Commission Literature Reviews Samples For Students

Improving patient safety

A myriad of studies have identified lack of teamwork and communication breakdowns within the process of care provision as the major causes of critical/sentinel incidents and even loss of life that is otherwise preventable. A meta-analytic review of 11 such studies established that of the 2,677 critical incidents reported in the various studies, 49% had occurred due to poor non-technical skills; 20% of these were attributed to poor communication and teamwork. Lack of communication regarding initiation of new therapies and failure to effectively communicate a patient’s priorities to other members of the health care team were among the ...

According to Kronenthal et al., a new Member State must undergo the accession process to become an official member of the European Union. The fifth enlargement of the EU put in place guides this process. The new members are guided in the process of transition, reforms, adoption and implementation of the community law. Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) legally allows any interested member to join the Union. The conditions are that the member must fulfill the principles of the article that are based on freedom, human rights, democracy and the rule of law.
Any new ...

ISO 14001:2004

ISO 14000 is a family of standards that have been created for environmental management. Their main purpose is to define standards and requirements in order to help organizations reduce their operations, which may have negative effect on the environment. This standard notably includes ISO 14001, which represents a core set of standards to be used by organizations in designing and implementing an effective environmental management system. The current version is ISO 14001: 2004. This standard sets a criterion for environmental management system. It does not describe the requirements for environmental performances, but has developed a framework that a company or organization can follow in ...

Introduction

Tourism has many definitions, which include traveling for pleasure purposes. Tourism, according to World Tourism Organization, is defined visiting and staying places away from our normal environment for a period exceeding one year for leisure or other business purposes. Tourism can be either domestic or international where implications are on both the host and source countries. Today, tourism is among the major sources of revenue for most countries and has a great impact on the economic growth and development of nations. The hospitality services, transport services, entertainment venues, as well as goods bought by tourists are among the sectors ...

Introduction

One among the fields that have profited from the rapid technological progress in the previous centuries is the field of medicine. Conditions and Diseases that scientists had trouble in understanding and curing are now cured successfully and with virtual ease. More people as well as the incurably-ill now survive longer than before. Development in the global population has been distinguished in the 20th century. The old and young population has increased pressure on medical care resources internationally with the intention that no nation is currently capable to compete with the demand for medical -care and its supply. Scientists hence ...

Human Rights and Obligation

There is a sheer need to balance out rights and obligation in the Australian context. Human beings have the basic urge to demand their own rights, but when it come to provide rights to other, the attitude remains indifferent. Citizens should be made aware of the notion that with every kind of benefit, it comes a sense of responsibility. Human rights are the rights inherent to all people equally irrespective of their caste, creed, race, sex, nationality, religion or any other status. Every human being is entitled to human rights without any discrimination. These rights are indivisible, interdependent and ...

ACCORDING TO THE 2001 INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION'S ARTICLES ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES FOR INTERNATIONALLY WRONGFUL ACTS, WHAT ARE THE LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF BREACHES OF PEREMPTORY NORMS OF GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW AND WHO CAN INVOKE THEM?

Literature Review

The study of Marjan Ajevski “Serious Breaches, The Draft Articles on State Responsibility And Universal Jurisdiction” contemplates the issue of the responsibility of the states over the violation of the international norms. According to the author, the first attempts to define the framework of the state responsibility were made in 1976, when the distinction between the crimes and delicts was provided. Moreover, the ...

The issue of gender inequality has always been a serious concern raising a far-reaching dispute throughout the history of humankind. This point of legal inequality has been examined in different fields of human activity, employment and politics being the most emphatic ones (Anon, 2016). Besides that, the issue of gender inequality has developed to encompass a far wider range of human realms, including sports. Therefore, the major subject matter for this essay is gender inequality, specifically the phenomenon of women’s derogation (Anon, 2016).
Since the world of sport experienced recession in its general evolution, women became the most “ ...

LITERATURE REVIEW

Although the concept of corporate governance has been in practice for several decades, it gained worldwide popularity and significance since the collapse of a number of corporate giants and bank chains in the United States in the early 2000s. The idea of corporate governance is the major factor that links stakeholder interests with the objectives of the organization. As Solms and Solms point out, corporate governance could be defined as “the set of processes, customs, policies, laws, and institutions affecting the way a corporation (or company) is directed, administered or controlled” (Solms & Solms, 2008, p.2). In the current business context, shareholders, ...

Introduction

One of the byproducts of urban growth and development is the waste production. As per the report of the World Bank (2013), OECD countries produce almost half of the world's waste, while South Asia and Africa are listed as the regions producing the least amount of waste. The Basel Convention defines 'wastes' as substances or objects that need to be disposed of in accordance with the provisions of national law. European Waste Catalogue shows 850 types of wastes out of which 420 types of wastes have been classified as hazardous waste. Hazardous wastes are those wastes considered to be ...

A REVIEW OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE AND PRACTICES WITHIN THE CARIBBEAN

Introduction and Structure Local Government in Bahamas
Countries all over the world have a body or group of bodies that facilitate in the governance of these states. These bodies form the governments that have structures and policies that assist them to function appropriately. The Caribbean countries have organized structures that help its citizens to understand how policies that govern them are made. The Caribbean region is comprised of islands that surround the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean and there are over 700 islands. The islands are located to the east of Central America, north of South America ...

Bitcoin is term that was not well known in the last four years. It was a term that was only used by few people over the internet. With time it is the term that the world has come to know as the first world’s completely decentralized virtual currency (Buttyan & Hubaux, 2001). This currency has become the largest economy compared to some of the economies of the smaller worlds. Bitcoin also abbreviated as BTC reached its high note in 2013 April with a value of $260 just from pennies in the previous years. Currently, the market value of BTC is valued ...

According to the World Health Organization (2006), quality in the context of health care is characterized as health care that is effective (i.e. evidence-based); efficient (i.e. maximized resources); accessible (i.e. timely, geographically reasonable, and competent); acceptable or patient-centered (i.e., considerate of the patients’ preferences and cultural differences); equitable (i.e. delivery of the same level of care regardless of the patient’s background); and safe (i.e. minimized patient risk and harm).
In an effort by the National Quality Forum (NQF) to measure and improve the quality of nursing care, the NDNQI (National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators ) was developed ( ...

British Petroleum – Perspectives on Gulf of Mexico’s Oil Spill

Introduction
The Deep Horizon oil spill caused by British Petrouleum’s improper operations in the Gulf of Mexico on April 20, 2010, marked an environmental catastrophe, although BP has tried to minimize its effects and its outcomes. In her article, “BP’s Deep Secrets”, Julia Whitty investigates precisely the outcomes of the oil spill on a long term, focusing mostly on the Gulf ecosystem and following how are the flora and fauna from this area are affected by this catastrophe.
The current essay, based on Julia Whitty’s article will be supported by other sources that have treated ...

Introduction

There have been cases of corporate scandals in the recent past including the Enron, Tyco, WorldCom, and Global Crossing to name a few. These scandals fueled concerns regarding the financial reporting standards not only in the USA but also in economies where the financial markets tumbled as a consequence of the news of such scandals becoming public. These scandals arose because of weaknesses in internal controls and lack of independence by external auditors. For instance in the Enron, case, the external audit firm known as Arthur Andersen was criticized for lack of independence both in fact and appearance. The ...

INTRODUCTION

Historically, obesity has been a pertinent issue affecting a large percentage of the American population. Obesity can be described as a medical condition in which there is an accumulation of excess fat in the body. This condition, when not controlled well can result to further body complications such as heart diseases, high blood pressure and diabetes. Therefore, once detected early, the condition should be controlled to avoid such complications. Weight loss is one sure way of reducing the severe effects of obesity as obesity manifests itself through gaining weight. In the US, obese cases have been ranked as among the ...

Introduction

Corporate governance has picked up a much higher profile in the recent two decades. This has been attributed to the rise of different corporate embarrassments and collapses. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is presently becoming a part of standard corporate governance because of the fact that an organization can't – in the long-run – work in seclusion from the more extensive social order in which it works (Mallin, Chris A. 2013). This view is supported by Sir Adrian Cadbury: 'The broadest method for categorizing corporate governance is to say that the proceeded presence of organizations is dependent upon an inferred knowledge between business and ...

Literature Review on Discovery Based Learning and Student Centred Learning with a Focus in Mathematics at a High School Level

Abstract
Mathematics is a logical form of reasoning which involves making of judgments and justifying conclusions. Mathematical behaviour therefore is expressed when we can describe and recognise patterns, manipulate, represent and reflect on ideas while solving problems through the invention of procedures (Battista, 1999). Mathematics, as a subject has never been mentioned as one of the easier subjects – if anything, it is to the contrary as students are more prone to fail mathematics than many other subjects. Many critics have blamed the methods applied in the teaching of mathematics as the reason behind unsatisfactory performance. This essay will look into ...

Literature Review

Takakusu (2006) looks at the family unit in the article The Social and Ethical Value of the Family System in Japan. In doing this, comparisons are drawn with the west. According to Takakusu (2006), while in Western societies the individual forms the unit of the society, in Japan; it is the family that is the unit of the society. According to Varley (2000), the Japan’s family system ensures mutual cooperation on the part of those people who are related by family ties. For example, parents assist their children and children assist their parents. An example provided by Takakusu ...

Literature Review

Introduction
Since WWII, Japan has grown to become an economic powerhouse in the world, leading to a boom in foreign business investment. For Australia, Japan is a strategic business partner, with a partnership that has, and continues to evolve over fifty years. Japan has a population of about 127 million people, and its market is made up companies with firm global orientations and willingness to invest in long-term sustainable services and products, and consumers who have high disposable income levels. Therefore, doing business with and in Japan offers many benefits for Australian companies and organizations. However, a number of cultural challenges might cause ...

A comparison between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Human rights form the foundation of a harmonious and progressive society. No wonder the United Nations has come up with express conventions, treaties and laws designed to protect human rights. However, the degree of human rights from continent to continent and country to country is not the same. A review of the existing literature reveals that while some countries have progressive human right regimes, others still have their fists clenched against granting basic human rights to the people. A comparison of the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia reveals such disparities. This paper is premised on the fact ...

In addition to the fact that Tiebout's assumptions are unrealistic, as mentioned before, even with these assumptions he did not provide a mathematical proof of the equilibrium in his article. Some scholars tried to formalize the model and suggest that the model does not work as we would expect from a pareto optimal general equilibrium model. Bewley (1981) showed that Tiebout equilibrium does not have a Pareto optimal solution unless we add some other restrictive assumptions to the model. He provided a series of examples which highlights the inefficiency of Tiebout model. Moreover, as the reviewed literature shows, relaxing Tiebout’s assumption does ...