Drugs Literature Reviews Samples For Students

Literature Review

(Section)

Introduction

Between the periods 1980 to 1992, consumption of illicit drugs in the United States increased from 29% to 42% among 12th grade adolescence, and from 11% to 21% among eight grade students. Other statistics shows that in the 12th grade 80% are students on alcoholic. More than half of them have been doing it in the eighth grade; 75% had smoked cigarettes, of this group, 35% became habitual smokers. The greatest challenge is faced by families, who, no matter what their social or economic level, must devise strategies to help their adolescence. Studies have been done to prove ...

INTRODUCTION

Substance abuse, be it alcohol, drugs, or tobacco is a serious problem in almost every neighborhood, community, town, city, or state in the United States and all across the globe. The types of drugs and the environments may change, but the outcome is always the same; addiction usually, leads to or stems from economic instability and poor decision making, which goes hand-in-hand with substance abuse. People across all demographics are affected by substance abuse in this modern age. People from all walks of life, different races, ages, genders, and religious backgrounds, all can be affected by substance abuse. This is ...

Abstract

The following paper analyzes three articles that deal with the effect of addicted mothers on infant development. The type of addiction that the paper concentrates on includes alcohol abuse, use of cocaine, marijuana, and heroin. Drug use during pregnancy has been on the higher rise as more young mothers engage in drug and alcohol abuse. Mothers who use non-prescribed when pregnant never realizes the dangers they expose their newborn babies to until the child is born and attains the age of five years. The paper will identify various problems analyzed in the selected articles and relate them to the ...

Introduction

There are various approaches to the conduct of work in the criminal justice system. Due to this, there are different methods that police officers and other law enforcement authorities work and cooperate in order to detect, investigate and prosecute offenders in the country. This literature review will critically evaluate groundbreaking definitions and various theories and concepts relating to problem oriented policing and the research and evaluation systems or approaches in the criminal justice system.

Section 1: Problem-Oriented Policing

There are different definitions of the concept of problem-oriented policing. “Problem-oriented policing is more concerning with solving a particular problem and having an outcome”. This implies ...

In the essay “Hashish in Marseille”, the author shows his responsibilities in bringing social change, which is used to compare his hashish writing as a form of radical engagement. The central argument of the essay is the use of drugs in the modern society. The essay focuses on drug literature, which is a revolutionary approach that is used to bring social change to the society. The author’s narration of his experience with drugs is aimed at showing the effects of drug abuse. “With the absolute certainty, in this city of hundreds of thousands where no one knows me, of not ...

Income inequality and tramadol addiction

According to Wilkinson & Pickett (2010), there is a correlation between income inequality and drug abuse. They argued that the income inequality in a particular country is a big threat to the health of the society more than any other factor. They proved that social problems and health issues are highly caused by the income inequality of the particular area. Current studies are engaged in to determine the nature of the relationship between income inequality and social and health problems, and to investigate whether income inequality is the cause of such problems. Youth from low-income families face economic challenges such as inadequate food, ...

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease and the number of cases is increasing worldwide among the public. Each year worldwide, over More than 12 million people are diagnosed with TB and over 4000,000 people die due to the disease. The large population and poor standards of living can have a major impact on TB epidemics. Can there be a new alternative to traditional use of drugs for treatment of tuberculosis? Most of the drugs approved by the FDA have no lasting effect on patients with tuberculosis, since the strains of bacteria have acquired resistance leading to a state of Multi-drug resistance. An ...

Abstract

The following paper is dedicated to analyzing the prerequisites, state and consequences of drugs-related police corruption. Importance of highlighting results of research on the following issues is connected with the fact that trafficking in drugs, facilitated with the help of police corruption, has a great negative impact on drug abuse, especially in large cities with a high incidence of drug trafficking. Apart from studying the nature and extent of known drug-related police corruption, I will single out factors, commonly being associated with drug-related police corruption, including violence, as well as study current policies and programs, aimed at combating these issues. In ...

‘Marijuana Legalization: What Everyone Needs to Know’ is a well written book that discusses on use of marijuana. The Authors Jonathan P. Caulkins, Mark A.R. Kleiman and Angela Hawken probes a much debated issue whether marijuana should be legalized or not (Caulkins et al., 2012). These authors present a detailed survey report wherein more than half of American population suggests that use of marijuana should be legalized. These authors also take a view about national as well as international opinion on the use of marijuana. Currently marijuana is not permitted in several countries and its use is banned in almost every country across ...

Alcoholism is a majorly abused drug among the youths. According to Henslin’s analysis, alcoholism comes out to be so difficult to handle since due to its spread. However, I would advocate for a national campaign that targets the adolescents and the young adults. This is a major step in helping reduce alcoholism and alcohol abuse. This campaign should be a state affair that the government that all the government arms should be involved in.
Although Henslin advocates for a very strict approach that does not tolerate advertising, we should also have the stakeholders in the business in mind. This calls for use ...

Introduction

Teratogen is broadly defined as an environmental agent capable of causing abnormal prenatal variation in form or function. In other words, it can be any environmental factor that can produce a permanent abnormality in structure or function of an embryo or fetus or restriction of growth of an infant (Gilbert-Barness, 2010). In prenatal life, exposure to teratogens may even lead to death of the embryo or fetus. It is estimated that approximately 15% of all congenital structural abnormalities observed in a child are due to exposure to some kind of teratogens during the prenatal life (Brent, 2001). A larger number of ...

Warfarin as used in medicine

Warfarin is a drug that serves as an anticoagulant; it is most commonly used in the medical field to prevent thrombosis which is the formation of blood clots and thromboembolism which is the migration of these clots to other parts of the body. It is also used in the management of deep vein thrombosis, arterial fibriation and pulmonary embolism.[1]
This drug is a derivative of dicoumarol a 4-hydroxycoumarin-derived mycotoxin anticoagulant that was discovered in spoiled animal feeds that are made using sweet clover.[2] The recommended dosage is 10mg of warfarin for urgent anticoagulation, after that a maintenance dosage of 5mg ...

Introduction

Migraine is characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches and autonomic nervous system symptoms such as aura. The headache pulsates on one side of the head only. Additional symptoms of migraine include sensitivity to light and sound, nausea and vomiting. According to Robbins and Lipton, migraines are caused by both genetic and environmental factors and affect up to 15% of the global population at some point in life.1 Typically, the severe headache persist for over two hours but may last up to three days.

Pathophysiology of Migraines

Migraines are chronic neurovascular disorder. Goadsby asserts that the condition starts in the brain and ...

Introduction

An event that take places as Alphones find Baby and Xavier having had sex in his hotel room he beat Xavier and sends him home. Later on he beat baby and takes all of her heroine. The next morning Baby finds Alphonse Dead because of drug overdose.
The above event appears in the book once and it is in the author’s ways of developing the plot of his book. He describes it to greater extent so that he develops his theme on effect of drug abuse. Therefore, this event was important to the author as it help ...

Carter Sickels novel, The Evening hour, revolves around the devastation of the West Virginia landscape as well as that of the local communities. The main character in the story is twenty-seven year old Cole Freeman who works as an aide in a nursing home. He also indulges in the sale of illegal drugs, which he either steals or buys from the local elderly population in the nursing home. It portrays several aspects of drug abuse in any given community, which includes its causes and effects in the society.
The novel portrays poverty as one of the major factors that ...

Introduction

The use of marijuana as a drug or a form of medical treatment in the rehabilitation of patients with a wide range of disorders has long been a controversial topic. Some countries in the continent of Europe have already accepted the researched fact that marijuana, either for medical or leisure purposes, does not pose any real and direct threat towards the person using it. Majority of the countries in other continents, on the other hand, still have not accepted the idea. Policies regarding the use of marijuana for medical purposes vary from one state to another. It is therefore important to know the ...

Requirement for the Manufacture of Drugs concerning Public Safety

Abstract
The study will focus on pharmaceutical companies’ standard operation procedures. More in depth, the study will determine if cleaning validation and verification is a successful way to keep the quality of manufactured drugs at a high standard. The importance of the validation of a sterilization process will be examined. The study will list reasons for validation of sterilization through a set of regulatory expectations put in place by the FDA.
The regulatory expectations of the FDA will support the methods and analysis used to conduct this study. The study will also examine the success and failure of cleaning validation through ...

Despite the fact that most of college students avoid unsafe use of drugs, they have high likelihood to be affected by the consequences of the high-risk conducts of their peers (Borsari, and Carey, 2001). Students engaging in substance abuse do not just harm themselves but also their peers, and not just occasionally, but with a frequency that is truly disturbing. If the college campus management and the students become informed about prevention of substance abuse, potential college students can increase the chances that they will avoid problems related with substance abuse and their college expectations and dreams will be achieved.
...

Introduction

Pharmaceutical companies should create and follow a standard operating procedure by implementing a cleaning validation to ensure future patient safety. Validation has received great attention by the FDA in recent inspections. Manufacturers must validate their cleaning process to ensure compliance with GMP regulations 1. One of the main keys in the manufacturing of dosage formulation is to develop cleaning procedures that will remove all types of residues from the equipment and containers. The goal of Cleaning Validation is to ensure effectiveness in cleaning equipment, and to prevent pollution and cross contamination of drug products to ensure the quality, safety; efficacy and ...

Abstract

Methamphetamine, known to the world in various names such as “crank” or simply “meth”, is notable for having severe effects similar to that of marijuana. While it is reported and proven to be capable of treating several psychological and physical disorders, the known stimulant is capable of producing heavy complications in terms of a users’ physical, neurological, psychological and social nature that may be difficult to heal. In terms of its effects to children, parents and pregnant women; the effects of methamphetamine vary. However, heavy physical, behavioral and social disorders would be visible to these groups since methamphetamine can cause ...

Whether or not education on drugs can deter later use and consequent addiction has been a topic of contention for quite a long time today. Before arriving at the conclusion on the topic it is imperative to comprehend what is meant by the term drugs education. Drugs education refers to the collective deliberate efforts to impart important knowledge concerning the consumption of illegal drugs among the youth and more especially the school age children (Rowan, 1996). Drugs education has been part and parcel of the social enterprise that is focused on the war against drugs. The education is offered in many ...

Wesely & Wright (2005) explore the rapport that homeless women have with their intimate partners. The study focused on women being homeless instead of other demographic groups since they insisted that women become homeless in a very extra ordinary way. They also exhibited peculiar methods of dealing with homelessness thus preventing a repetitive future occurrence.

A study comprising of 974 homeless women revealed that 34% of homeless women had experienced some kind of major kind of violence in the past one year. On further analysis, it was revealed that 64% of homeless women in women shelters had experienced some violence in ...

Patient Situation and Literature Review

Patients receiving chemotherapy treatment for cancer experience a great deal of extremely unpleasant and severe side effects. These include immunosuppression, anemia, thrombocytopenia, gastrointestinal symptoms, peripheral neuropathy, alopecia and fatigue (Chemotherapy side effects, n.d.). Effectively managing these symptoms increases patient quality of life despite serious and potentially terminal illness and promotes compliance with treatment in order to optimize the benefits (Perwitasari et al., 2012). Nausea and vomiting are particularly distressing symptoms among patients and nurses working in the oncology ward must be knowledgeable regarding the range of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic techniques which can be used for control. This paper presents the ...

"The City of Refuge" by Rudolph Fisher tells the story of King Solomon Gillis, a black man who runs to Black Harlem to escape lynching and persecution for killing a white man down south in North Carolina. What Gillis finds in Harlem is a land of plenty, a 'city of refuge' for blacks, where black people are in the majority and are able to thrive. The setting of the short story - Black Harlem - is brought to life with vivid detail, and Gillis' encounters in this neighborhood give the city a life all its own. The use of setting in this story conveys ...

In Wright et al.'s "Systematic Review of Antihypertensive therapies: Does the evidence assist in choosing a first-line drug?" the researchers review 38 different trials in order to determine if a first-line drug is identified in the realm of antihypertension drugs. According to the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) appraisal tool, the researchers provide a valid study that can provide clear policy and practice change in the field of hypertension research and treatment.

The researchers, in their review, ask a clearly focused question - they wish to compare the effectiveness and efficacy from reputable trials in order to find first-line drugs for antihypertension therapies, ...

Introduction

Following a decline, since the mid to late 1990s, in the number of young people smoking, more recent reports have indicated that these numbers are now, once again, beginning to rise. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), figures from a 2005 study indicate that 23% of high school students had smoke in the month prior, which shows an increase from 21.9% in a 2003 study (Family First Aid, 2000-2006). This figure alone is enough to prompt fears that smoking could begin to grip our nation’s youth, irrespective of the amount of anti-smoking education that they are presented ...

Law

THE LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA IN COLORADO
Introduction
The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of the legalization of marijuana in the state of Colorado by covering the following issues: 1.) the positive and negative effects of legalizing marijuana within the state; 2.) the effect of marijuana on public health and safety; 3.) the economic advantages after Amendment 64 was approved in the state of Colorado; 4.) the effect of decriminalizing marijuana to the police and law enforcement agencies. The outcome of the research will be an evaluation of the overall impact of the legalization of marijuana ...

The disorder of cocaine addiction

The disorder of cocaine addiction is one of the largest problems of our time. There are a lot of researches, which study cocaine-dependant people. It is rather interesting to study cocaine dependence from the psychological side. As far as cocaine affects human brain greatly, human mind and mentality undergo numerous changes. In this paper, we will make an attempt to analyze some materials, which cover this side of the problem. The reviewed literature focuses on behavioral patterns of cocaine-dependant people.

Cocaine abuse and addiction

Cocaine abuse is one of the greatest troubles in contemporary world. It is reported that almost 15% of American population ...

Introduction

Five states within the USA have the legislation governing the legalized realization of marijuana in small amounts. Colorado is not an exception as the majority of the population in this union support this policy. Given the fact that the issue of the impact of the legalization of marijuana has not been researched properly by the experts, this paper will present the overwiev of the major studies pertaining to this question. Nowadays, the population believe that marijuana should be treated in the similar manner to the regulation of the realization of alcohol and tobacco in the country.
Despite the fact ...

Backgrounnd

In today's political climate, much discussion centers around the facts of marijuana policy in national discussions and debates. On the one hand are the scientific and medical policy discussion which consider continuously whether marijuana is in fact detrimental to your health or whether there are some if any benefits. On the other side of the fence are the social policy wonks who argue continuously over marijuana policy and its legal status in contemporary American jurisprudence. Marijuana legalization discussions are not simply a question of whether the law should permit the use and possession of marijuana (however, this is one ...

Public disturbance is actions that violate public order or moral or other behaviour that is interpreted as a threat to the normal routine of life of the society. Examples of such crimes are prostitution, pornography, gambling, vagrancy, public drunkenness and drug use. Often these disorders are called “crimes without victims” because they are difficult to accurately identify the victims of violations (C. Bartol & A. Barol, 2016).
Latest statistics show that almost 80% of crimes are committed while intoxicated. Public disturbance under the influence of alcohol unfortunately occurs quite often. Control over one's own behaviour is reduced; the person is ...

DRUG & ALCOHOL ABUSE

With changing times people are becoming more reckless, impatient and losing their moral grounds. Drugs and alcohol have become a part of life for a huge population of the world. Every country all over the world has seen a remarkable increase in the number of people engaging in such addictions in the last few decades. The addiction has claimed lots of lives and ruined lots of families. It is an important concern for the medical fraternity and the government of every country. Constant monitoring and stricter rules have also failed to bring down the rate much. More than imposing ...

Abstract

The high prevalence of substance use in the society has made more users to depend on opioid drugs to relieve pains and discomfort because of addiction. The problem contributes to high number of hospital visits and increasing admission rates in hospital’s acute care departments. The following paper aims at reviewing the literature on the acute pain management in chronic pain patients and opioid dependent patients. The outcome of the review plays a critical role in the field nursing practice by assisting professionals to develop strategies that help prevent adverse effects for the patient suffering from acute pain. The ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Substance abuse is one of the most harmful phenomena of a society. It can also be considered as substance-related disorder, and is related to abuse of drugs, tobacco, and/or alcohol that can lead to harmful outcomes. Estimates show that over 8 million children in the U.S. have one of the parents having substance-related disorder. Substance abuse can result in significant problems in a family as, for example; it can lead to separation of partners, problems in raising the children, employment problems, and severe levels of conflict in the society (Donohue et al., 2014).
It has been ...

Introduction

Athletes dedicate their precious time in practicing and training in the hope of ultimate reward for their flawless performance. The competitive environment and passion for winning add extra motivation to their will to succeed. For a perfect athletic performance, a healthy and strong body is a primary necessity. To achieve new limits in their career athletes take good diet and a proper training and exercise regime. Literature suggests that the use of vitamins and nutritional supplements also contribute to enhancing the performance. Performance Enhancing Drugs (PED) are newly discovered options that can be presented as the next step in ...

Research treatment and policy regarding substance abuse exist on a continuum. New questions come from changes and developments in the policy environment. New research findings give insight on how to better shape and tailor policies. This paper discusses the relationship between epidemiology, etiology and evidence based practice with respect to drug use and their role in the broader context of the research-treatment-policy continuum.
The evidence based practice philosophy is a praxis-oriented movement that calls for greater reliance on scientific evidence is being extended to treatment approaches that are supported by evidence gathered in psychological and sociological studies and that ...

Essay

Essay
The use of illicit drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy and other amphetamines pose a risk to the health of both the pregnant woman and her baby. Drugs cause a risk of premature birth, birth of a child with low birth weight, development of withdrawal syndrome, birth defects, and abnormalities in the child's mental development (Boyd & Bee, 2015).
Prosecution against women for the use of illicit drugs during pregnancy has occurred in thirty states. During the 1980s, a new criminal justice trend appeared: pregnant women who had used drugs and gave birth to drug-exposed babies were found guilty ...

How absentee fathers affect teen pregnancy in daughters

Introduction
The family is the basic unit of society. From this structure, individuals learn the tenets of how to integrate into society and cope with other members. Most mammal species live in the family unit, be it nuclear or extended. Within the family, members learn to bond, share and assist each other with difficulties. The human species shows the most sophisticated form of human organization. When children get born, they only get taught how to survive as adults, but there are certain values that parents must pass on to their children. Each family and society have different values and ...

____of December, 2014

Tricyclic antidepressants vs Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in treatment of Depression

In recent decades, SSRIs have become the first-choice treatment for depression. The efficacy and acceptability, as well as cost-efficiency of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) versus the older tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are studied by many researchers. Most of scholars agree that the both classes of antidepressants are almost equally efficient (Marton, 2003.) According to Marton (2003), a small trend towards greater efficacy of TCAs was found when the outcome was measured in terms of depression scales, and towards SSRIs – in terms of global impression scores.
But Faravelli and colleagues (2003) argue that in most studied cases, ...

ID Number

Introduction

The use of statistics in behavioral sciences examines the relationships between variables. This paper discusses the application of statistical measures such as t-test, ANOVA, and chi-square on three different studies to determine the correlation between variables. The objectives of this paper include the following:

Article 1: The Effects of Participation in Athletics on Academic Performance among High School Sophomores and Juniors

An ongoing discussion concerning the impacts of participation in athletics on academic accomplishment has been around since the 60s. Recently, this issue has ballooned due to the imposed limits on budget for education. A lot of decision makers also found it comforting to cut programs intended for athletic development due to their notion ...

Treating Mental Health Illness – A Literature Review

ABSTRACT
The following literature review explores the capabilities of the nurse practitioner treating varieties of mental disorders as comorbidities of primary care patients. The NP interface with the primary care and outpatient services of different people living on the fringe of society with specific barriers to quality health care connected to mental illness proves valuable. The efficacy of the NP in treating mental illness in patients according to the literature emerges as a valuable intervention with screening, diagnosing, and therapy options for specific patients often isolated from medical care access with mental illness including homeless, geriatric, pediatric, and the ...

Introduction

The rate of divorce has increased over the years. Research indicates that for every three marriages that take place in today’s society, one of them ends in divorce (American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2011). Furthermore, the majority of the families that divorce have children. Consequently, divorce causes various impacts on children depending on how they perceive it and what kind of life they lead after it occurs in comparison with the past. Some children often take the blame on themselves for being responsible for their parents’ divorce and this will have devastating impact on their lives. Mostly, ...

Exploration Of The Attitudes Of The Pharmacists Towards The Implementation Of A Systematic Inventory Management Method At The TRHA (Hospital Storeroom )
Inventory management is a key aspect of the pharmaceutical supply system. The system in many cases ought to be simplistic. To ensure the viability of the pharmaceutical supply system lies in a healthy and efficient inventory management system. Although inventory management may sound easy, it requires to be done using accurate stock records and performance monitoring so as to reduce the cases of wastage and shortages and also ensure efficient patient care (Harding & Taylor, 2002). Upon the allocation ...

Introduction

Over the years, the analysis and critique of works of literature has adopted different dimensions. In simple terms, critics of literature works have adopted different approaches when it comes to analyzing and understanding these works. Some have chosen to explore individual elements within the work to detect a piece of literature is a classic or whether is poorly articulated. This has therefore resulted in varying opinions among different critics about the nature of certain literature pieces due to the lack of a standard approach or model of understanding literature. However, Vladimir Nabokov in his book “Good Readers and Good Writers” presents a unique ...

BBB functions and physiology: The central nervous system (CNS) necessitates a highly controlled environment for its proper functioning. Blood brain barrier is the system which maintains the homeostasis of the CNS. It works by separating and shielding the brain from the constant changes in the nutrient and chemical composition of systemic blood. It protects the brain tissue from harmful chemicals that might be present in the blood. The key functions of the BBB are transport of nutrients from the blood to brain and metabolites in opposite direction to systemic circulation. Only a small number of molecules are allowed access through the ...

“Hope, Healing, and the struggle” by Braverman is about the struggles of the Pakistani people against the Israeli discriminatory conditions like the wall he talks about in “A wall in Jerusalem”, (Braverman 1). Jesus’ son on the other hand tells about the lives of the addicts in the stories and how they overdose on drugs in presence of their lovers. Interestingly, they live in a life of struggle and loss of direction. Jesus’ son is a tale of the young addicts without hope, and in need of healing while living with the struggles of their lives. Johnson chose the ...

It is conceptualized that any organization that effectively embraces strategic planning will record better results as compared to those that have not. The general relationship between strategic planning and business planning becomes apparent since strategic planning is aimed at guiding various program internally in the organization, while the business plan is mostly intended to be used even by the external parties (Dunworth, & Saiger, 2008, p.17). In regard to program planning, it becomes imperative for the nursing practitioner to adopt both the strategic and business planning approach so that the program designed becomes effective and have the ability of maximizing ...

"Are Protein-Protein interactions likely to be valid therapeutic targets for cancer therapy?"
In her paper entitled “Protein-Protein interactions and cancer: small molecules going in for the kill” Michelle Arkin raises questions regarding the grooved and linear regions that permit protein-protein bonds, the binding peptides also found in those regions, if those interfaces are tractable for small molecule discovery and what compounds might serve as bonding agents. Further investigation of compounds would include if they are active, inhibiting, and do they help further characterize the target. She documents tubulin and several others that have potential. Her conclusion confirms that ...

Its role in Microglia causing dopamine cell death

This assignment is being submitted on June 18, 2015
Introduction
The list of prominent neurodegenerative disorders has Alzheimer’s at the topmost level and closely following it is the Parkinson’s disease. The latest researches pertaining to the Parkinson’s pathogenesis have narrowed down to the crucial relevance of Neuroinflammation and establishment of microglia. Thus there has to be a concrete substantiation to prove that Neuroinflammation has a significant contribution in causing Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Another approach to ratify the same can be done by proposing that genetic deficiency is not the sole cause for ...

Literature Review

Physicians always encounter innumerable number of patients with chest pains every day. The cause of these chest pains cannot always be pinpointed to a single health factor. However, veritably a good percentage of these chest pain cases are traced to a wide range of heart diseases. Acute Coronary Syndrome is one such heart disease that has been found to be a possible causation of the chest pains that are incessantly encountered by physicians. Commonly abbreviated as ACS, Acute Coronary Syndrome results in the blockage of some parts or the heart’s entire coronary arteries.

Definition

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is a cardiac condition with an ...

[Submission Date]

Summarizing the Major Findings of each Article

Article 1 - Homeless Men and Women: Differential Associations Among. Substance Abuse, Psychosocial Factors, and Severity of Homelessness
This journal article is written by authors named Judith A. Stein and Lillian Gelberg. In this article, they have successfully examined the relationship between homeless men and women and their involvement in criminal activities, mental illness as well as use of drugs.
After their comprehensive study, the authors have found that compared to homeless women, men are more likely to use drugs and tend to be more alcoholic. Homeless men are more involved in criminal activities if they are ...

Proposition 36 - Literature Review

Before 2000
The three strikes law commonly referred to as Proposition 36 has had a long history. It started in the year 1994 when the state passed Proposition 184, which allowed courts to convict a person from 25 years to lifetime if that person had two or more serious convictions for a violent felony in the past. It also qualified the courts to double a person’s penalty of a convict if had been convicted of a felony before (Farabee et al., 2004). The initial attitude was that it was mandatory in all qualifying cases. This attitude came to ...

Proposition 36 - Literature Review

Before 2000
The three strikes law commonly referred to as Proposition 36 has had a long history. It started in the year 1994 when the state passed Proposition 184, which allowed courts to convict a person from 25 years to lifetime if that person had two or more serious convictions for a violent felony in the past. It also qualified the courts to double a person’s penalty of a convict if had been convicted of a felony before. The initial attitude was that it was mandatory in all qualifying cases. This attitude came to change only in 1996 ...

Overcrowding or overpopulation in prisons is defined as a situation when prison(s) hosts more prisoners contrary to the certified normal accommodation (CNA) as stipulated in the establishment’s requirements (Garcia & Marco, 2012, p. 37). This can be validated when there is the scarcity of rooms for inmates to sleep. Besides, the inability of facilities to offer adequate meals or food, poor health care services for inmates, insufficient staff who can care for inmates and ensure their safety as well as the lack of designated accommodation facilities necessary for detaining separately various types of prisoners, more so those that ...

Literature review

Pharmacogenomics according to Dr. Valle is the study of how genes can affect a person's response to drugs, and it involves the combination of pharmacology and genomics, that is, the study of genes and their functions. He, therefore, asserts that knowing the patient's status whether they carry the genetic variations can assist the prescribers to individualize the drug therapy to reduce the chances of adverse drug effects and increasing the drugs’ effectiveness. It combines the pharmaceutical sciences like biochemistry and the knowledge of DNA variations in the human genome (Johnson, 2013, pp. 835-838). The current studies deliberate on the ...

Introduction

The U.S health care system is one of the main industries that contribute largely to the economy of the country. The industry has developed massively due to a population that is aging swiftly and the increased impact of chronic diseases on the general population. It is one of the fastest growing industries in recent times posting $21.8 billion for the economy in the year 2013. This has attracted huge investments into the sector, and it is likely to continue this upward trend. A section of the health care system is public, and it forms up to 20 percent of government-owned ...

HIV/AIDS infection is increasing among baby boomers

Research questions
What are the reasons why HIV/AIDS infection rates are increasing among baby boomers?
What is the influence of American culture on baby boomers that is leading to an increased rate of HIV/AIDS infections among this generation?
What is the average age of the baby boomer generation and how do their HIV/AIDS infection rates compare to other generations?

Literature review

According to Delgado (2014), the baby boomer generation mainly consists of people born immediately after the end of the Second World War. This period starts from 1946 to around 1964. This would mean that the baby boomer ...

Social housing and work-lessness have always been a debated issue in the United Kingdom. Over the years, the housing associations and the Policy makers in UK have discussed the issue of work-lessness among the social housing tenants. The first thing to know here is what social housing means. Social housing is basically low rent housing which is provided to those families who are struggling to meet the cost of their housing due to issues like poverty, work-lessness, financial exclusion. It is normally councils, local authorities, and non-profit housing associations, which provide such housing. Worklessness has been a major issue among the ...

Applied behaviour analysis and animal behaviour

According to (Bekoff, 2013), behaviour analysis refers to a scientific approach that helps an individual to understand why animal and people do and behave the way they do. After studying behaviour analysis an individual develops the capacity to understand how both human beings as well as animal’s behaviours are affected by the various events that take place. This includes the event that are there in their physical and their social environments. Teacher’s researchers and parents make use of behaviour analysis to tell how the physical and social environment impacts on behaviour change.
The study of behaviour analysis ...

Abstract

Rising rates of recidivism in the United States have developed concerns pertaining to the effectiveness of prisons as correctional facilities. In this study, the focus is to assess the suitability of faith-based correctional methods in promoting inmates reentry into the society. Some discussed methods include Inner change programs, prison chaplaincy, and meditational strategies. Several studies have indicated significant declines in recidivism rates among inmates who participated in these initiates. For example, Duwe & Johnson (2013) found that inmates who engaged in Inner change programs in Minnesota were less likely to be arrested by at least 8% compared to their counterparts ...