Conclusion
Ischemic Heart Disease, popularly known as IHD is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, not only in this country, but also in most countries. There is clear evidence that the mortality rates of this disease has declined in the United States over the past forty years (Konchanek, 55, Murphy, 15, Xu, 48). However, IHD still remains the cause of death for one third of all the deaths in adults aged over 35 years. The 2010 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics update of the American Heart Association reported that 17.6 million people in the United States have IHD, including 8.5 million with myocardial infarction (MI) and 10.2 million with angina pectoris (Shankar and Adoss, 32). Nevertheless, the cases are on the decline.
Considering the huge information available about IHD, It is crucial to report on the facts of the findings of demographic and population differences in prevalence of Ischemic Heart Disease. This comprehensive approach provides a detailed evaluation of the prevalence. Since the prevalence varies with gender, race, ethnicity and location differences, it is necessary to consider these specific differences when examining the treatment, and the response to therapy for patients with this disease (Murphy, 37).
Various types of literature have been used to conduct this study. Both primary and secondary data have been used. However, the one which has been mostly used are the books by Konchneck, Xu, Murphy, Shankar and Adoss. These are the authors who have made the most impact about the knowledge on this subject. Since Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) is a very significant disease to study, the results need to be carefully have been researched and the results shared by various stakeholders including the government and medical professionals. That is why the books and other types of literature used must be comprehensive and live nothing to chance. The statistics have been adapted from not only the study, but from the various mentioned sources in work cited.
The secondary information about the prevention for Ischemic Heart Disease is not the main focus for epidemiology research and clinical practice. The risk factors that influence this disease have become more involved in practice as medical practitioners take responsibility for preventing complications during operation. Preventive cardiology appears to lean on the side of segment of the population more than others. For example, the landmark heart study conducted by Framingham that was done in 1948 transformed the beliefs of the time about heart diseases. It became the beginning of a paradigm shift in approaches to cardiovascular diseases. The study however resulted into the concept of risk factors with suggestions that coronary diseases can be prevented by a change in lifestyles (Shankar and Adoss, 54).
The data base that was used for the study was from the New York State administrative acute care discharge system, the statewide Research and Planning System (SPARCS). This system contains patient information such as age, sex, and race which are the secondary and principal diagnoses;
The research system information for discharges for the years 2000 to n2012 were used for the study. For these years there were a total of over 33 million discharges. From this we deleted patients less than 18 years of age because the research entailed adults. In addition, those aged between 18 and 39 were used as a reference group. The results were as follow;
All patients diagnosed with Ischemic Heart Disease were identified and like cerebrovascular diseases were checked. For example those with heart failure, diabetes mellitus renal failure, chronic kidney diseases as well as, peripheral capillaries and arteries disease were defined.
Logistic regression models were used to identify the risk factors for IHD. The first model of age showed increased OR with increase age. The other models of demographic and comorbidities showed the number of males was determined. Whites had more likelihood to die from the disease than Hispanics who also had more likelihood to suffer from the Ischemic Heart disease than blacks. Chronic kidney diseases of peripheral arteries were independently associated with IHD, while renal failure was not related to increased risk of contracting IHD.
According to the results, the type of foods eaten by the affected individuals determined whether they were likely to contract Ischemic Heart Disease or not. The reason why whites were the most affected can perhaps be explained by the fact that they had the most sample during the study or perhaps because most of they are morbid and lack enough exercise which makes people stay fit. Hispanics consume healthier foods than whites. This research was done in a similar demographic area, thus the confidence levels are more than accurate. Blacks are the least affected. The study shows that most of them do not contract cardiovascular diseases associated with IHD because of the types of food they eat together with other factors which have been explained
Works Cited
Kochanek, Kenneth D, Arialdi M. Miniño, Sherry L. Murphy, and Jiaquan Xu. Deaths: Final Data for 2008. Hyattsville, MD: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 2011. Print.
McIntosh, Henry D. Overview of Aortocoronary Bypass Grafting for the Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease: An Internist's Perspective. Rockville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of Health Research, Statistics, and Technology, 1981. Print.
O'Donovan, Diarmuid, and Judith Mackay. The State of Health Atlas: Mapping the Challenges and Causes of Disease. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008. Print.
Profiling the Leading Causes of Death in the United States: Heart Disease, Stroke, and Cancer. Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005. Print.
Wakabayashi, Ichiro, and Klaus Groschner. Interdisciplinary Concepts in Cardiovascular Health: Volume I: Primary Risk Factors. Dordrecht: Springer, 2013. Print.
