Introduction 3
Why was this Topic Chosen? 4
Target Group 5
Identified Needs 5
Aims and Objectives 6
The Event of the Day 7
Research Findings 7
Comments 8
Recommendations 8
Conclusion 8
References 10
Appendix 1 11
Appendix 2 15
Appendix 3 16
Introduction
An infectious illness is a kind of disease that is usually caused by a particular bacteria or virus, and is commonly transmitted from one individual to another. This can take place either indirectly, such as exposure to infected materials; or directly, such as having contact with infected people. Occurrences of these illnesses frequently put immense demands on health services. In order to observe, handle, inhibit, and regulate such infectious illnesses and to activate healthcare services in responding to public health emergencies or health risks, various local and national strategies were put into existence (NHS Bolton & Bolton Council, 2012).
Infectious illnesses are linked with almost 10% of the total deaths and are included in the top four grounds for seeking consultations in the primary care level. In a national perspective, infectious illnesses are connected with 35% of the national rate for adult consultations, and 50% of the total child consultations. In England, the total expenditure for the management of infectious diseases is estimated to £6 billion every year, or an equal to 10% of the NHS budget wherein £900 million is allotted for hospital confinements (NHS Bolton & Bolton Council, 2012).
Included in the contemporary cases of outbreaks are those of the measles and Swine Flu (H1N1 Influenza) pandemic. Threat can also be carried out by recent and developing illnesses, or it can be in the case of re-emergence of an illness which has occurred for years, such as in the case of tuberculosis (TB) (NHS Bolton & Bolton Council, 2012).
In the light of the concerns on infectious diseases, this health promotion activity was conducted with the main focus on Tuberculosis.
Why was this Topic Chosen?
Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria included in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. It is also an illness that can be prevented through vaccination. It is commonly presented as a pulmonary disease, or a disease affecting the lungs, but it can also have extra-pulmonary presentation wherein in affects other parts of the human body (Bolton Council, 2015).
In England, 7,290 cases of TB were accounted for in the year 2013 with an incidence rate of 13.5 cases for every 100,000 individuals of the population. Migrant individuals and vulnerable populations, such as the homeless, are at most risk for acquiring the disease. Among the Western European countries, UK has the second highest rate of TB at present times (Bolton Council, 2015).
More specifically, this topic was chosen due to the fact that Bolton has a higher number of TB cases than the average. It also has a higher ratio of TB cases as compared to the average for its statistical peer cluster (NHS Bolton & Bolton Vision, 2009).
In the national and regional levels, the prevalence of TB cases has been elevating for the past ten years and will remain in that state for the particular at risk populations. Bolton has been recognized to have a mark of proficiency in the management of TB, as seen in the event that NHS Bolton has engaged on a leadership position for authorizing TB services throughout Greater Manchester. In addition, Bolton has founded the utilization of Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) for individuals known to have Multi Drug Resistant TB. Also, it has a continuing programme that is schools based and is focused on the identification and immunization of at risk population (NHS Bolton & Bolton Council, 2012).
Remarkably higher rates of TB cases are seen on migrant populations born outside the UK as compared to the indigenous groups, thereby adding to Bolton’s health disparities. Therefore, it is deemed significant that continued awareness following initial entry screening among migrant populations must be initiated (NHS Bolton & Bolton Council, 2012).
Target Group
Travelling people and susceptible individuals are at greater risk of procuring the illness (Bolton Council, 2015). Furthermore, significantly higher proportions of TB cases are accounted for migrant individuals who were born outside the UK than the indigenous populations (NHS Bolton & Bolton Council, 2012). Hence, this health promotion activity has been directed to individuals who have travelled in countries belonging to the regions of Southeast Asia, Africa, or Eastern Europe since the TB bacteria is commonly encountered in such places.
Identified Needs
According to the averages acquired for three years, between 2011 and 2013, 165 was the total of recent cases per year in Bolton residents. This reflects a ratio of 19.7 cases per 100,000 individuals. As compared to the rate of new cases in 2008, a decrease from 24.9 per 100,000 to 19.7 per 100,000 was noted, which amounts to a decline of 5 cases per 100,000. This is contrast to the England average that has been significantly maintained with a decline of only 0.4 cases per 100,000, which proposes that the new cases in Bolton are decreasing more rapidly as compared to the incidence rate in the national level (Bolton Council, 2015).
Nevertheless, it was still recognized that the incidence of TB cases is still relevantly higher in Bolton as compared to England, with an additional 4.9 cases per 100,000. This is caused by the fact that Bolton has an increased number of residents who were originally from countries with elevated TB problem, with almost three quarters of the total TB cases occurring from those born from other countries (Bolton Council, 2015).
Seventy cases of TB were found in Boston in 2010, which is the highest number recorded in Greater Manchester, with the exception of Manchester since it vitally has the greatest number among all the areas. Incidence has been rising over Great Manchester throughout the previous years, which is due to the elevation of specific at risk populations. Generally, almost 70% of the cases recorded per year are reported to be in individuals born outside the UK (NHS Bolton & Bolton Council, 2012).
BCG vaccinations administered in Bolton for the year 2010/11 amounted to 916, which was significantly decreased as compared to the years immediately before. Moreover, in line with the regional and national trends, the greater number of the BCG vaccinations in Bolton for the years 2010/11 were administered to children with the age of 1 year and younger (NHS Bolton & Bolton Vision, 2009).
Aims and Objectives
The goal of this health promotion activity is to increase the level of awareness of the Bolton population with regards to Tuberculosis. Also, it aims to disseminate information regarding the high rates of TB cases in Bolton and its continuing increase. And in general, it seeks to encourage them to aspire of having better health status.
Objectives include increasing the knowledge of students regarding the risk of TB and to make the target group knowledgeable about TB as not only being a disease of the past year but is still existing and is a threat to every age group.
In order to achieve the set goals and objectives, the foundation of the interventions will be the Tannahill Model and Tones and TilfordModel. The Tannahill Model presented that health promotion encompassed three corresponding areas of activity including health education, prevention, and health protection (Tannahill, 2008).The Tones and Tilford Model proposed that education is the key to empowerment, raising awareness of health issues, and people making choices. Also, it aims to empower, promote core values, supporting and defining the practice of health promotion (Weare, 2002).
Educational approach was utilized for this activity with the principle that it provides knowledge and information, develops necessary skills, and offers choices for their health behaviour. The methods that were applied focused in cognitive, behavioural and affective approaches.
The Event of the Day
Information dissemination was implemented through distribution of leaflets, books, and presentation of visual display. Moreover, one to one advice is offered to assist clients make informed choices, and provide opportunity to share and explore people’s attitudes regarding their health through group discussions and one to one counselling.
Research Findings
Comments
Majority of the respondents were female, and are mainly from Bolton and Manchester. Included in the questionnaire is a section where participants can note down their comments. Few of the comments made by the participants include improvement of the presentation, utilization of more pictures, present pictures of TB symptoms, deliver additional information with regards to the disease, and use a bigger table.
Recommendations
The questionnaire also included a portion where respondents can write down their recommendations on how to improve the health promotion activity. Through most of them left the part blank or noted that nothing can be improved, some of them made remarks that the TB awareness program can preferably be made more often across the university.
Conclusion
Infectious illnesses do not only contribute to the increasing rates of mortality and morbidity across the nation. They also play a part in the rising expenditures of the government for healthcare. Hence, it is deemed significant that control measures be implemented in order to alleviate these disparities.
In Bolton, one of the common infectious diseases is Tuberculosis which presents an increased rate of cases, and poses a continued rise. Therefore, programmes are conceptualized to handle such need. And this health promotion activity is one of those courses with the aim of increasing the participants’ knowledge of the disease as well as providing them the choice of improving their health status. Education was the main approach for this activity to deliver cognitive, behavioural, and affective needs of the participants.
At the end of the activity, 80 participants joined answered the questionnaire and various responses were acquired as presented in Table 1.
References
Bolton Council, 2015.Bolton Council Health Protection Annual Report 2015. [pdf] Bolton Council. Available at: <http://www.boltonshealthmatters.org/sites/default/files/Bolton%20Council%20Health%20Protection%20Annual%20Report%202015%20final.pdf> [Accessed 01 Jan 2016].
NHS Bolton & Bolton Council, 2012.JSNA: Infectious Disease.[pdf] NHS Bolton & Bolton Council. Available at: <http://www.boltonshealthmatters.org/sites/default/files/Infectious%20Disease%20JSNA%20Chapter.pdf> [Accessed 01 Jan 2016].
NHS Bolton & Bolton Vision, 2009.Behaviour and access to services: Tuberculosis. [pdf] NHS Bolton & Bolton Vision. Available at: <http://www.boltonshealthmatters.org/sites/default/files/BAS%20TB.pdf> [Accessed 01 Jan 2016].
Tannahill, A., 2008. Health promotion: The Tannahill model revisited. The Royal Institute of Public Health, [online] Available at: <http://www.publichealthjrnl.com/article/S0033-3506(08)00143-1/abstract> [Accessed 02 Jan 2016].
Weare, K., 2002. The Contribution of Education to Health Promotion. In R. Bunton& G. Macdonald, eds. 2002.Health H Health Promotion: Disciplines, diversity and developments (2nd Ed.). London, UK: Routledge. pp. 102-126.
Appendix 1
HND in Health & Social Care
Health Promotion - Assessed Activity
Group Plan
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
