The Globalization Essay Samples

The globalization is a process related to increase of the role of external factors (economic, social and cultural) in the functioning of all countries, which leads to the formation of a single world market without national barriers and the establishment of common legal and cultural terms for all countries. As a special phase of international relations, it was born a few decades ago, however, due to the huge spread of political bias in the modern world of science and politics, a single universally accepted definition of the globalization does not exist; existing formulations are descriptive or mutually exclusive.
The process of globalization consists of three interrelated components - the new international division of labor, international production and political relations. International division of labor originates in ancient times, but even in the early 19th century international exchange had only about 1% of global GDP. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, modernization of transport and communications, international division of labor grew rapidly. By the end of the 20th century it has already reached 25% of world GDP. International division of labor, especially in its new forms, as a component of globalization is irreversible. It is this element allows a certain number of states to optimize the national economic structure and derive tangible benefits from globalization. Therefore, it will deepen and improve, regardless of the will and intentions of certain manufacturers and states.
International production came much later: it refers to the 1970-1980s. Its starting point was the fuel and energy crisis of the mid-1970s. It led, on the one hand, to a decrease in profitability of the old industries (industry of "chimneys") in developed countries, and on the other, to a difference between national economic conditions - the rates of wages, level of education and workforce skills, interest rates, the price of raw materials and energy, etc. Therefore, removal of labor-intensive, and material-polluting industries in developing countries began. In addition, technological advances have created opportunities for spatial separation process.
The globalization have become an integral part of political factors, especially after the collapse of the socialist camp and the USSR, followed by self-destruction of socialist-oriented regimes in dozens of developing countries. Firstly, the defeat of the socialism revealed the dead end of this direction of development and, therefore, demonstrated that the transformation of capitalism is the only possible way of world development. Secondly, it was accompanied by the expansion of economic actors from developed countries, which could arise with respect to the same type of market relations and private property. This allowed large corporations in developed countries, outperform their competitors on power, technology and organization of production, financial support and so forth.
Several tools have contributed implementation of globalization in practice. The first of these was the liberalization, under which, because of numerous international agreements were coordinated reduction of tariffs, elimination of non-tariff barriers, facilitation of export and import clearance, etc. Another tool of globalization, privatization, has become understood as a transition to private persons (companies) state, cooperative, collective and other forms of ownership.
Finally, a neo-liberal theory (especially monetarism) which claims priority to market mechanisms in economic development, the rejection of state intervention in the economy, the removal of all barriers to the movement of capital, goods and labor the theoretical has become basis of globalization. In the last quarter of the 20th century, it captured a leading position because of getting a status of only right theory, as well as leaders of major powers trained all over the world basing on it.
As a result, great progress has been achieved in the field of economic globalization. As indicators of success, usually lead the growth of foreign trade and export quotas, a significant increase in the dynamics of foreign direct investment, the growing role of external factors in reproduction, etc.
For all of these reasons, in the world of science and politics, there were several postulates. Firstly, the process of globalization became global. Secondly, all the countries involved in globalization, get undeniable benefits (from the expansion of production scale, reduce costs, improve quality and increase the choice of products). Third, globalization encompasses all aspects of human society - the economy, social life, culture and so on, which is the beginning of the united "human civilization". In fact, the results of globalization are much more modest.
First of all, the world has not developed a single socio-economic system. In developed countries there is an evolutionary transformation of capitalism into some new social and economic order has not yet received a common name (posteconomic, post-industrial and so on). For a number of important indicators of the system, it is significantly different from capitalism. In developing countries, the development of capitalism dramatically accelerated, but the capitalism began to acquire a national coloring. "Nationality" of capitalism is manifested in the methods of interaction of social and economic structures, the role of government in the management of economic and social processes, the degree of realization of religious and civilizational norms in national law and so forth. In the context of weakening capitalist impulses coming from the developed countries, this phenomenon gradually enhanced. While scientific and technological progress and the expansion of communication has contributed to a huge spread of Euro-American culture around the world, in the second half of the 20th century in the developing world unfolded parallel and opposite process - the revival of indigenous religious and cultural and civilizational values.
As globalization has worsened the situation of a large number of developing countries, in the late 90s, there arose anti-globalist movements. Later the citizens of developed countries began to join it. In this movement, there is a consolidation of the most diverse forces - entrepreneurs of developed countries associated with the internal market, trade unions, socialists, anarchists, green, left-wing Social Democrats and others. It seems that these forces cannot halt globalization, because it is based on international division of labor, which is irreversible. However, they may change the forms and methods in order to adapt it in the interests of less developed countries, people and manufacturers, servicing the domestic market.