Environmental Issues Literature Reviews Samples For Students

Literature Review

Adapting to climate change is not limited to environmental issues but rather on the policies developed by the legal instruments, socially responsible business, scientific research as well as awareness creation. The United States has already started on adapting its institutions on climate change vulnerability through conventions and National Adaptation Summits as well as being signatories to international MEA’s (Multilateral Environmental Agreements) such as the Kyoto Protocol as well as Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(karl, Melillo and Peterson, 2009). This shows that the issue is not only experienced at a regional level but on the global spectrum as well. ...

Sociology

Abstract
Keeping recent water shortages in mind, it is clear that our water resources and supply cannot be taken granted for the future. The population is expanding faster than ever and the access of clean, drinking water to the masses hasn’t been this much of a problem to the authorities. If drastic action is not taken to address this impending disaster, is will soon create an acute shortage of the most basic necessity for the continuation of life, we might be facing the kind of catastrophe that the lesser fortunate parts of the worlds like Africa are facing ...

Area 51 at night and Area 51 by Joe Rosochacki are both small poems that are written about an imaginary place. To date, it is unclear who the author for ‘Area 51 at night was. Although the two poems address the same issue, the diction employed and the manner that the authors choose their words is different. The two poems share a lot of similarities as well as differences. Analyzing the two poems, one gets the idea that they were intended for. One is written in a simple language which is appealing, free-flowing and enjoyable. On the other hand, the other ...

Literature Review

Tourism’s basic purpose is to visit other places, cultures, traditions and expand one’s experience of the world. That is why Murphy (2013) argued that tourism is natural renewable resource industry in which visitors visit only to admire. However, tourism is so popular that this industry is producing 5% of the world GDP currently (“United Nations Environment Programme,” 2014). Hence, with the growing amount of money in tourism, the tourism industry is becoming recklessly extravagant when it comes to exploiting resources and harming the planet. But in tourism, sustainability is important to avoid noxious effects on people, environment ...

Introduction

The Philippines is among the most vulnerable third world countries to climate change. The impacts in the country range from extreme weather and periodic inundation to drought and food scarcity. According to the World Bank, Philippine is experiencing these effects. Climate models on the case of Philippines show that global warming might exceed the projected 2 0 C projection and possibly 4 0 C by 2060 causing severe impacts (Philander, 2012). According to World Bank, Philippine is directly exposed to multiple climate related hazards like typhoons, floods, droughts and landslides. According to the IPCC Third Assessment Report, Philippine experienced ...

Introduction

Carbon dioxide is the main byproduct in a brewery. Accordingly, we have identified source of carbon dioxide, as an exhaust gas produced in a brewery. This report explains how such a source of carbon dioxide can be harnessed for future use.

Air extraction technology to capture atmospheric carbon dioxide

We understand that due to excessive burning of fossil fuels there is abundance or more than expected amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Accordingly, carbon dioxide can be extracted from atmospheric conditions using various technologies. This technology of carbon dioxide capture is a step wise process, which is called air extraction (Zeman and Lackner, 2004). In this technology, the ambient air ...

There are numerous threats to the fragile ecosystem of Earth; one of the most debated theories is that of Global warming. This paper is on findings and information collected over past years and results of Global warming on this planet. We will discuss the Causes, Effects as well as Positives from Global Warming. Through the years strange changes have occurred in nature and the atmosphere, these include ice caps rapidly melting and holes occurring in the ozone. In order to solve these mysteries scientists from around the world conduct studies to determine if the threat of global warming is ...

Env.S . (Day) , (Time) .

Topical Summary Assignment.

Industrial Ecology.
INFORMATIONAL ABSTRACT.
For various commodities to be produced, raw materials have to undergo various processes in their specific industries until the final output is produced. This process takes place in industries. Industries need to regulate their manufacturing processes so that they take part in maintenance of the environment since lately it has been noted that the key factor destroying our environment is the industries through the manufacturing process. The emissions from the production of these commodities by the chimneys of factories pollute the air by releasing dangerous gases into the atmosphere. These ...

Section 1: "From the Arizona Hills - A Fight That Won Friends"

1) In Chapter 1, Captain Carter runs into a scrape with Indians. How does this establish his sense of honor and old-fashioned values?
2) In Chapter 2, John Carter is magically whisked away to Mars without explanation. Is there a reason that the novel does not explain the reason for his passing to Mars, and is it important to the story to know why?
3) In Chapter 3, John Carter arrives on Mars and meets the Tharks. How does his interactions with them echo his earlier interactions with the Indians?
4) In Chapter 4, John Carter states that " ...

Introduction

Based on my reading of the assignment, I selected a ballad poem ‘La belle dame sans merci,’ written by John Keats who is one of the most sensuous poets amidst the romantics. A ballad is a narrative or a lyrical poem which talks about the supernatural, mythology, legends or documents tribal wars and oral lore. In this poem, Keats has been faithful to a narrative ballad where the supernatural elements and the characters are in place. The romantic element along with mystery and intrigue adds to the atmosphere of anticipation and a haunting quality. This poem, on the one hand, has elements of multiple ...

Sustainable development has taken the centre stage of various global forums for some time now. This phenomenon has been used to indicate the ability of the current face of humanity to use the existing resources amicably and ensuring that the future generations are not compromised from using the same resources. This concept has been extremely dynamic after 2000 and many countries have joined hands with the aim of ensuring that environmental protection is given priority inasmuch us human beings are trying to satisfy their needs (Elliott, 2006). Ultimately, the definition of sustainable development encompasses nature including ecosystems and biodiversity, ...

Geospatial technology is a very important tool for monitoring and analyzing the effects of human activities on the environment. This form of analysis is very important to scientists, geographers and the government. It helps to determine the nature of damages that man can expose to the environment and therefore prompting for the right action to be taken.

Every track of land in different places on the earth’s surface is unique it its own way. No land remains the same forever. At some point in time, it may undergo some transformation that completely changes it appearance. This research looks at ...

Amongst the biggest problems that are being recognized is the phenomenon of global warming. This is an alarming issue for the environmentalists as they believe that the sustainability, worse yet, the livability of the planet is at stake because of it. Because of the economic and industrial conditions of the planet, the climate of the earth is changing rapidly. The average temperatures that are being measured are increasing very quickly, and it is feared that in a short period of time, the temperature of the planet will rise higher than what is comfortable (Root).
The problem of rising temperatures ...

1.0 The Company and Its Products
Royal Dutch Shell PLC (Shell) is a public limited company, founded in 1907 as the Royal Dutch/Shell Group and registered in England and Wales with headquarters in The Hague, the Netherlands (Shell, 2014a, p. 9). After it was renamed in 2005, Shell became the single parent company of two publicly-traded subsidiaries: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company (RDPC) and The “Shell” Transport and Trading Company (TSTTC) (later renamed as The Shell Transport and Trading Company Limited). RDPC handles upstream and downstream production activities, while TSTTC handles transportation and trading.
In the upstream segment, the ...

Introduction

The fishing industry is a diverse industry that includes many activities and practices concerning fish and has been in existence for many decades. Nonetheless, the industry over the years has been faced with a wide range of issues with the most critical being environment issues. The environmental issues have thus resulted in the threat of aquatic life, particularly the fish family. The survival of lobsters particularly in Maines, New England in this regard has been forced to depend on water temperatures, the cleanliness of the of the habitat and the increasing concerns about the rising cases of the lobster ...

Introduction

Polar bears are a range of bears from the family Ursidae and genus Ursus that natively lie within the boundaries of the Arctic Circle which well includes the landmasses and surrounding seas around the Arctic Ocean . Considering the native geographical location where the polar bears reside, it can be safely assumed that these creatures live in a predominantly cold weather environment . In terms of general physical features, a male adult polar bear should weight somewhere around 770 to 1,500 lbs. ; a female adult on the other hand should be somewhere around half of this size . Polar bears are a sister specie of the ...

Antarctica Tourism: Still an appropriate market for operators and tourism?

Introduction

Antarctica may not sound like the greatest vacation spot for most people but many tourists ready for a challenge head there during the South Pole’s summer season. Tourism has been increasing since the first visitors to Antarctica despite the difficulties reaching the place. The freezing temperatures are not enough to slow the dedicated traveler away either.

Tourist operators’ infrastructure has grown to meet the needs of Antarctica tourism. The infrastructure includes everything from selling parkas and equipment, to training guides and to offering trips by ships and planes coordinated with travel agencies. Several decades of increasing tourism to ...

Literature Review:

In order to recognize the right of people to seek asylum from persecution in another country, the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees was introduced in order to determine refugee rights, state responsibility and refugee protection. The Convention was lauded for establishing a system for refugee protection, however, experts have divided opinions with its continuous use in the 21st century. There are experts stressing the need to repeal the Convention due to its outdated, inconsistent and limited nature. Other experts argued that the Convention should be retained due to the possibility of revitalizing the reform and the concessions ...

The ubiquitous climate change and the attendant consequences in the forms of flash floods, earthquakes, tsunamis etc has further intensified efforts at seeking alternative sources of energy to the currently used fossil fuels that contribute so much to the deterioration of the environment and the menace of climate change. The alternative forms of energy, termed green energy are renewable sources of energy e.g. solar energy. Theses green sources of energy do not contribute to the deterioration of the environment. The industrial production of hydrogen gas H2 is dependent on heavy use of fossil fuel-generated electricity to power the process ...

Garbois, Cyril. "Online Banking in the GCC." AtKearney (2013): n. pag. Web.
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is an economic and political alliance which was established in May 1981 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It consists of six countries in the Middle East. These countries are Oman, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Qatar. The main objective of the formation of this council is to achieve unity among the countries. Consequently, the success of this council is due to the fact that the member states share common cultural and political beliefs rooted in the Islamic faith they profess. ...

Introduction

Waste management refers to the process of collecting, transporting and disposing trash, sewage and other waste materials. There are different sources of waste including residential, industrial, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition, municipal, agriculture and manufacturing and all these waste products whether solid, gaseous, liquid or radioactive come under the realm of waste management. Due to the rapid growth and fast development in Australia, the country has produced waste on humongous amount. As per the data provided by Australian Bureau of Statistics, the growth of average annual rate of waste production in Australia is about 5.4% between 1996-97 and 2006-07. ...

British Petroleum – Perspectives on Gulf of Mexico’s Oil Spill

Introduction
The Deep Horizon oil spill caused by British Petrouleum’s improper operations in the Gulf of Mexico on April 20, 2010, marked an environmental catastrophe, although BP has tried to minimize its effects and its outcomes. In her article, “BP’s Deep Secrets”, Julia Whitty investigates precisely the outcomes of the oil spill on a long term, focusing mostly on the Gulf ecosystem and following how are the flora and fauna from this area are affected by this catastrophe.
The current essay, based on Julia Whitty’s article will be supported by other sources that have treated ...

1. Historical evolution of Mumbai
Mumbai has a long history of evolution that spans for 1000 years. In 1343 the cluster of seven islands was controlled by the Sultanate of Gujarat, and later in 1534 following Portugal invasion, the area was converted into a trading center (The British Library Board). The Portuguese coined the term Bom Bahia, meaning ‘the good bay’, and developed dwelling units, factories as well as ship building yards in the Island cluster, which later became known as Bombay (The British Library Board). With the establishment of East India Company, the British ousted Portuguese, and used ...

The poem “Home-Baked Brad” is about femininity and it deals with the writer’s feelings towards cooking. There is symbolism as well because the role of women is depicted by bread. This product baked by women represents the warmth that only women have. The author of this poem, Sally Croft is trying to make the readers visualize the feminine desire and the sense of power as well as tenderness.
The woman in this poem embraces her role of the caretaker in a household. She is a traditional woman and is good at cooking which is a way for her ...

LITERATURE REVIEW: WATER TREATMENT

1.0 Literature Review: Water Treatment.
1.1 Water Quality:
Water quality is the measure of water condition in relation to the requirements of various biotic species, the environment, and/or any human needs and purposes. Water quality is determined by measuring and analyzing it chemical, biological, physical and radiological characteristics. Both natural and human activities influence water quality. Natural influences that affect water quality are mainly climatic, geological and hydrological since they affect both the quality and quantity of water available (Diersing 2009). The highest influence on water quality occurs when its quantity is low, yet the limited resource must be ...

Karen and Arjun understand that political ecology studies the complex relationships that exist between political, economic and social factors which influence environmental issues and changes. Therefore, political ecology majorly politicizes environmental issues and phenomena to bring about the aspect of costing and its benefits and how these affect environmental changes distribution. This field as received numerous contributions from various scholars who believe that the accumulation of resources or wealth is generally influenced by the interplay of economic exchanges and their implication on the environment. According to Karen Bakker in “Golden Road to Riches” she believes that the economic geography ...

Megan Ybarra and Paul Greenough examines the politics of ecology management in different academic works. The two works have similarities and contradictions between them, with some of the arguments rhyming with the popular beliefs while others are contradictory. In the article titled Bio-Ironies of the Fractured Forest appearing on the Series called In Search of The Rain Forest, Mr Greenough examines different hypotheses on conservation and the relationship between the wildlife and human beings which he refers to as “bio-ironies”). The first bio-irony discussed is that the modern exercise of conservation banishes conventional inhabitants of the forest only to ...

Introduction

Cigarette collection systems comprise of the major ways that several companies including Tobacco manufacturing industries that help as one of the strategies in managing effect of cigarette butts in littering bins that is currently a big challenge in urban areas.
According to Riutta, (2012), it is imperative to address this topic of issues concerning cigarette butts in our daily city lives because of the high negative impact they have on our environment, and thus health being one of the leading causes of preventable deaths. According to health analysts, cigarette butts are made from a fibrous material that is essential ...

Introduction

Tourism has many definitions, which include traveling for pleasure purposes. Tourism, according to World Tourism Organization, is defined visiting and staying places away from our normal environment for a period exceeding one year for leisure or other business purposes. Tourism can be either domestic or international where implications are on both the host and source countries. Today, tourism is among the major sources of revenue for most countries and has a great impact on the economic growth and development of nations. The hospitality services, transport services, entertainment venues, as well as goods bought by tourists are among the sectors ...

Chapter 2: Literature review

Introduction
This chapter presents the literature review appraisal that exists and is linked to work contentment and inspiration subjects and how these issues are closely related to industrial performance. The chapter discusses the concept of motivation, job satisfaction, and project management and employee satisfaction. Organizational performance as well as its continuity largely depends on critical assets, employees and the managers' capabilities to create and sustain motivating environments of the employees and other human assets. The primary challenge that managers are faced with today is keeping their human capital such as the employees satisfied and motivated. Therefore, all managers must ...

Literature Review

It is found that oil prices have undergone critical decline over past couple of years for several reasons at the bottom of this decline. However, reducing demand triggered by increased production of oil in USA, over production by OPEC, and shift towards renewable sources of energy is considered the most fundamental reason behind current downtrend of oil prices. It conforms to the simple theory of demand and supply according to which demand and price are in positive, while price and supply are in negative relationship with each other (Stafford, 2015; Scott, 2015; Goldenberg, 2016; Arnold, 2008; Hensher, Rose, & Greene, ...

Self-Organized Network (May 2016)

Abstract—In the form of a literature review, this outline is a brief outline of the intricate, yet fundamental elements of Self Organized Network (SON). The author takes an in-depth account of research studies and basic writings of this telecommunications platform and weighs in on the writings of subject matter experts. In doing so, findings indicate that the technological demands that are placed on telecommunication networks is directly related to the economic chain of supply and demand. Indirectly, there is are environmental concerns that are ignored in meeting such demands that address waste and emissions. While SON may fix ...

Types of Social Challenges Faced By Indian Students in Melbourne Tertiary Universities

Overview of existing research
Whereas there have been worrying acts of hostility, Australia is commonly considered an excellent practice country in its international student experiences, migration policies, and assimilation of people from diverse backgrounds. Despite a normally upbeat track record, room and chance for improvement are always there, as recent shortcomings in the experiences of international students in Australia indicate.
Recently, foreign students living in Australia have been physically attacked and in fact murdered. Victimization is a shameful and painful experience and must not be condoned in any institutional arrangement or public policy, yet, it still happens even in ...

After a massive methane gas leak, Governor of California, Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency on Wednesday, January sixth, 2016. The methane leak had taken place near the Porter Ranch that neighbors the North West part of California. The governor cited the reason that the government was not protecting the safety and health of the public by letting the gas flow to the atmosphere for more than eleven weeks, and he wanted the California Gas Company to be accounted for all the violations and costs.
According to an official coming from the California Air Resources Board, the leak ...

in the industrial and infrastructure sector

Abstract

In most parts of the Arab countries, the limited resources of water pose adverse constraints to both the social and economic development, while also threatening the people’s livelihood. The available surface water keeps on declining, and the ground water over-pumping that goes beyond the natural recharge rates has continued to cause great negative impact in the lowering of water table. Over-pumping of ground water also increases ground water salinity, ground water depletion, and ecological degradation (SCENR 5). The outcome prompted the Qatar government to start regulating its water resources as a measure ...

Abstract

Maintaining a highly effective waste management system is an important part of being a clean and green city. While this may not be the top priority for some countries, especially the developing ones—because keeping a clean and green city can be costly; there are countries that are making long term investments for a more effective waste management system in the future. This can be evidenced by the fact that even countries like Qatar and the city of Dubai are finding it hard to find the political and economic will to develop and enforce environmental law and regulations. If ...

A Literary Analysis

Ernest Hemingway’s short story “Hills Like White Elephants” takes place at a train station in Spain on a very hot summer day. The two main characters, the American and Jig, the girl, are travelling by train because the girl is going to get an operation. They are waiting for the next train that will take them to Madrid, the location of the operation, and they have forty minutes waiting until it gets there. The operation is likely an abortion, and the American is pushing for it while Jig is concerned and hesitant to go through with it. During ...

Impact of Gender on Career – Literature Review

Introduction
Gender inequality is a major problem in the workplace. For numerous reasons, women face discrimination at the workplace and they are treated in ways that prevents them from building and growing a meaningful career. This literature review hypothesizes that the prominence of gender inequality in the work environment creates an atmosphere where women cannot advance in their careers and rise to top-level positions where they take decisions.

Although the Nineteenth Amendment was passed almost 100 years ago, there is a general lack of equality in the workplace in America and the main source of this and the topmost ...

ENERGY RELATIONS

Introduction
The US and Canada have been supporter and challenger, associate and adversary, foe and friend- throughout their history. As a result, the two nations have experienced durations of conflict with one country’s national interests dictating actions that caused adverse effects on the other (Behiels and Stuart 2010; Andreas 2013). Since the 1980s, however, the two nations have increased their energy relations through integration and cooperation (Hooper and Newlands 2012). As such, significant issues have often been resolved through negotiated compromise. Nonetheless, some US-Canada trade relations have been unsuccessful. For example, although the two nations are widely known ...

Wit was written by Margaret Edson. This one-act play has won the Pulitzer Prize for drama. It is a story which deals with the medical profession as well as with the culture of education at universities. Both sides are brilliant in this story. Vivian Bearing is represents brilliant academic staff whereas, Doctor Kelekian and Dr Jason Posner represent the brilliant side of medical research. None of them have emotions when it comes to work. The only character which feels empathy for Vivian is the nurse, Susie. She is the only character who is acting humane.
Whereas Vivian is strict ...

The Role of the Teacher in Fostering a Positive Impact through Warm Demanding versus the Academic Performance of Students in Public School Setting: A Correlational Study
This part of the research is a review of literature and related studies on the role of the teachers in using warm demanding or not and how it influences the academic performance of public school students. Warm demandingness is not just about caring to students, but also include insisting them to meet expected and actual academic standards of learning. In view of the previous literature on the subject, many authors (e.g., Holland, 2012; Sullivan, ...

Early childhood education is an important phase of education. It is the child’s first experience of formal learning. At this stage, academics is not so significant as the development of like skills like hygiene, socialization, good habits and basic readiness for academics. This is also the stage when children step out from the secure and closed world of their family. They encounter the company of other children of their age. They establish relationship with the teachers. The values, beliefs and conventions in the society begin to take shape in the minds of the children. The kind of atmosphere ...

There has been a growing need for proper waste management strategies in various growing co-operations in the world. This is due to the emphasis that has been made by various international environmental conservation organizations on the need for companies to provide a favorable working and living environmental for people in the world. The need for environmental friendly integrations is driven by the need to ensure that there are no further negative impacts that are made on the environment due to poor waste management and other wastes emitted from companies in production such as carbon monoxide emit ion and other poisonous gases ...

Labour Force of Ireland

A close look into the labour force of Ireland, in accordance to the Census of 2011, shows that total count of labour force as noted in April 2011 has been estimated as 2,232,203, which is an increase assessed to be 122,705, or to be more precise 5.8% since the year 2006. Therefore, a straight statement can be declared about the annual average growth to be 1.1 % that is notably lesser than former intercensal duration of growth that has been declared to have an average of 4% per annum. A detailed declaration made by CSO (2012) is as ...

Applying the precautionary principle to consumer household cleaning product

Development.
Summary
Precautionary principle, which can be summarized as when an activity raises the threat of harm to human and the environment, preventive actions should be taken even if some cause and effect relationship are not fully established scientifically, is the common principle used to guide in managing scientific uncertainty in ingredient safety assessment (Cara , 2011). The available registered disinfectants in the consumer market are quaternary ammonium, sodium hypochlorite and Triclosan. However, there is a possibility of existence of the relation between these disinfectants and human health and environmental issues.
Triclosan is a spectrum anti-microbial found in anti-bacterial ...

Health Effects if Ingesting GMO’S

Genetically modified organisms have been evaluated in terms of the risks they pose to the environment over the past years. This has been done by comparing the dangers identified and exposed estimates to give a decision to the agencies that regulate these products. Assessing the harsh effects of a GMO on the environment remains one of the key controversies to decisions makers and institutions that assess risks as well as scientists. The Society of Toxicology is among the institutions that have dedicated their objectives to protect and improve health in humans, animals as well as the environment. They give their stand ...

The Bhopal disaster

- Causes
The Bhopal disaster, was an industrial accident that occurred on the night of the night of the 2-3 of December at a pesticide plant in Bhopal India .[1] The company that owned the plant was the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL), a subsidiary of the American company Union Carbide Cooperation (UCC).Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate gas (MIC) and other chemicals leading to the instant death of more than 3,800 people and causing significant health problems to thousands of people who lived around the plant.
The manufacturing process employed in the plant ...

Analysis (compare and contrast) of the stories ‘The Lottery’ by Shirley Jackson and

[The author’s name]

Abstract

This paper will present you with the analysis of two stories, widely acknowledged in the borders of the literary community, in terms of their context, main theme, risen thoughts and issues as well as their reflections caused by their readings. Emphasis will be given not only on their common elements regarding their thematic core but on their different way of approaching it. Both ‘The Lottery’ - written by Shirley Jackson and published on June 26, 1948 - and ‘The ones who walked away from Omelas’ - written by Ursula K. Le Guin and published in ...

LITERATURE REVIEW: UNITED STATES ENERGY INDEPENDENCE

Question: How the concerns relating to the exploration of Shale gas were mitigated.

The issue of energy independence is a subject of debate that has dominated US politics for several decades. Virtually, every President since Richard Nixon to Barack Obama have pledged allegiance to assisting the United States realize the goal of energy dependence. Policy debates tend to focus on the strategies that could be implemented to minimize US’s dependence on foreign oil. Homans (2012) argues that the United States has remained independent on imported oil despite increasing demands for energy anxiety across the globe. According to Miller (2010), ...

The tale of the first meeting between the European expedition of John Smith and the Native Americans during the founding of Jamestown in 1607 is one that has captured the American imagination for centuries. The meeting of John Smith and the Native American girl Pocahontas, and their subsequent love story, is echoed by the tense clash of cultures, demonstrating a dramatic story of love being found in the strangest places, as well as issues of land ownership and the promise of a New World. The original John Smith writings tell the tale in a fascinating and Eurocentric way that belies the true ...

LITERATURE REVIEW ON KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN SMEs

Lately, businesses operates in challenging environment which is characterized by intensive competition, globalization, high levels of technology, varying organizational structures, as well as growth of knowledge management. Sharing of knowledge has been found to be the most important to of guiding the Small and Medium size Enterprises (SMEs) in this kind of environment. Consequently, knowledge management has become a significant tool in any organization for it to survive in this challenging business environment, (Lang, 2001). This is based on the claim that, enterprises that values knowledge management are in a better position of coping with the changing business environment. In this ...

Introduction

Quality of air is a determinant in the quality of life, indoor air is important as people spend on average 80-90% of their lives in door (WHO, 2007). Indoor air quality began a long time but only been a health concern decades ago when awareness of contaminants presented in the air. The problem begins when the construction of building are highly insulated to conserve energy, which caused a trap to air intoxicants inside the building (E. Willard, 2005). This causes the exchange of outdoor to indoor to lessen and therefore the indoor air pollution builds up.

Indoor air quality is a complex issue as ...