Geology Literature Reviews Samples For Students

Abstract

Microscopic analysis of materials is generally complex; hence engineers always look for alternative methods of analysis, by appropriate modelling. In specific, studying the damage of materials is important in almost every discipline of science/engineering/technology. Material damage includes the beginning, advancement and fracture of materials. The most important tool so far, used to analyze this damage, is called damage mechanics which relies heavily on continuum mechanics. It encompasses useful theories for the representation, modelling, and analysis of material damage. Broadly speaking, damage mechanics utilizes state variables to show the effects of damage. For instance, the variations in stiffness, and the ...

Introduction

Multiple researches suggest that dinosaurs are among the most successful groups of animals to have ever lived on earth. Their body physique and adaptability enhanced their survival thereby extending their life longevity. In the course of time, these species evolved into diverse shapes and sizes. As a result, the different types of evolved organisms embraced various modes of living. According to Xu (2006), nearly 150 years after the discovery of the first fossils of the dinosaur, this species was believed be a reptile. In fact, when Richard Owen found the first remains of this organism, the paleontologists used the ...

The continental plate in the eastern part of Asia is composed of various volcanoes and tectonic movements. Most of the volcanic rocks in this region are composed of alkali basalts with signs of continental contamination. There are various models that explain the region’s magmatic evolution. The two most common models used to explain the movements refers to the surficial processes and the other one refers to the deeper processes associated with the Pacific ocean plate. These two processes are antithetic and may hay happen subsequently. The volcanism can be traced by tomographic imaging that can be directly associated ...

Literature Review

Several methods exist that are used to identify and characterize fractures (Burnett, 2011). Seismic method is the most effective method of identifying aligned fracture sets. Aligned fracture sets render a rock seismically anisotropic; this implies that the velocities of seismic waves moving through the rock will depend on their direction of propagation (Verdon & Kendall, 2010). The way through which seismic anisotropy manifests itself includes azimuthal variation in reflection amplitudes (Hall & Kendall, 2000). Fromme (2011) investigated the scattering directivity of the A0 Lamb wave mode at through-thickness defects in aluminum plate from FE simulations (Zhou, Li, Mao, Mevel & Ou, 2013). There ...

Introduction

Robert Smithson examines the protocols of the standard modern aesthetics. His arguments point to the development of a limitlessness approach into art inspection, whereby art may exist in the mind of the observer in an abstract fashion. He sees the natural world as the foundation on which the ideological characters of people’s concepts emerge. Smithson indicates that boundaries and protocols do not exist for all artists in the same way. The mind of the artists is as vast and abstract as the earth’s surface. In earth projects, both real and fictional elements interact and trade places. According to ...