Resources:
Resources are a set of tools to ensure the success of the research (Locke, Spirdoso and Silverman, 2000). These, above all, are research plan, team performers, deadline, information resources, technical means, the distribution of labor and financial resources necessary to process the results (Key Elements of the Research Proposal). In order to conduct the research effectively, the appropriate research plan was developed as well as the deadline till the end of the semester was set.
Thus, using available resources, it was found that taxes are a major part of government revenue in close collaboration with government spending. On the one hand, the amount of tax revenue determines the amount of the expenditure side of the budget and the budget constraint touches on the scale of the national economy, on the other hand, the scale and, in particular, the structure of public spending largely determines the ratio of taxpayers to the need to finance public needs, which can be expressed in terms of “effective tax morale” and “degree of tax evasion”. There is an indirect link between public spending and the growth rate of the economy. However, it shows the need to ensure the efficient use of budget funds. In turn, the causes of inefficiency in the public sector dictate the conclusion of non-excessive level of taxation and the negative impact of the nature of the waste of resources by the amount of taxpayers’ willingness to pay taxes (Moffatt, n. d.).
Ethics:
Each scientist, related in his life to the scientific activities, aimed at generating knowledge and progress through scientific methods in order to achieve high academic results, should adhere to the principles of behavior known in the scientific community (Office of Research Integrity, 2011). Thus, scientific integrity makes ethical values that should guide the workers in science. Violations of ethics in research are falsification, alteration and plagiarism; non-recognition of authorship or weighty intellectual contribution in scientific work; the use of new information, ideas, or data from confidential manuscripts or private conversations; use of archival materials in violation of the rules of use of archival documents; failure to comply with state laws, regulations and collective agreements of academies, universities and research organizations; safety conditions of scientific work (Stern and Elliott, 1997).
Practice shows that there is no need to participate in decisions regarding the approval of business partners – current or former (except in cases of extreme importance). It is necessary to avoid such decisions (not openly explaining the reasons and motives), participation in making which could adversely affect their objectivity.
Outcomes:
Character, the degree of progressivity and instruments of state tax policy are determined by several factors, among which are (Gale and Samwick, 2014):
- The type of government, defining features of the budget process and the degree to ensure the principle of connectedness;
- The level of development of paternalistic attitudes (related to the problem of equality) in society, determining the degree of progressivity of the tax system;
- The level of openness of the national economy that determines the mobility of capital and the possibility of influence of the factor of tax competition;
- The situation with the protection of property rights (in the broad sense), which determines the level of tax administration, and especially small business taxation;
- Degree of security of the national economy of natural resources, which determines the ability to extract rent tax at the exploitation of natural resources.
Therefore, the fiscal policy can affect (Moffatt, n. d.):
- Growth of investment activity by lowering the tax burden, tax-exempt income and capital, aimed at the development of production, high technology and others;
- Increase in the production efficiency, acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the introduction of advanced technologies, the increase in production of consumer goods through a number of factors, such as a reduction in the total amount of taxes, reducing the tax burden, differentiation of income tax rate depending on the profitability of production and industries, etc .; and
- Income growth through the elimination of taxation under the subsistence level of differentiation of the tax rate on personal income, income polarization smoothing.
References:
Gale, W. and Samwick, A. A. (2014). Effects of Income Tax Changes on Economic Growth. Retrieved from http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/413223-effects-of-income-tax-changes-on-economic-growth.pdf
Key Elements of the Research Proposal. Retrieved from http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/researchcourse/key_elements.html
Locke, L. F., Spirdoso, W. W. and Silverman, S. J. (2000). Proposals That Work: A Guide for Planning Dissertations and Grant Proposals. 4th ed.
Moffatt, M. (n. d.). The Effect of Income Taxes on Economic Growth. Retrieved from http://economics.about.com/cs/taxpolicy/a/taxing_growth.htm
Office of Research Integrity (2011). Guidelines for Responsible Conduct of Research. Retrieved from http://www.provost.pitt.edu/documents/GUIDELINES%20FOR%20ETHICAL%20PRACTICES%20IN%20RESEARCH-FINALrevised2-March%202011.pdf
Stern, J. E. and Elliott, D. (1997). The Ethics of Scientific Research. Retrieved from http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ethics/archives/Stern_Elliott.pdf
