The evolution of management thinking
1 Introduction
Different philosophies of Management and other forms of organization modify themselves in due course of time to meet up latest requirements. An historical point of view on the skills of management and how they evolved endows with a background or situation in which to read between the lines the contemporary prospects and troubles. If a person studies management history, it will help him in finding all the solution of any problem of the present day by thinking strategically. It will also help him to visualize the real picture and advance his theoretical expertise.
“Within the practices of the past there are lessons of history for tomorrow in a continuous stream. We occupy but one point in this stream. The purpose is to presentthe past as a prologue to the future." as mentioned by Daniel A Wren in his book “The Evolution of Management Thought”
2 Management Evolution Environment
While studying the evolution of management skills few things that are needed to learn first are the economic, social and political constrains that regulated the situations and ambience of the organizations which ultimately lead to the evolution of new management practices. Economic constrains are the specific type of constrain of the society that is related to the accessibility, creation, and allocation of resources and gratification properly in a society is known as economic constrains. All the businesses necessitate resources to accomplish their mission and vision. The economy of different developed country is changing continuously with the sources of capital, its circulation and making apt decision at apt time. The newly up-and-coming economy is established largely on knowledge, information and ideas. Many delivery chains are modernized by updated digital technologies. An additional development is the significance of big to mid-sized to small businesses. Nevertheless, an enormous shift of the economy of a nation is never smooth without disturbances.
Social constrains are a prevailing culture of the society that influences and commands on the existing relationship among different people of the society is known as Social constrains or social forces. Different aspects of our life and society that people values, people needs, people’s behavior, are some of the well known social forces that influences our society to outline the unwritten, the social contracts, general social rules and sensitivity about associations and affairs among different people of the society as well as between the management and employees of an organization. Some noteworthy social constrains these days are the ideas, values and altering attitudes of the present generation employees and their old generation managers as both of the group owns different education, perception, technological skills and have a great difference in age. It has become an obvious fact that life cycles of an individuals’ career is being shorter day by day because of the fact that the employees change their jobs so frequently. People are paying more attention to maintain a proper balance between personal life and career life which is being revealed through arrangements of alternative work.
Political constrains are the manipulation of legal authorities and political groups on people and organizations is known as political constrain. This includes necessary conjectures behind the different constitutional and legislative management, like justice, self-government desirability, rights of property and rights of contract. Now-a-days people are exacting involvement, empowerment and liability in the entire aspects of their lives. Different practices of Management and other perceptions differ in reaction to these economic, social and political constrains. Managers rummage around for up-to-the-minute thoughts during distressing times that will help them to cope up .
3 Evolution Phases of Management
3.1 Classical point of view
The conventional insight appeared throughout the nineteenth and twentieth century, and highlighted a scientific and a rational advance towards the study of management. During the 1800s, the factory structure faced disputes such as systematizing managerial construction, training the non-English speaking workers, tooling plants, arranging and resolving strikes. Such emerging problems and the expansion of huge complex institutes demanded a fresh outlook on proper synchronization and control.
There are slight differences in the various classical perspectives. The difference lies with administrative principles, bureaucratic organizations and scientific management. Chester Barnard and Mary Parker Follett supported a more humanistic standpoint on management. According to their perception, they put stress on the importance of being kind and caring about the behaviors of different human being, requirements, desires and approach in the place of work, and public communications and many group practices. Sub-divisions in the humanistic perspective take account of the behavioral sciences approach, the human resources perspective and the human relations movement.
The behavioral sciences approach is appropriate in different context of organizational of social science, sociology, psychology, illustration from economics, and many other practices. The human resources perspective recommends that employment should be intended to accomplish sophisticated and advanced requirements of the society by permitting employees to bring into play of their entire potential. This standpoint merges recommendation for planning different employment roles that takes into account different speculations of inspiration. The school following the standpoints of human relations believes that power that is really effectual arrives from inside the individual employee who can work independently to a certain extent than from authoritarian, dictatorial and domineering power. This school of thinking acknowledged and accepted that there is a direct connection between societal pressures and the effectiveness of performance of the employees who get a free-thinking management in an organization. The human dealings program puts stress on contentment of employees’ fundamental requirements as the apt explanation behind the greater than before efficiency of the workers.
3.2 Point of view from management science
Operations research is a point to be considered from the point of view of management sciences. It comprises of building statistical models and different further applications of perceptible methods to problems related to management in any organization. Operations management associates to the specific discipline of management that focuses on the substantial making of services and goods by making use of calculable practices to resolve different problems related to the manufacturing industry.
Linear and nonlinear programming, forecasting, simulation, inventory modeling, scheduling, queuing theory, and break-even analysis- these are some of the further normally used techniques. The most up to date category from the perspective of management science is Information Technology, more commonly known as IT. This category is regularly revealed in management information systems. Information Technology has advanced to take account of extranets and intranets and many programs run by different updated software that are used to estimate costs, manage projects, get prepared and track the production of the organization and apportion resources. It is mostly used by the managers. A good number organization consists of departments named IT department that recruits information technology specialists to facilitate them to implement different management science systems to solve problems in case of any complicated organizational troubles .
However, there have been a number of problems facing management science, namely: a) Right worker is not selected always for right assignment. b) Weaknesses and strengths of the employees are not measured accurately, c) Puts emphasis on exploit worker efficiency without wasting money or time, d) Skilled jobs seem to be tedious, and e) Employees’ efficiency decreases .
3.3 Contingency view
The contingency view describes that a proper and perfect solution of any sort of organizational problem and accomplishment of all the jobs successfully relies on the capability and power of the manager of the organization to identify the major problems and situations aptly. The role of management team is to rummage around for significant possibilities in their business, skill, the surroundings, and worldwide requirements and traditions. Total quality management or TQM is a term that spotlights on running the entire organization to bring excellence in the discipline it is expertise, to its customers.
Thoughts on systems theory that is supposed to have significant control on management ideas take account of: a) to continue to exist in the exterior environment the open systems need to cooperate with the exterior surroundings properly. But it is not required in case of any closed system. As a matter of fact, most of the organizations are generally open systems. Hence, the price of paying no consideration to its environment may lead to a breakdown and loss in business, b) when a system is badly maintained and gets packed up it is known as the tendency of Entropy. Any system should always obtain and emphasize on the various says from the surroundings. If it is not followed, the organization will definitely die down, c) Synergy signifies that the entire thing is bigger than the summation of all the parts altogether. Starting from the organizations to even the groups and Individuals level- no one can ever get done a work fully and perfectly while working unaccompanied than working in a group together, d) The different divisions of a system that relies on each other to do a job perfectly are known as Subsystems.
4 Conclusion
Bibliography
BCC. (2012). The Evolution of Management. Retrieved March 4, 2013, from Barstow Community College: http://www.bcconline.com/mgmt5dp/lesn1/Chp2OL.pdf
Harehall, G. (2012). Evolution of Management Thought. Retrieved March 4, 2013, from Harehall: http://www.harehall.co.uk/evot.html
Winthrop University. (2008). The Evolution of Management Thought. Retrieved March 4, 2013, from Winthrop University - Contemporary Management: http://faculty.winthrop.edu/zatzd/MGMT%20321%20Fall%202010/PPTs/MGMT%20321%20Fall%202010%20Ch%202%20PPTs.ppt
