Response to question- 1.
In responding to this question, Mr. T‘s ability to cope with such an emergency influences the outcome. Hence, monitoring symptoms indicative of tissue hypoxia are crucial to managing hemorrhage. This would be addressed in this following pages of this paper.
Hemodynamics is specifically related to how blood flows through the cardiac (heart) and systemic circulation (body organs and tissues)( Marieb, & Hoehn, 2007). The function of the heart is to pump oxygenated blood throughout the cardiovascular system. In monitoring these activities the pulse rate is measured as well as blood pressure levels in evaluating pressure at different parts of the body. Blood loss denotes reduction in volume. A compensatory mechanism activated by the cardiovascular system is depicted in an increase in FVIIa circulation to aid in blood clotting (Giangrande, 2003).
With reference to vital signs studies have revealed that in class 1 hemorrhage there are no significant changes in vital signs because the blood loss is measured at 15% of blood volume (McCance & Huether, 2009). Class 11, in 15-30% the patient can develop tachycardia, along with lowered diastolic and systolic blood pressure levels. Also, there is peripheral vasoconstriction; paleness of the skin and coolness of extremities (McCance & Huether, 2009)
In Class 111 a 30-40 % loss of volume is recognized it accompanies a significant fall in blood pressure below 115/75; heart rate increases; peripheral hypoperfusion ( shock) is evident (Manning, 2004). Class V bleeding is when there is over 40% of blood loss (Manning, 2004). Here is when hemodynamic compensatory mechanisms fail and the patient can die from hypovolemic shock. As such, Mr. T has to be monitored for tissue hypoxia checking of vitals, color of extremities and level of warmth they manifest; in detecting if there is a significant drop in blood pressure; pulse rate and rapid heart beat (Manning, 2004)
Response to Question 11
In considering which of the two conditions posses a more significant health problem-childhood obesity or obesity that develops in people over the age of 40; it would entail a comparative analysis of the conditions in deciding which the greatest threat to life is. Childhood obesity does seem to have more impact on one’s health than when it occurs over 40 years old.
Socially, obesity has been recognized as a means of stigmatizations inclusive of low self esteem. In this regard obesity could affect a child’s entire life emotionally. Except for when moral support is offered, children cannot cope with being different. Therefore, the impact of obesity on children can be severe ( Barness , Opitz & Gilbert-Barness, 2007).
When taken from the perspective of total wellbeing regarding emotional and physical health, an obese child is at a greater disadvantage of obesity complications at an earlier age. Hence, the life expectancy of such children is lowered and quality of life highly compromised due to ill health. A person age 40 years and over has already had much pleasure out of life and is less likely to develop long term complications of obesity. Most importantly, children are still developing physically and the organ damage incurred from excessive adipose tissue accumulation is more intense than a person age 40 years and over (Bray, 2004).
References:
Barness LA, Opitz JM, Gilbert-Barness E (December 2007). "Obesity: genetic, molecular, and environmental aspects" Am. J. Med. Genet. 143a (24) 301-634
Bray GA (2004). "Medical consequences of obesity". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (6): 2583–9
Giangrande PL (2003). "Six characters in search of an author: the history of the nomenclature of
coagulation factors". Br. J. Haematol. 121 (5): 703–12
Manning, JE ( 2004)."Fluid and Blood Resuscitation" in Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. ( JE Tintinalli Ed). McGraw-Hill: New York
Marieb, E. & Hoehn, K. (2007). Human Anatomy & Physiology (7th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
McCance, K. & Huether, S. (2009). Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children (6th ed.).
