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Women in Lebanon
Certainly, European trends affect the change in the attitude towards women in Lebanon. But at the same time an important role in changing the usual stereotypes of society and changing the traditional understanding of the role women have played War, War Torn Lebanon. The civil war, which lasted for more than 15 years of Israeli occupation, which ended in 2000, the Syrian domination, completed in 2005, have led to profound changes in the structure of society.
These changes were made and the status of women, their rights and lifestyle. War show that a woman should learn and try to occupy a higher position in society, because at any time to be alone. The long absence of men in war, their death, led to the formation of single-parent families, but along with the negative effects of these changes have strengthened the autonomy and independence of women. Women won the right to vote and to be elected, the right to work outside the home, the opportunity to work in such fields as law, media, science and education, to become members of parliament and even ministers.
The stated willingness to eliminate the former government of discrimination against women, embodied in the search for measures to ensure women's participation in political life. Established national authorities entrusted with the track of various women's issues:
- The National Committee for Lebanese women;
- The Office for Women's Affairs in the Ministry of Social Affairs;
- The Committee on Women and Children in the Chamber of Deputies;
- Social and Economic Council.
Lebanese women are beautiful, well-groomed, happy and well-groomed. Their happiness is based on the traditions of Lebanese society, which traditionally earner in the family should be a man and a woman raising children and their education.
In Lebanon, to have one or two domestic servants (sometimes nanny and servants). More often than not their responsibility to carry out a girl from Asia (among them many representatives of Sri Lanka and the Philippines) and Africa (eg Ethiopia). Attitude towards them in Lebanese families always friendly. Housekeeper is given their own room in the house and she provided a weekend, if she lives long in the family, she presented with gold ornaments for the holidays. Quite common (but not a mandatory rule) to take home a young girl 17-18 years old, who then lived most of his life in the family. For example, in the family of my husband's parents lived a housekeeper and nanny. This nanny-African raised him and his brothers. Babysitter husband still remembers with great warmth and affection. When she was older, his parents allowed her to live in their house in the North of Lebanon.
Interestingly, in the Lebanese law does not contain any provision that discrimination on grounds of race or ethnic origin. The same principle is observed in the Law on obligations and contracts, which regulates the employment of foreign workers, and also does not contain any - or discriminatory provisions against foreign workers. In addition to the law, there are specific provisions governing the relationship between the owner and a foreign female staff. According to these documents, the landlord is committed to: "ensure foreign maid clothes, food, medicines, necessary rest room at night and during daytime, pay at the end of each month, the monthly salary and take the necessary measures for the organization (at her request ) the transfer of wages abroad. Moreover, it is required to provide domestic workers with a sufficient number of days for the holiday, do not practice mistreatment, to prevent physical abuse, which is a criminal offense. "
If between the office staff who are engaged in the selection of staff and owners of the house domestic workers, as well as between employers and domestic workers there are any differences, they are governed by filing complaints with the Department of Labor. As in Lebanon, the provisions regarding the insurance policy for foreign workers and employees.
These provisions reiterate the refinement of Lebanese society and a striking contrast against the background of other Arab countries, where domestic workers often suffer from arbitrary hosts and can not affect change their plight.
In Lebanon, the widespread cleaning service apartment. Comes with a team of professional equipment, which is within an hour or two (depending on the amount of work) licks apartment to shine.
Women in Turkey
After the formation in 1923 of the Republic of Turkey, in 1926, he joined the Civil Code of the action taken by the example of the Swiss Civil Code, according to which, a Turkish woman became an active member of the social life of the community. Then in 1930 in Turkey for the first time women have the right to elect and be elected because of the Municipal Code, later in 1934, the Constitution was amended, on which women were given the right to participate in the parliamentary elections. Thus, a woman styles an active member of the social life of the community.
Over 80 years in Turkey, there were lots of amendments of laws in the field of women's rights in line with the requirements of the time. Right - this is a science that is constantly evolving to meet the needs of the public. Her goal - to reach the ideal. In the formation of domestic law adopted as the standard ideals of individual rights and freedoms taking place in the International Declaration of Human Rights.
In Article 10 of the Turkish Constitution speaks of equality before the law. Irrespective of language, race, color, sex, political and philosophical views, religion, religions, and the like all people are equal before the law. According to the 11th article of the Constitution of laws should not contradict the Constitution. In the 41 th article, subtitled "Protection of the family," says: "The family - on the basis of Turkish society, and it is based on equality of spouses." And with this the most, the rights and status of women in the family are protected by the Constitution. In Turkey, women who take part in public life, have the same rights as men. In domestic law, women were given special rights to preventing gender discrimination in personal and professional life.
In accordance with Article 5 of the Law "On Citizenship" Turkey for Women provides the following right: "A citizen of a foreign State enters into a marriage with a citizen of Turkey, if desired, automatically receives Turkish citizenship. Thus, the woman is given the right to choose their own free will. " In the "Labour Code" for working women have a special status. In accordance with this law prohibits attract women of any age to work at night (of the Labour Code, Art. 68, 69). However, if due to the nature of work, it must fulfill women, the involvement of women over 18 years old to work at night may be subject to the requirements provided for in the statute.
According to the same law as a working woman if you want to stop working within 1 year from the date of marriage, is entitled to compensation for length of service. Working women are entitled to paid maternity leave for 8 weeks before the birth and 8 weeks after birth. And they have a right to break 1:00 to feed the baby until he is 1 year old. If desired, a woman is entitled to an unpaid six-month paid vacation after.
In the Civil Code, which deals with the legal scope of public relations, there are many legal provisions concerning the rights of women. Women have the right to free choice of marriage partner. In spite of the fact that the majority reaches the age of 18 years old, married is allowed to go to 17. To ensure that this was a real emergency before the law must first be the relevant conditions. If a girl less than 17 years, but their own consent, the consent of her parents, and the judge's decision.
Regardless of the age of the woman in the case, if the family wants to be forced to marry, it can prevent the marriage, referring to the marriage to the competent authorities. If the marriage was carried out, the marriage may be invalid if the girl will bring an official complaint with the competent authorities to marry against their will (General Code. Art. 149, 150, 151). Religious marriage itself is null and void. Religious marriage can only conclude, if desired, after the official registration of marriage (General Code. Art. 143). According to the law after marrying his wife, together choose housing. The marriage union is controlled by both spouses (General Code. Art. 186) After marriage, a woman takes her husband's surname, but she can also use her maiden name to her husband's name. To do this, she should contact the clerk at the registry office marriage or after a written request to the Office of Population Affairs (General Code., Art. 187) Each spouse is the family unit in order to meet the needs of the family. (General Code., P. 188). Using his executive powers, spouses are jointly liable to third parties. A woman can do all kinds of legal actions with her husband or any other person, unless otherwise provided by law (General Code. Art. 189).
Neither spouse is not required to take permission from the other when choosing a job (General Code. Art. 192). Without the consent of the wife the husband has no right to terminate the lease on a house or apartment, which is a family shelter, the husband can not even sell his property, and to limit the right of spouses to housing. Otherwise, the wife may require judicial intervention for the recognition of her husband's actions invalid (General Code. Art. 194). A married woman may require the intervention of a court, if the husband is not fulfilling his marital obligations, or in the case of family issues (General Code. Art. 195).
A married woman, if desired, may require the calculation of the contribution from the court to the family income of each spouse (General Code., P. 196). A married woman has the right to live separately, if the husband puts a serious danger identity of his wife, family economic security and peace (General Code. Art. 197). A married woman in order to protect the economic wealth of the family has the right to request restrictions on the rights to dispose of their own property, the husband on so much that this property had the performance of their husband obliged gay. (General Code. Art. 199)
According to the Code for the couple entered the regime of shared property. (General Code. Art. 202). That is, with the emergence of the conjugal union of both movable and immovable property (except personal belongings), registered by one of the spouses is considered generic. During the wedding couple, along with a contract of property regime can choose other modes specified in the Code. Spouses have the right to choose the mode of property other than property regime provided for by law. According to the Turkish Penal Code, if the wife is being abused by her husband, the husband should be punished. The wife has the right to open a court case against her husband. Furthermore. The Criminal Division of the Supreme Court of Cassation to make it a crime to force his wife to have sexual intercourse.
A woman can file a complaint if the spouse makes her to have sexual intercourse against her will. In the case of coercive force women to have sex, she can begin divorce proceedings. A woman has the right to compensation for moral damage, provided that it can prove the fact of violence.
In order to remove from the house of her husband, to use force, a married woman has the right to require the adoption of "an order of protection." According to the Law № 4320 "On the protection of the family", that women subjected to violence not only by her husband, but any family member living with her in the same house, have the right to legal defense. With regard to inheritance rights, women have equal rights with men.
In case of death of a spouse in the first place woman gets what she owed in accordance with the legal property regime. After - the legacy of the remaining split between the spouse and the legitimate heirs. Marriage, as an inheritance has a priority right to obtain ownership household items and a total living area, which are also part of the inheritance. Thus, it appears that the rights of Turkish women who play an important role in public and political life of the country, similar to the rights of women in developed European countries.
Since Turkey is essentially an Islamic country, religion plays an important role in the lives of women. Originated in the 7th century AD, Islam has influenced the traditions and customs of the countries he professed, and the way society treated women. A man could marry, or simply live with as many women as he pleases, could kill the woman, and even burying alive newborn baby girl. When Islam adopted the laws on marriage and on the permitted number of wives, was born the first system, which gave women's economic rights, and sovereignty of saving them from their husbands. After the proclamation of the Turkish Republic in 1923, one of the most essential elements of planned and implemented the first president of Ataturk, whose ideas were based on the principles of the new Turkey should be a secular state, was the emancipation of Turkish women. In 1926, the adoption of the new Code of Turkish civil law, which changed the family structure. Polygamy was abolished along with the religious marriage and divorce and child custody has become the equal right as men and women. The minimum age for marriage was set at 15 for girls and 17 for boys. And perhaps the main achievement was the equal right of inheritance, and equal rights in court (earlier, according to Muslim law, the testimony of two women were tantamount to the testimony of one man). With the separation of church and state system of education, women have equal rights with men in the access to education, and no longer had to wear veils and long robes, as required by the old religious beliefs. Women gained the right to vote in 1930 at the municipal level, and in 1934 a national scale. Theoretically, Turkish women were far ahead of many of their Western sisters, such as France, where women are given the right to vote only in 1944. Constitution of the International Labour Organization, adopted in 1951, declared equal pay for both sexes for performing similar work has been ratified by Turkey in 1966. Despite the new provisions adopted, given the status of Turkish women are fairly advanced level, the actual situation of women in the family did not provide the proper equality between the sexes. In the modern Turkish society and to this day the husband - the head of the family. The woman does all the work around the house, and if she had to absent himself from the house, she should ask her husband's permission. Turkish proverb: "A husband should know how to bring food, and his wife - how to make it lacked" reconfirms the modern women in Turkish society.
Sources
- ^ "Human Development Report". United Nations Development Programme. 2013. p. 156.
- "The Right of Women, Gender Equality and Struggle with Violence Against Women". Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- Fromm, Ali Çarkoğlu, Binnaz Toprak ; translated from Turkish by Çiğdem Aksoy (2007). Religion, society and politics in a changing Turkey. Karaköy, İstanbul: TESEV publications. p. 64. ISBN 978-975-8112-90-6.
- "The Global Gender Gap Report 2012". World Economic Forum. pp. 10–11.
- "Human Development Report". United Nations Development Programme. 2013. p. 156.
- Jane Kamerling; Fred Gustafson (May 2012). Lifting the Veil. Fisher King Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-926715-75-9. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
