Risk Factors Literature Reviews Samples For Students

Introduction

Heart valve surgery is used for the repairing or replacement of valves of the heart that are diseased. The patients receive general anesthesia in this type of surgery whereby the surgeon makes a large surgical incision in the breastbone. The incision is meant to enable the surgeon to reach the aorta and the heart (Kato Paragraph 2). The relevance of stroke to the procedure of open-chest valve surgery is that it is one of the risks associated with cardiac surgery. Other risks include death, failure of the kidneys, cardiac arrest, irregular beats of the heart, and post-pericardiotomy syndrome (Kato ...

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: A Literature Critique

Discussion
Rationale for the topic
Diabetes is Australia’s fastest growing chronic disease (Diabetes Australia, 2012). It is the sixth leading cause of death in Australia. Up to 60% of cases of type 2 diabetes are preventable. This makes diabetes a topic of utmost public health significance. Implementation of public health measures could reduce the incidence of diabetes, which will not only result in savings for the health budget, but also increase participation and productivity in the workforce and, most importantly, lead to better health outcomes and quality of life for Australians (Diabetes Australia, 2012). This is why ...

Introduction

Risk assessment tools are employed for the purposes of identifying and managing the people at risk of certain tendencies that may be harmful to them. Some risk assessment tools have been developed as a consequence of determining the behaviors of individuals and their propensities to cause harm or disrupt the peace in certain jurisdictions. In the recent past, more than a hundred and twenty risks assessment researchers have established tools. Their validity and viability have been proven in dealing with psychiatric cases across various societies. The two articles chosen for this study focus on various dimensions of the assessment, yet all ...

Abstract

Physical activity (exercise) is largely thought to be an indispensable part of human wellbeing. The growing prosperity, material/food abundance, sedentary transport and sedentary lifestyles is linked with the growing incidence of lifestyle diseases including CVD. CVD is currently among most common diseases in developed nations. In the UK alone, an estimated 7 million people are living CVD, which accounts for 160,000 deaths annually. Treatment strategies (including physical activity) have been rigorously tested in cohort studies. However, the type, intensity, and duration of physical activity remain in question. This review is seeking to find theoretical and empirical support for ...

Literature Review

Prevalence of Absent Fathers
In the United States, the number of absentee fathers has been increasing. Whether this trend is due to factors such as work, divorce, out-of-wedlock births, never-married mothers, incarceration, or new family dynamics like changing gender roles in the family, it is known that fatherless children experience much high risk factors than their peers. According to the National Center for Fathering (2016), in the United States there are an estimated 24.7 million children living without their biological fathers. In the 1960’s only 5.3% of children were born out-of-wedlock, in 2010 that percent has risen to ...

Factors such as race, sex and age may be significant benchmarks in the analysis or understanding of epidemiological details such as incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer.1 For instance, the incidence and mortality rates in men are twice more than in women.1 Based on race, African American males have a higher incidence rate than White males.1 This also applies between a comparison between African American females and White females respectively.
Despite the occurrence of new cases of oral cancer, the overall incidence rate trend over the last 30 years has been declining.2 The incidence rate of oral cancer among ...

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

Juvenile delinquency is said to be an antisocial behavior exhibited by minors. (Quay, 1987) In the USA, most states would consider a juvenile to be between the ages of ten and eighteen, while a few others consider up to sixteen years of age as the limit. When crimes are committed by persons under these age range, they are commonly tried as a juvenile and not as an adult, which poses much difference from normal court proceedings.
Juvenile tried cases are mediated by judges instead of the usual trial by a jury of the peers. Moreover, unlike an adult case, juveniles ...

Causes and Symptoms

Dementia is a term utilized to show that an individual has developed some difficulties in judgment, memory and reasoning. The psychological and behavioral symptoms of dementia are a fundamental part of the dementia syndrome. Apparently, the decline in motivation or emotional control, or an alteration in the social conduct exhibiting as emotional irritability, apathy, liability and coarsening of the social behavior have been a portion of the diagnostic criteria for this condition [1]. Some studies indicate that behavior and cognition are dimensions, which are independent [2]. Nevertheless, they influence one another; dementia is linked to a faster rate of ...

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Literature Review

Introduction
Dentistry as a branch of medical science has successfully and uniquely combined the principles of human science and the art of healing. The dental profession in particular has changed during the past years due to the review of scientific evidences that emerged in the health fields and medicine that rely on systematic approach. The findings from several literatures suggest clinical practices and other relevant concepts pointing out the recommended frequency of visits to dental practitioners for various types of patients. This includes patients suffering from oral cancer, periodontal diseases, and caries risk. In ...

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Tricyclic antidepressants vs Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in treatment of Depression

In recent decades, SSRIs have become the first-choice treatment for depression. The efficacy and acceptability, as well as cost-efficiency of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) versus the older tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are studied by many researchers. Most of scholars agree that the both classes of antidepressants are almost equally efficient (Marton, 2003.) According to Marton (2003), a small trend towards greater efficacy of TCAs was found when the outcome was measured in terms of depression scales, and towards SSRIs – in terms of global impression scores.
But Faravelli and colleagues (2003) argue that in most studied cases, ...

Can Parental Involvement Reduce Teenage Gang Involvement?

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Literature Review

Determining the whether parental involvement can reduce teenage gang involvement begins with the exploration of the related researches. Knowing the extent of the problem is detrimental in identifying the role of parental involvement to the issues of teenage involvement to gangs from which preventive measures can be formulated. According to Howell (2010) gang violence became a widespread problem among community and to several countries in the world. In addition, the demographics of the people joining are constantly becoming younger. In South American region, the age of gang members go as young as eight years old. In other part ...

A brief review

Abstract
Recidivism rates are very instrumental in the policy making, offender incarceration and treatment. However when these rates are surrounded by uncertainty and are lacking, these rates do more harm than good. This is truer in sexual crimes, particularly in child molestations. While criminological literature emphasizes low recidivism rates for sexual criminals, the public fueled by media, consider it otherwise. Nonetheless recidivism rates are high for child molesters among the sexually offending group. Even among child molesters, there is much difference between the intra-familial and extra-familial groups too. Framework models and tools help specialists in identifying individuals with ...

Introduction to MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterial strain of S. aureus that that has developed a resistance to certain types of antibiotics, including methicillin, penicillin, oxacillin, and amoxicillin (Farley 2008). The types of infections differ according to whether the MRSA infection was acquired in the hospital setting (HA-MRSA) or whether it was a community acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infection. The most severe MRSA infections are those acquired in health care facilities and include infections of the bloodstream or surgical wounds, and pneumonia. MRSA bacteremia is often fatal, thus timely and aggressive intervention is critical in patients at high risk of death; for example, ...

The first step in prioritizing healthcare resources is to estimate the burden of disease. High-income countries have reliable systems to assess the causes of death in the population; however, mid- and low-income countries do not have such systems in place, and mortality rates from a specific disease have to be extrapolated from incomplete data. Several studies have approached the problem of estimating the burden of disease by using a variety of methods to determine which diseases are responsible for the most deaths, which countries are carrying the highest burden of disease and death, and which populations are at the highest risk ...

Pre-eclampsia is a condition that affects a significant percentage of mothers, and accounts for mother death during childbirth anywhere from fifteen to twenty percent of the time—pre-eclampsia is one of the most significant and important causes of maternal death during childbirth to this day (Sibai, Dekker & Kupferminc, 2005; Ghulmiyyah & Sibai, 2012). As such, it is immensely important to develop strategies to deal with the problem of pre-eclampsia, but it is also essentially important to develop strategies for dealing with education and prevention of the condition (Villar et al., 2003). There are a number of common conditions that are ...

Ageing and Mental Illness

The older members of the population are increasing, with recent indication that people who are over 60 years old are growing in number in the past years. This social phenomenon can be attributed to the advancement in medical technology that provided for the people’s health and well being. With better technology and medical attention, older people can enjoy their advanced years, and can still be valuable members of the society, not only in their capacity as family members but also as active contributors in the workforce. However, while there are older people who enjoy good health, there are ...

Abstract

Gum inflammation is a gingival disorder which is characterized by soreness, reddening and pain in gums. The source of such inflammation is an auto-immune reaction of the body within the oral cavity as a response to a negative impact of bacterial, chemical, physical or other nature. Apart from the most popular form of gingival inflammation due to decay, which is perceived as the prevalent form of gingivitis and may lead to subsequent periodontitis, there are several other factors that can contribute to gum inflammation of seemingly healthy people. These factors have uncommon origin and may require different methods of treatment. The aim ...

Recent research in industrialized countries provides evidence of the significant role that psychosocial factors play in health and disease. As such, these factors cannot be ignored in the assessment of patients, health promotion, illness prevention, and disease management. Examples of psychosocial factors are lack of social support systems and stress where individual experiences of these adverse events increase the risks for acute and chronic illnesses such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and arthritis. Research provides evidence of psychosocial interventions and the important role of nurses in reducing these risks.
In their review of literature on the association of CVD ...

ABSTRACT

The construction industry is highly risk-prone, with unique, dynamic and complex environments that create an atmosphere of high uncertainty and risks. The industry is vulnerable to various technical, sociopolitical, operational and business risks. The mechanisms for coping with the risks have not been accomplished in the industry and as such people working in the industry bear a host of challenges including quality and operational requirements, cost overrun and uncertainty delays in project execution. In this regard, an effective system of risk analysis and management for the construction industry remains a challenge for industry practitioners. The aim of this paper is to ...

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Substance abuse is one of the most harmful phenomena of a society. It can also be considered as substance-related disorder, and is related to abuse of drugs, tobacco, and/or alcohol that can lead to harmful outcomes. Estimates show that over 8 million children in the U.S. have one of the parents having substance-related disorder. Substance abuse can result in significant problems in a family as, for example; it can lead to separation of partners, problems in raising the children, employment problems, and severe levels of conflict in the society (Donohue et al., 2014).
It has been ...

Opening Statements:

Pre-eclampsia is a condition that affects a significant percentage of mothers, and accounts for mother death during childbirth anywhere from fifteen to twenty percent of the time—pre-eclampsia is one of the most significant and important causes of maternal death during childbirth to this day (Sibai, Dekker & Kupferminc, 2005; Ghulmiyyah & Sibai, 2012). As such, it is immensely important to develop strategies to deal with the problem of pre-eclampsia, but it is also essentially important to develop strategies for dealing with education and prevention of the condition (Villar et al., 2003). There are a number of common conditions that are ...

Community members risk a great risk of getting themselves hurt at the hands of people prone to violence. The relevance of the study is that it highlights what is instrumental in determining the extent to which mentally ill and violent individuals are likely to pose risk to members of communities, be they prison, hospital or standard civilian groups of people. The literature review will include a board concept of community. Samuel (2015) defined the concept of community as applicable to a human group sharing a geographical area. Following this logic, the notion is possible to apply to patients and ...

Women’s health is an important area to consider. Particularly, the critical stage in their life is the stage when they achieve the motherhood. Numerous care specialists investigated this specific stage so as to gain insights of clinical importance. In such context, the present description deals with a topic, Mammography-Literature review on Breast compression.
Briefly, a breast compression refers to ‘breast flattening’ such that the adequate quantity of tissue could be visualized through imaging and tested, during a mammographic examination (Breast Compression,2015)
Rationale: Breast compression, at the time of mammography, is one of the various fundamental technical approaches ...

Our Vision

What We Do
When a person is diagnosed with a life-threatening disease, it can be a frightening experience for the whole family. We provide information and offer practical and emotional support to the affected individuals and their families. We offer improvement in standards of support and care and promote the importance of early detection

How You Can Help

Service Users
There are various devastating conditions/illnesses that hinder an individual’s journey through life. The affected people are fellow human beings in need of help and assistance. Together we can make a difference to:

Cancer Patients

Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body. ...

Abstract

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an infection which often develops as a result of poor handling of mechanical ventilation. Such as, poor nursing practice in caring for patients with difficulty in breathing can lead to microorganisms entering patient’s body through a tube inserted especially via mouth and nose of the patient. When these microorganisms get into the respiratory system they cause lung infection which is referred to as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). In preventing this infection, it is important that nurses adopt best practices to reduce the incidence of VAP and provide quality care that is aimed at improving the ...

Literature review

Over the past number of years, the issue of violence has generated a lot of concerns in the workplace. Different sectors experience different levels of workplace violence with 85 percent of non-fatal assaults occurring in retailing and service industries. The health care sector falls under the service industry and workers in this sector are at higher risks of workplace violence. It becomes hard to estimate the true incidence of violence towards health workers because of different definitions and data collection systems (Hartley, D., & Ridenour, 2011 #1).

Violence among health workers triggers most psychological and physical outcomes. Some of the ...

Literature Review

(Section)

Introduction

Between the periods 1980 to 1992, consumption of illicit drugs in the United States increased from 29% to 42% among 12th grade adolescence, and from 11% to 21% among eight grade students. Other statistics shows that in the 12th grade 80% are students on alcoholic. More than half of them have been doing it in the eighth grade; 75% had smoked cigarettes, of this group, 35% became habitual smokers. The greatest challenge is faced by families, who, no matter what their social or economic level, must devise strategies to help their adolescence. Studies have been done to prove ...

Introduction

Dietary fiber is a combined term for a diversity of plant matters that are resistant to digestion by human gastrointestinal enzymes. Dietary fibers can be categorized into two major groups according to their solubility in water. In humans, natural gel-forming fibers (gums, pectins, mucilage, and the remains of the hemicelluloses) are soluble. Whereas the matrix fibers or the structural (lignins, some hemicelluloses, and cellulose,) are insoluble, Dietary fiber and whole grains are among the best sources of nutrients including minerals, a slowly digestive energy and vitamins. (Byrne, 2011). They also contain phytochemicals such as carotenoids, lignans, inulin, beta-glucan and phenolic. These chemicals ...

Introduction

Sexual assault of women is a pervasive crime that exerts significant influence both on the lives of women, who become victims of gender-based violence, and the communities, where these women live (Klump, 2006, p.67). Sexual assault against women is epidemic to American culture (Miller, Markman and Handley, 2007, p.129). A woman can face a sexual assault both in childhood and adulthood. Different kinds of both physical and mental diseases tend to be prevalent in women, who have experienced sexual assault or another kind of gender-based violence in childhood or adulthood. The women also tend to report specific emotional conditions, such as ...

Introduction

Violence against Aboriginal women is one of most important negative phenomena in terms of Aboriginal Affairs in Canada. Despite the fact that significant number of initiatives was developed by Canadian legislatures at federal and provincial level to meet this challenge, the number of missing and murdered Aboriginal women continues to grow. Inquiries into the issues show sits strong relation to almost all negative phenomena, which are currently faced by Aboriginal people, including unemployment, problems in access to social services for those, leaving on-reserve, lack of awareness about women’s rights and continuing discrimination against Aboriginal people in Canadian society.
...

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of mortality in the US. According to American heart association statistics, nearly one million men and women succumb to various complications from CVD. In the US, CVD claims more lives than cancer and AIDS combined (CDC, 2012). It is also one of the leading causes of deaths worldwide (WHO). The economic cost of CVD in 2008 was estimated to be $448.9 billion, which was double the cost estimated for the year 2007, $219 billion.
There are a number of factors to the incidence of CVD. These include non modifiable factors such ...

Chapter 2 – Literature Review

Chapter II
The Review of the Related Literature
Introduction
During the past decades, breakthroughs in the study of Vitamin D and findings pointing to its importance in maintaining health have been made. Apart from the found importance of Vitamin D in human skeletal development, further evidence is attributing the benefits of adequate Vitamin D to the development of other tissues in the body. In addition, the prior belief regarding the amount of Vitamin D needed in the body was changed encompassing new findings that the human body needs more Vitamin D than usually thought (Holick, 2004). ...

“Shaving versus Clipping: Which preoperative hair removal method reduces the risk of surgical site infection?"

“Shaving versus Clipping: Which preoperative hair removal method reduces the risk of surgical site infection?"
Hwang, S., Kim, S., Park, K., Im, S., Shin, W., & Kim, B. (2012). Outpatient-based scalp surgery without shaving and allowing use of shampoo. World Neurosurgery, 77(2), 391-393.
1. A study in the outpatient setting which aims to establish the benefits of “shaveless” surgery. It challenges previously held beliefs about the advantages of shaving.
2. Retrospective observational study on the outcomes of minor scalp surgery without the conventional shaving of hair. The procedures were performed on 93 patients by only one ...

Despite the fact that most of college students avoid unsafe use of drugs, they have high likelihood to be affected by the consequences of the high-risk conducts of their peers (Borsari, and Carey, 2001). Students engaging in substance abuse do not just harm themselves but also their peers, and not just occasionally, but with a frequency that is truly disturbing. If the college campus management and the students become informed about prevention of substance abuse, potential college students can increase the chances that they will avoid problems related with substance abuse and their college expectations and dreams will be achieved.
...

Patient Situation and Literature Review

Patients receiving chemotherapy treatment for cancer experience a great deal of extremely unpleasant and severe side effects. These include immunosuppression, anemia, thrombocytopenia, gastrointestinal symptoms, peripheral neuropathy, alopecia and fatigue (Chemotherapy side effects, n.d.). Effectively managing these symptoms increases patient quality of life despite serious and potentially terminal illness and promotes compliance with treatment in order to optimize the benefits (Perwitasari et al., 2012). Nausea and vomiting are particularly distressing symptoms among patients and nurses working in the oncology ward must be knowledgeable regarding the range of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic techniques which can be used for control. This paper presents the ...

Literature Review:

The Efficacy of Bisphosphonates in the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Post-Menopausal Women

Abstract

This paper discusses some of the literature that explores the efficacy of bisphosphonates in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis among post-menopausal women. This is to determine the ways by which the quality of life of osteoporosis patients can be improved, as advocated by the Healthy People 2020 program. While studies have shown that bisphosphonates are effective in preventing and treating osteoporosis, caution should still be taken with regards to its prolonged use. With this, advanced practice nurses can contribute significantly to the proper administration of ...

Introduction

Shift work is basically any work outside the normal daylight hours and may differ from one work place to another. Given that up to 25% of the American population encounters shift work at some point in their career the subject of shift work has attracted a plethora of research especially with regard to the health implication of shit work[ CITATION Occ10 \l 1033 ]. There is a growing body of knowledge implicating shift work for on-job injuries and catastrophes, disruption of families and societal fabric, pathological conditions of both physiological and psychological nature. Of particular interest to this review are the health ...