Introduction
The very title of this article may seem to some readers fantastic. Is there any evidence that alien beings exist? Can we prove that there is no clear scientific argument in favor of their life and activity? Such questions immediately arise among readers, of course, they are quite natural. And yet, I will try to show that the statement of the problem in our time of exclusively rapid scientific and technical progress is quite logic. Moreover, most recently the first steps towards the solution of this great problem facing mankind were taken. Basically, from the scientific point of view it is more than obvious that there are no aliens and all presumptions that they exist are no more than pseudoscientific speculations. I am going to prove it having purely physical and mathematic calculations and general facts known to astronomers. First of all we shall consider the question what is necessary in principle for the emergency of life in the Universe? And to answer this question properly there is need to understand are there other planetary systems?
First of all, the question shall be formulated as follows: to what extent the claim that the Galaxy has a certain number of stars, surrounded by systems of planets like our own solar system is justified? Until relatively recently, in astronomy and cosmogony the idea that planetary system in the universe is the greatest rarity totally prevailed (Crowe, 2008). According to the cosmogonic hypothesis of English astronomer M. Jeans, which was dominant until the 1930s, the solar system was formed as a result of catastrophic convergence, almost a collision between two stars. Given the extremely low probability of star collisions in the galaxy (the number of interstellar distances is huge compared to the size of stars) it was possible to conclude that our solar system must be almost unique in the Galaxy (Crowe, 1986).
Historical Background
In late 1930s gradually it became clear that Jeans hypothesis is a concentration of inconsistency. It was the time when a famous American astronomer, G.I. Russel proved in principle, that this hypothesis cannot explain one of the main features of the solar system - the concentration of 98% of the angular momentum in the orbital motion of the planets. The final blow to the hypothesis of Jeans was inflicted by the calculations of the Soviet astronomer N. Pariysky, who fully confirmed the findings of Russell. It has been shown that the orbits of the planets formed during the catastrophic convergence of the two stars have a very small size, therefore, the angular momentum of the planets get totally inadequate (Dick, 1996).
After the collapse of the cosmogonic hypothesis, the number of researchers’ new perspectives developed. The cosmogonic hypothesis of Schmidt and development of his ideas in the works of A. Lebedinsky and L. Gurevich are of the greatest importance. These studies bring us closer to an understanding of the process of gradual formation of planets from some initial dust cloud surrounding the Sun that it was already quite similar to the modern. However, Schmidt's hypothesis was not able to give informed enough to answer to the main question of the origin of the initial dust cloud. Different options with the capture of the Sun of gas and dust of the interstellar medium, advanced by Schmidt and other authors met great difficulties (Dick, 2001).
It is now becoming increasingly clear that the planets and the Sun were formed together from a common, diffuse "parent" of the nebula. Thus, the cosmogony is now largely returned to the classical ideas of Kant and Laplace. Now, however, these ideas are at much higher level than a half of century ago. Since then, our knowledge of the universe have immeasurably improved, researchers have widely used the outstanding achievements of theoretical physics. If the hypothesis of Kant and Laplace were purely mechanical in nature (which at that time was, of course, quite natural), but now, with the development of a modern cosmological hypothesis, widely used of cosmic electrodynamics and nuclear physics (Grinspoon, 2003).
The famous American astronomer O. Struve follows illustrating this. Imagine an virtua observer distant from the Sun at a distance of 10 parsecs (a little more than 30 light-years) and situated in the plane of the orbit of Jupiter. Could it, having means of modern observational astronomy, locate near the Sun giant planet Jupiter? As the calculations of Struve prove, to solve this problem, methods of astronomy observer would be able to measure angles in the sky to an accuracy of 0.000", and if the imaginary observer used the spectroscopic method, it would have to be able to measure the radial velocities with an accuracy of 10 meters per second. Such precision measurements of modern astronomy are not available. Note, however, that about once in 11 years, he would have observed Jupiter passing through the disk of the sun. In this case, the apparent magnitude of the star of the Sun would be weakened by magnitude 0.01. This measurement for modern spectrophotometry is the limit still available and it should be remembered that if the direction of "observer - the Sun" will be only a few minutes of angle with the plane of the orbit of Jupiter, the covering of the Sun by Jupiter can no longer be observed this way, direct astronomical observations to detect large planets even the nearest star. As you see it is almost impossible (Tumminia, 2007).
But this, of course, does not mean that the process of star formation of the nebula cannot at the same time turn out in such a way that a massive star creates enough space bodies of small mass, such as planets. Chinese astronomer Su Shuang while working in the US, analyzing this problem, came to the conclusion that there must be a continuous sequence of masses of celestial bodies formed from the nebula, going from ordinary stellar masses through the mass of invisible stars such as satellite 61 Cygni to planetary mass such as the Earth, Mars-Mercury. This immediately implies that the type of the solar planetary systems must be very common in the galaxy. The same conclusion can be drawn for entirely different reasons.
What does the rotation of stars mean for the probability of life existence there?
The rotation of different types of stars is of great importance for the modern planetary cosmogony is the analysis. The rotation of the star was discovered spectroscopically over thirty years ago by O. Struve and later by the Soviet astronomer G. Shaynom. It turns out that relatively massive hot stars are characterized by very rapid rotation. The hottest star (spectral classes G, B), the mass of which is ten times more than solar mass, are rotating with an equatorial speed of 300 - 500 km/s. Less hot and massive, very common in the galaxy stellar classification A rotate typically at a rate slightly less than 100 - 200 km/s. Up to the spectral class F5, the main rotation speed of the sequence exceeds several tens of kilometers per second. However, about the spectral class F5 the rotation speed of the stars abruptly cut off abruptly. For dwarf stars of classes G, K, M, the surface temperature is less than 6500 degrees, and the weight is less than 1.2 solar masses, the equatorial rotation rate is very small - about a few kilometers per second.
This part of the main sequence stars and the Sun belongs. We are faced here with an extremely interesting and important phenomenon: while the main characteristics of stars (surface temperature, luminosity, mass) vary along the main sequence continuously, such an important characteristic, as the speed of rotation, for some unknown reason, for some reason, district of spectral class F5 is sharply, abruptly changing. The low rotational speed of stars of late spectral classes means that their angular momentum is ten times less than that of the stars earlier than F5. But the masses are relatively recent, and differ slightly from the mass of dwarfs G. Meanwhile, it should be kept in mind that the mass of stars formed by the masses of "parent" nebulae, and their angular momentum are indiscriminate mass velocity of the gas in these nebulae. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to imagine that a sufficiently close masses internal motions in the nebulae, of which dwarfs are formed the G class, should be qualitatively different from the internal motions in the nebulae, stars generating class F5. Most likely, the cause of the abnormally small angular momentum in dwarf stars of late spectral classes is moving around them invisible low-mass cosmic body, the orbital angular momentum which is ten times superior to the angular momentum of the star itself, associated with its rotation. In this regard, we point out that if all the angular momentum of the solar system has been concentrated in the Sun, the equatorial velocity of rotation would have reached 100 km/s, and would become the same as the majority of stars of spectral class A - F5 (Ward, 2005).
Where can extra Earth life be?
It is natural to suppose that under favorable conditions on the planets surrounding the star should arise and evolve life. The problem of the origin of life on Earth is one of the main problems of natural science. In 1957, the first International Congress was held, at which the issue was subjected to a comprehensive discussion. A number of prominent experts have shown that the formation of complex organic molecules - "bricks of life" - with the need to take place at a relatively early stage of the evolution of the planet. For the further evolution of life, there are hundreds of millions and billions of years, organisms have evolved gradually, reaching a high degree of perfection, and some species are continuously replaced by others. At a sufficiently late stage of evolution on Earth appeared the first human being. As long as there is every reason to believe that planetary systems similar to the solar, in the galaxy, there are a few billion, it is quite natural to assume that the process of the origin of life and its evolution there in general by its nature is similar to what it was in the world. Of course, not every planet is possible for the emergence and development of life (Strick, 2004).
1. The planet, where the emergence and development of life is possible, cannot revolve around stars too close or too far away. It is necessary that the temperature of their surfaces were favourable for the development of life. Considering, however, that simultaneously with the star should be formed a relatively large number of planets (for example, 10), with a high probability it may be expected that at least one or two planets will be treated in the region in which the temperature is in the desired range.
2. The masses of the planets must be neither too large nor too small. In the first case the giant atmosphere of these planets rich in hydrogen and its compounds, exclude the possibility of the development of life. In the second case will be scattered (an example of Mercury) during the evolution of the atmosphere. However, given the relatively large number of planets formed, it can be expected that some, albeit a small number of them, will have the desired weight. It is necessary that such a planet at the same time satisfy the first condition.
Note that the first and second conditions are not independent. It is no accident that the planets of the solar system with a relatively small mass (the so-called terrestrial planets) are relatively close to the Sun and the giant planets with an atmosphere rich in hydrogen compounds that are relatively far from the sun. Therefore, we can assume that at least a significant part of the resulting planets suitable for the life of the mass at the same time and is at a suitable distance from the star (Santerne, 2013).
3. Highly organized life can be only on planets orbiting around quite old stars, dating back billions of years. For the process of evolution of such a life there shall be huge periods of time. Note that the third condition is satisfied in almost all dwarf stars of spectral classes interested for us.
4. Such stars for several billions of years should not significantly change their luminosity. And this condition is satisfied by the vast majority of us are interested in the stars.
Star should not be multiple because otherwise the orbital motion of the planets would have been significantly different from the circular and sharp, if not catastrophic, changes in the surface temperature of the planet would have ruled out the possibility of life on it (Strick, 2004).
How many planets could be the cradle of intelligent beings?
Even if we take into account all the constraints outlined above, we can assume that in the galaxy there are at least a billion planets orbiting dwarf stars like our Sun, or a little more cold, which can be highly organized, and perhaps even intelligent life. However, we must now turn attention to one important fact. It is known that man as a species appeared on Earth only a few hundred thousand years ago. Can we say that mankind is continually evolving, will exist as long as desired, for example, billions of years? It seems to us, the belief in the eternity of the human species in the world (for it can only be about faith) just as absurd and meaningless, like the belief in the personal immortality of the individual. Everything that came into being must inevitably sooner or later die. And intelligent life on any planet cannot be an exception. What is the duration in different worlds, that is, those periods in which life began to evolve intelligent beings? On this question very difficult to answer. It could be hundreds of thousands or even millions of years. Time-limited era on different planets significantly reduces the number of worlds where we live together with intelligent beings. For example, if the average duration of this era takes a million years, in the modern era in the galaxy can be only a few million planets inhabited by intelligent beings with a fairly high level of civilization. In this case, in a radius of 100 years light surrounding the sun may be only one or two such solar systems. Of course, we made just a correction for the limitations of that period which are rather arbitrary. However, in my opinion, it is absolutely necessary, because otherwise the estimate of the number of inhabited worlds in the universe gets tough exaggerated. Thus, the science of the second half of the twentieth century comes to a justification of brilliant ideas of the great Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, of the plurality of inhabited worlds. A natural question arises: what are the prospects of making contact with intelligent inhabitants of the planetary systems?
Possible interstellar communication
For highly organized civilizations inhabiting certain planets, our Sun must appear as the star around which the planet can handle, which permits a reasonable life. It is natural that, with its powerful technical means, they should seek to establish some kind of communication with intelligent beings that live on any of the planets of the solar system. Imagine that they have long, maybe thousands of years ago, have established some kind of communication channel and patiently await an answer (Shklovskii,.1966).
How far is the signal reach?
Immediately the question arises: on what distances can one now establish a direct radio link? It is necessary to emphasize the remarkably rapid progress in the last half-century of radio physics. In memory of our older generation was an important time for the event: the establishment of the transatlantic radio. In 1945, the first time sent to the moonlight reflected from it was adopted at the Earth. In the past, in 1959 the radar of Venus was made. This is a much more difficult task than the location of the Moon, because, as you know, when the radar transmitter power is required, which is proportional to the fourth power of the distance to the object of located. As the message of our printing, but also, the US press is now discussing the possibility of sending space rockets in the direction of Mars and Venus. This will require the implementation of a reliable radio communication at a distance of 100 million kilometers. It should be borne in mind that the board radio equipment for a variety of natural causes would be compact and low power.
Meanwhile, in the present, the size of radio telescopes mirrors reach 75 m, and the sensitivity of receiving equipment on the centimeter and decimeter, through the use of new types of amplifiers (e.g., molecular), rose sharply. It follows (as will be shown below) that now it is possible, using the largest of the existing antennas, and the most sensitive receiving equipment, to carry out radio communication at a distance 10 light years (Pickover, 2003).
How the extra Earth life forms, if such existed, could overcome interference?
In the calculation of the radio link between the two worlds is necessary to consider the interference level. It should be borne in mind two types of interference. First, the radio emission from the star around which turns the planet inhabited by intelligent beings; Secondly, the intensity of the transmitter must be such that its signal reliably distinguished on the background of cosmic radio noise inevitable (Michaud, 2006).
Is there extra-terrestrial civilization?
It does not have to prove the long-known fact that science cannot get a fairly complete picture of the object being studied if it is known in a single instance. The study of nature starts with classification, taxonomy. Let me give two examples.
At the present time, despite the enormous progress of science in the study of the planets (first of all - direct methods of Astronautics) and the Sun, the question of the origin of our solar system is far from clear. On the contrary, the origin and evolution of stars, far more remote and inaccessible because research by direct methods, were known well enough. In this area, the success of knowledge is simply dazzling (Sagan, 1973). What is the reason for this paradoxical situation? It is obvious: the planetary system is known to us while in one instance while astronomers using powerful tools have long observed a huge number of stars at different stages of evolution. (Baird, 1987)
Such a deplorable state of this problem is due to the simple fact that other forms of life in the universe (except the Earth) we do not know. This raises the important question of the prevalence of life in the universe. It does not, however, fall into the black pessimism. We have high hopes for orbiting optical telescope with a mirror diameter of 2.4 meters, which will start work next year. There is the reason to believe that it can be discovered next to the Sun planetary systems. With regard to extra-terrestrial life, there is hope to find it in the reforms that it in the process of its evolution takes place in the atmospheres of planets parent (remember the origin of the oxygen in the earth's atmosphere).
However, we are now firmly cannot say anything about the probability of life on some young planet. An example of our solar system, in which there is only one habitable planet - Earth, demonstrates that there is not life on every planet. Now we cannot exclude the statement that the proportion of habitable planets can be indefinitely small. And while we do not open outside the solar system planets, the atmosphere that transformed lives of tangible progress in the solution of this fascinating problem, apparently, will not.
Especially there is a question of intelligent life beyond Earth. It is needless to point out that for a long time the mankind was interested, in any case, more than a question of "simple" irrational life in the universe. What can we say about this? Of course, if the universe can exist isolated pockets of life, then why not the homes of intelligent life? The evolution of life from the simplest to the most complex shapes - a very long and very complicated process. The main drivers of this process are Darwinian natural selection and mutation. It is believed that this is true not only for the earth but also for extraterrestrial life, for food resources and to ensure the activity of organisms, no matter where they evolved, always limited. In the process of evolution because of the harsh necessity arose or that the most important, often very complex, "invention", ensured the survival of the species of living beings. Among these "inventions" should include, for example, photosynthesis, "chamber" vision and much more. We can regard the mind as one of these "inventions". As with other "inventions" that have arisen in, he gives the corresponding first small mind during the evolutionary process, and then all the growing advantages in the struggle for existence (Goldsmith, 1997).
It may seem that this is not a scientific issue, and about some fantastic comic on the recently fashionable space theme. Unfortunately, it is not. This is a real analysis of the human development prospects for long enough. It follows that the problem of extra-terrestrial civilizations - a problem not only astronomical, technical and biological, and sociological rather futurological. We are dealing with complicated problems. One can, of course, assume that intelligent beings, realizing fatal unlimited expansion, began the path of the hard limit to the termination of the quantitative growth of the main indicators of their civilizations. It is unlikely, however, permissible to consider a strategy for the development of the same for all civilizations. This is unrealistic. In addition, the development "only in depth" most likely is an illusion (Cohen, 2002).
Analysis
The inevitable conclusion is that at least a small part of the problems in the universe, in particular in the Galaxy, civilizations must take the path of unlimited expansion. But in that case, we would observe the cosmic manifestation of intelligent life, i.e., a sort of "cosmic wonders." And here we come to the main point: could not be found despite the incredibly increased the effectiveness of our telescopes and detectors of radiation in the entire range of electromagnetic waves, any "cosmic wonders." I cannot see the sky any "Dyson sphere" cannot be heard call signs of our alleged "brothers", are not observed traces of cosmic construction activities, no one, I never visited our old Earth (and, it would seem - must, it is very nice and comfortable planet!). And it is a great desire to meet with Earthlings mentioned brothers, as reflected in the mass psychosis with "unidentified flying object". Silent Universe rests without showing any signs of intelligent life. After all, there must be, for example, super civilizations powerful beacons. It can be argued, however, that in our neighboring galaxy M31, numbering several hundred billion stars, nothing like this.
"Silence" of the space is an essential scientific fact. It requires an explanation since it is in obvious contradiction with the concept of unlimited developing powerful super civilizations. Thus, the "extraterrestrial" problem was a kind of "inverted". It seemed that we deal with the problem of "finding a needle in a haystack." In fact, the problem reduces to the problem of the "owl in a sack." The simplest thing you can tell a trivial explanation for the phenomenon of "silent universe": extraterrestrial civilizations in the immediate vicinity of the Grand Universe (such as galaxies in the Local System) is not there. Even with the prevalence of the phenomenon of life in the universe is quite possible. It is only necessary to make the natural assumption that in the process of evolution of life sought super civilization or not implemented at all, or due to internal causes of development (for example, the inevitable destruction of the biosphere has generated them) have a very short lifetime (Lemnick, 1998).
If we adhere to a completely unique look, that the mind is one of the "inventions" of the evolutionary process, we should not forget that not all "inventions" are ultimately beneficial for the species. Nature blind, it operates "groping" by "trial and error". And it turns out that a huge part of "inventions" is unnecessary and even harmful to the prosperity of the species. So there is "dead end" on the trunk of the tree of evolution. The number of such branches is incredibly large. Becoming a point of view that the mind - is just one of the many "inventions" of the evolutionary process, and besides, it is possible, resulting in kind, awarded to them, to an evolutionary dead end, we, firstly, better understand man's place in the universe and, Second, explain why not observed cosmic wonders. But this is not enough (Roth, 2005).
The alternative sketched above is not "optimistic" concept advocates the idea that the mind is a manifestation of a certain immaterial, transcendent beginning. This is the old idea of God and the divine nature of the human mind. Far away (and not always far away) from the sciences to individuals, this concept seems much more optimistic and even moral.
Conclusion
Thus given all necessary physical parameters and having considered all mathematical and logical peculiarities of the existence of aliens I have come to the following conclusions. The science has plenty of evidences that the probability of emergence of intelligent life in the Universe is tiny. Only very specific conditions are required. We do not have any data that planets with such conditions exist on the distance close enough for us to establish contact with the allies. The problem of technical establishment of this contact was also considered separately. Finally the existence of any form of life does not mean the existence of humanoids and this is undeniable fact. And the existence of any so-called extraterrestrial civilization is no more than pseudoscientific speculation. It is difficult, however, in our time to stand on the position, which has nothing to do with science. Forgetting the basic fact that we are the part of the objectively existing, material world, no one promise anything good, even if it creates the optimistic illusion.
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