation to ERs and Mitochondria, and how they work
The division necessary for cell growth in plants depends on Latrunculin B (Lat B), a potent actin-disrupting drug that affects actin resulting in the disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. . AA is a highly abundant metabolite in plants and affects plant development and stress tolerance. . Triggered modulating respiration may also impact on AA production and stress responses plant GalLDH does not produce H2O2 as a by-product unlike the terminal enzymes of AA synthesis found in animals and fungi. .
Lat.B is dependent on ER for destabilization of the cells causing cell division necessary for plant growth. . Contact between the ER and the mitochondrion is through the organelle and plays an important role organizing tethering (Logan 2007). Methely Viologen (MV), the relative contact of the ER acts as a negative regulator of the ER and the mitochondria and is partially linked to the nucleoids that separate before the division resulting to a two mitochondria network. .
Lat. B works by serving the purpose of a reagent that, through various mechanisms, alter the state of actin polymerization or the organization of actin filaments and microfilaments . Actin filaments and microfilaments on the other hand are responsible for “transmitting traction and contraction forces generated within a cell to the extracellular matrix during growth and development, wound healing, and cell motility, and to maintain tissue structure and more” . Since Lat. B plays a vital role in the formation of such filaments and microfilaments, then it would be safe to say that Lat. B works by helping maintain and improve the physical integrity of the cell, particularly its membrane and cytoskeleton .
MV or methyl viologen on the other hand is a color-less compound that is often used industrially as a herbicide . It works by causing an overproduction of reactive oxygen species or ROS within chloroplasts. This type of reaction causes a severe level of oxidative stress on the plants which is what kills them. During the period opf oxidative stress, “cell ion leakage to intercellular compartments occurs as an early step, leading to a special kind of programmed cell death” . In other studies however, it has been proven that methyl viologen can be a potent and safe electron receptor that researchers can use in metabolic experiments. The safety of MV as an experimental electron receptor has been associated with its natural presence in the normal cellular metabolic process in the body.
Lastly, Antimycin A is very important in the mitochondria and the Endoplasmic reticulum since it is evident that it plays an important role in development and survival of plant through the chemicals produced (Logan 2007). Proteins from Antimycin A are incorporated into the virion producing herpesvidies families, all of which are necessary for the production of protein particles. . On the ER they also form a round shape around the new formed mitochondria causing another division site forming an erred. . That Endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria division is responsible for the formation of the mitochondria division site associated with the ER tubules. . The concept of mitochondria and the ER is that they are responsible for the growth and survival of plants. . This extra cell division causes the growth of plant and the formation of new mitochondria form the production of the chemical responsible for plant survival on earth (Logan 2007). The populated ERMD forms the distribution link of the nucleotide and the production of the mitochondria that is required for the spatial resolution of the new bonded mitochondrial site. . Without the mitochondria, actin Antimycin A would not be fused since there would notmitobules and actin filament that are all produced when mitochondria and Antimycin A are fused. .
I found that Lat-B, Methley Vilogen and Antimycin A treatments disrupt the ER network or mitochondrial morphology and function (for example movements). From the Lat-B, M.V, and A.A treatment experiment, we conclude that there is an interaction between ER and mitochondria in plants. Actin depolarization, caused by treatments with Lat-B, increases mitochondrial clustering through the reduction in mitochondrial movement. These findings are consistent with other research.
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