Emmanuel cant. The categorical imperative
1. Good will according t is the only thing that is perceived as good without qualification and thus it is good because of what is good to itself and not what it performs and suitability for the accomplishment of some anticipated end.
2. Imperatives expresses what one is suppose to do. Categorical imperatives are the moral conducts that relate to performance of once duty in the context of good will whereas hypothetical imperatives gives the test that is used to determine whether one is willing to take an action.
3. A universal law dictates that one should acts only in accordance to that which gives a maximum while sticking to the will. Treating of moral rules as universal is similar to some of our everyday moral beliefs in the sense that there is division of duties amongst us results in both imperfect and perfect duties.
4. Treating others as an end in it means acting in a way that humanity always given a treatment in a personal level or in another person’s level as an end at the same time.
5. The two categorical imperatives given by cant are supposedly equivalent since them both advices one to take action with a maxim as the will to do this is universal. These categorical imperative formulations differ in the sense that different parenthetical abbreviations are used.
John Locke, The Continuing Conscious Theory of personal identity.
1. Locke doe the distinction in order to clearly address the question of person’s identity through consideration of changes a person can undergo while remaining the unchanged and give a difference in this category of these changes from those that occurs where the person is not in existence. This is important in identifying the conditions that are persistent in personhood.
2. To have a continued life by a human being all the way through time, a human being should have an immaterial soul, physical and psychological continuity.
3. According to Locke, a person is consciousness of a particular type that takes into account current mental state, understanding of one’s own body and knowledge of the past.
4. Consciousness can be attached to the succession of several minds when there is an identity condition that is non-substantial I knowing very little at all about natures substance and thus having a limited human understanding. This is with respect to Locke thoughts that the human understanding is limited.
5. Despite the fact that there are immaterial spirits in people, this does not define the person’s identity since it doesn’t give the conditions that are necessary and sufficient for the person’s survival.
6. By continuity of consciousness according to Locke, memory is really the explanation to personal character since a resemblance of once identity to another is developed through having memories of that person as per his argument.
Descartes meditations
1. Descartes had three main goals: to utilize philosophy to prove God’s existence. Second was to confirm the immortality of the human spirit and lastly was to argue that the most accurate philosophical rule is “I think, therefore I am”.
2. Descartes utilizes doubt as a means of ascertaining the truth of things or ideas. This was to avoid in believing in things that are not certain. The doubting of an idea is therefore not knowledge.
3. Descartes uses dreams to doubt his senses in that senses can be real in perfect conditions, but in ideal circumstances there is no clear distinction from dreams.
4. We derive most of our experiences through the senses, and if the senses are to be doubted, then we can also doubt our beliefs about the external world.
5. Descartes uses the Cartesian experiment of doubt to bring into doubt the claims of arithmetic and geometry.
6. The description given by the evil genius is that one is a victim of continuous mistakes caused by a deceiver that resembles God.
7. The belief that is true despite the existence of the evil genius is the truth and meanings of the sentences of an individual, and the contents of an individual’s deliberate state of their minds.
8. The point that Descartes makes of his melting wax example is our understanding of physical objects, rather than the continuation of physical objects. This is because melted wax is still wax.
Descartes is considered as the farther of modern time’s philosophy due his development and encouragement of latest and mechanistic science. He worked with a strategy of considering false whatever it had even the least doubt.
Locke was a philosopher and a British government official who was charge with information collection. His work was marked by opposition to authoritarianism.
Voltaire received his education from the Jesuit College in France where he learned what he regarded as Latin and Stupid studies. Blessed with wit and style, became one of the France’s philosopher and writer.
Kant was a researcher, lecturer and philosophy writer from German. His is known for his way of looking at old philosophical issues in a new way.
