Atom Reports Samples For Students

Abstract

Scientists have conducted multiple ab initio calculations to determine the infrared spectra and the array of complexes BrH: NH3, ClH: NH3 and FH: NH3. Additionally, the research incorporates investigating the effects of inert gasses’ atoms on the infrared spectra and arrangements. The scientists constructed a double dimension MP2/6-31+G (d, p) energy surface for complexes XH: NH3. The two-facet Schrodinger calculations were solved for the dimer and the proton stretching series. Most complexes have differing infrared spectra even though their equilibrium arrangements are characterized by traditional hydrogen bonds. The grounds (v=0) and (v=1) that are both found in FH.NH3 describe the ...

Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to characterize aldehydes and ketones using Tollen’s test and Iodoform test. It also aims to identify an unknown substance as well as determine whether glucose is an aldehyde or a ketone using the same tests. In order to achive these purposes, four test tubes where prepared for each type of test. For Tollen’s test, each of the tubes contained 1 drop of the analyte to which 1mL of the Tollen’s reagent was added. For the Idoform test, 4 drops of each substance was used, to which 2 mL of sodium hydroxide ( ...

Question 1:

Answer 1:
The mixture of ammonium vanadate, ammonium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid was yellowish and had less color in comparison with the control.
As Manganese sulfate was mixed with ammonium hydroxide turned into orange, Though as it was mixed with hydrochloric acid its color did not changed and stayed clear.
The control of iron nitrate was orange, but as it was mixed with ammonium hydroxide the color changed into red and after mixing with hydrochloric acid the color was yellow.
The control of cobalt nitrate was pink. When it was mixed with hydrochloric acid the ...

Introduction

The destructive testing of the materials is often used to find out the material properties. The mechanical property is based on the parameters obtained from the material testing. The testing involves tensile testing, hardness testing, creep testing, and impact testing. The non destructive testing involves interaction of energy with the materials. It is necessary to decide the behaviour of the material by knowing the property of the materials. The structure of the material at the atomic level will guess the characteristic of the material at the atomic level. The materials fall into the category of metallic, ceramic, and polymeric. ...

INTRODUCTION:

The concept of Cottrell atmosphere is important to many aspects of material sciences and engineering. This was first proposed by Cottrell and Bilby in 1949 to explain the interaction of solute carbon atoms with defects in steel. The Cottrell atmospheres occur under the interaction between the dislocations and impurities (alloying elements) in matrix metal. These defects, like a dislocation, produce long-range elastic stress fields that distort the interstitial lattice site around the defect in the matrix. These distorted lattice sites then provide lower energy sites for the solute carbon to occupy, thus relieving some of the stress field. This raises ...

Introduction

The periodic table of elements is table used to display the important information about elements in accordance to their chemical and physical properties. The first physical property that was used to arrange the periodic table is the different boiling points of elements. The second property is the melting point of element. They differ according to their atomic number due to the distance between the energy level and that of the outer electrons. Thirdly the density and viscosity of the element played a major role in determining the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table. The other property is the ...

Physics practical report: determining the range of a radiation and the energy content

Introduction
Most of the radiations emitted by sources usually emanate from radioactive isotopes. These isotopes may be naturally radioactive or the emission may be induced by an external source of energy. Natural isotopes are mainly elements whose atomic mass exceeds 208. For this reason, the atomic size is very large creating an aspect of imbalance in charge within the atom. The highly positively charged nucleus does not feel the same magnitude of negative charge effect from the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus. This makes the nucleus to disintegrate naturally to release some energy as it scales down the ...

Abstract

Electrons of an atom exist in well defined energy levels which can jump to higher energy levels on absorbing thermal or electrical energy. The atomic absorption is subsequently followed by emission of light radiation. The wavelength of this emitted radiation is distinct and characteristic of every atom. With the help of a spectrometer the wavelength of these electromagnetic radiations can be visualized and measured. The emission lines in all other series for the atom can then be calculated using the Balmer-Rydberg equation. This establishes an inter-connection between the electronic transitions and the corresponding wavelengths which can be depicted in the ...

[Class Title]

The Manhattan Project was the name given to a massive yet clandestine project of the United States in developing the world’s first atomic bomb. Named after the Manhattan Army Corps of Engineers who pioneered the nationwide construction of the project, the project’s infrastructure is actually composed of networked facilities located in several secret locations all across the United States that includes Oak Ridge in Tennessee; Hanford in Washington; and Los Alamos in New Mexico. There were several important precedents prior to the project. In the later part of the 19th century, extensive studies regarding atoms have ...

Abstract

This experiment sort to find an accurate and most viable method that would be used in laboratories to the measurement of iron concentration in aqueous samples. The methodologies that were identified for further analysis included; colorimetric assay (molecular spectroscopy), flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, redox titration (volumetric) and cation exchange chromatography (EMA technique). These methods were analyzed of their advantages and later subjected to a validation test. In the process, a wide range of CRMs were used alongside six other samples that contained unknown iron concentration.

The experiment was thus, geared towards providing answers to statements like; the necessity of quantification of ...

Summary

This essay is on short description of the following terms atoms, molecular structure, ionic bonding, periodic table, pH, acids, oxidation, antioxidants in food, alkali cleaning agents, salts used in food, plant cells, photosynthesis, micro-organisms in the environment, bacterial morphology, comparative sizes of micro-organisms, factors affecting the growth of bacteria, bacterial spores, biological role of enzymes, catalase, and enzymic browning.

Introduction

This essay will write short notes on various topics in chemistry as well as in microbiology. Some of the terms in chemistry include atom, molecular structure, periodic table, pH, oxidation, ionic bonding among others. Some of the terms in microbiology ...

Abstract

In this experiment, benzene was treated with hydrogen in the presence of Pt/SiO2 as an example that can be applied on industrial operations to show that the most recently modernized methods of neutron total scattering that cover a wide Q-range allow the use of appropriate catalytic chemistry that can be measured on time domain to probe directly on site the hydrogenation of benzene within the catalyst pore. Based on this method, it is possible to study the rates of reaction on length scales that can provide measurements equivalent to the size of an atom or a nanometre. Furthermore, the ...

Corse Lecturer

Engineering is one of the fields born from the advancements in technology. Technology changes with changing times and new discoveries being made. These discoveries result from a combination of knowledge on the subject and creative ideas. Discoveries lead to breakthroughs in various fields such as Engineering. These breakthroughs result in the creation of new technologies and the betterment of already available technologies which all help to make our lives easier. In this paper, I will be discussing some of the most recent breakthroughs in the field of Engineering.
Vikas Berry and his team of researchers made a new discovery ...

Introduction

Coordination complex usually consists of a metallic coordination center and can be surrounded by bound molecules. Thus these are known these coordination complexes are known as ligands as they bind several molecules strongly almost irreversibly. Coordination complexes therefore coordinate covalent bonds on the molecule.
There is specific nomenclature for coordination complexes. Particularly, the donor atom is the ligand that is bonded to the central atom. Here we are making Aluminium acetylacetonate, Al(acac)3, also referred to as Al(acac)3, and the metal ion is the aluminum and the donor atoms are the acetylacetonate. If there are more ...

Introduction 3

Background on Report 3
Current Technologies
Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Technology 5
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 8
Solar Heating and Cooling (SCH) Technology 10
Analysis and Recommendation 11
Conclusion 12
Figures and Tables
Figure 1: Diagram of a P-N junction in a Photovoltaic Cell 6
Figure 2: A Typical Parabolic Through CSP System 9
Figure 3: Wakiki Shore Apartments in Honolulu, Hawaii 11

Used in Contemporary Society

Introduction
The use of fossil fuels results in combustion gases which contribute to global warming. Furthermore, these combustion gases result in air pollution which is detrimental to the ...

Introduction

At ambient temperature and pressure, mercury (the elemental mercury) is a metal in form of heavy silvery-white liquid. It exists in three oxidation states: mercuric Hg+2, metallic Hg, and mercuros Hg2 +2. Organic and Inorganic compounds are formed by mercuric and mercuros states. The mercuros state is unstable under environmental conditions. Mercury exists in water, sediment, soil and biota only in inorganic mercuric salts and organomercurics.
In the Cold Vapour analysis, mercury from the digest sample is reduced with either SnCl2 or NaBH4 and then measured with a conventional cold vapour flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The whole system is ...

A forty-three year old male with cases of irritated eyes and increasingly blurry vision. The man also reports cases of skin irritation which are at certain instances severe and cases of difficulty in breathing.

His skin irritation and difficulty in breathing stared six months ago.at the onset these complications were mild and isolated in their frequency but gradually they are becoming more persistent. Irritation of the eyes started three months ago and his vision started to get blurry a month ago.

Past medical history

Noncontributory.
Family history
His wife, parents, and two sisters are all perfectly healthy. His three daughters are ...

The war in Japan has escalated to uncontrollable levels killing millions of people. Living in constant war is destructive to the economy and people’s lives as well. It is proper and prudent that a solution be sought to end this predicament. This will bring about peace and prosperity among the nations fostering development and growth of the economy. A difficult decision has to be made in order to save millions of lives despite the challenges. The nuclear bomb is quite an intense device that is destructive in nature.
The war that is currently ongoing is taking a toll in ...

Introduction

Reduction reactions are very important in chemistry as they are effective processes for synthesizing new compounds from existing ones. In organic chemistry, a compound is said to be reduced if it acquires new hydrogen. There are diverse reagents for carrying our reduction reactions. Two of these are sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) - the latter is a more powerful reducing agent compared to the former.
In this experiment, NaBH4 was used to reduce p-Nitrobenzaldehyde to form p-Nitrobenzyl alcohol. NaBH4was used over LiAlH4 in this experiment, because LiAlH4 would also reduce the nitro group of the aldehyde.

Experimental:

...

Uranium (U) element was discovered by a German chemist, Heinrich Klaproth, in 1789. Uranium is a radioactive element with an atomic weight of 238.02891 and an atomic number of 92. The uranium element initially discovered by Heinrich was an oxide, uranium oxide. A French chemist, Eugène-Melchoir Péligot, was the first person to produce pure uranium by reacting it with potassium in a heated platinum crucible. The element’s radioactive properties were established in 1896 by a French physicist known as Antoine Henri Becquerel. Currently, uranium can be extracted from various ores such as carnotite (K2(UO2)2VO4· ...

The Name of the Class

In recent years, the Earth’s climate varies considerably: some countries suffer from heat waves, the others from too harsh and snowy winters, unusual for these places. Environmentalists talk about global climate change, which includes an increase in mean annual temperature, causing the melting of glaciers, and rising sea levels. In addition to warming, there is also imbalance of natural systems, which leads to changes in rainfall patterns, temperature anomalies and the increased frequency of extreme events such as hurricanes, floods and droughts (Biello, 2016). According to scientists, humanity cannot fully prevent climate change. But the international community is ...

Thermal conductivity is defined as a material’s property to conduct heat. Heat transfer across materials occurs in materials that have lower thermal conductivity and transfers faster in materials with high conductivity. It is important to determine the thermal conductivity of materials since different materials are used for different applications. For instance, materials with high conductivity are more efficient when they are used as heat sinks since they can conduct heat away faster. Those with lower thermal conductivity are often used as insulators (Callister 78).
The classical transfer of energy happens through conduction, radiation, convection or combination of all ...

Financial Analysis of Amazon.com Inc.
Amazon.com, Inc. (Ticker symbol: AMZN) is a leading online retailer. The company was initiated in 1994 and is headquartered in Seattle, Washington. Amazon functions through the North America, International, and Amazon Web Services (AWS) segments. The company earns its revenues from product sales or services. Product sales include the sale of products and linked shipping fees and digital media content. Service sales include third-party seller fees earned and shipping fees thereof, AWS sales, digital content subscriptions, advertising services, and credit card agreements.

Amazon derives a major chunk of its revenues from product sales, almost ...

Verification of the Beer-Lambert Law for Solutions of Copper Sulphate and Determination of the Concentration of a Given Solution of Copper Sulphate

Introduction

The determination of elements concentrations in water media is an important task in industry, medicine, and environmental protection. The main requirements are accuracy, simplicity of operations, speed and cost of the analysis (Hunt 1995). The spectroscopic analysis is widely applied for routine measurements and research needs (Lindon 2010). The experiment is dedicated to determination of copper sulphate in water using the molecular absorption (Kenkel 2003). The first stage of the experiment performs absorbance measurements of the solutions ...

India: Reforms, Policies, Development

Report

Abstract
India’s economic miracle has always been the point of interests for western researchers. India has become a successful example of a rapidly growing economy due to a number of political, economic, social and industrial reforms. This country has become the world’s leader in hi-tech sphere, producing, supporting and implementing the world’s largest volume of software and hardware. In this report, the structural development patterns are shown during several periods, which brought tremendous shifts in economic, agricultural and industrial sphere making India the global leader in numerous aspects. However, efficient reforms have not solved certain social problems ...

Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction
The first method through which heat is transferred from one object to another is conduction. Conduction occurs in liquids and solids through transfer of kinetic energy present in one particle to the immediate particle(s) in its surrounding. By considering the bonds existing between atoms and molecules in solids as elastic links, the vibration of one particle due to increase energy level caused by heat, the next in its line vibrate too. This process is replicated in adjacent particles thereby allowing transfer of thermal energy from a body with a higher temperature as compared to the one with low ...

Introduction

Initially there were beliefs that, MMPs are jointly able to degenerate all constituents making up the extracellular matrix (ECM) together with basement membrane that confines their operations to tissue reconstruction as well as the preservation. Nonetheless, the contemporary studies also signify that MMP-1 is responsible for controlling the production or else the activation of the chemokines. At this point, it is critical to understand that MMP-1 is among other MMPs.
Similarly, the knowledge holds it that MMP- 1 cleaves a peptide bond beforehand a residue comprising of a hydrophobic adjacent chain, for instance Met and Leu. The other sideways chains cleaved ...

Version control systems

Introduction
There are different version control systems which have been developed to be used in managing software development projects. The choice of the version control will depend on the model and the workflow of the projects and the nature of organizational workflow that is supported. It is important to understand the requirements of the organization which will use the version control. This will determine the way the version control will suit and align with the goals of the developers. Before a choice is made, it is important to have clear view of the requirements of the organization. This paper ...

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Abstract of the Tensile Test

Tensile tests are instrumental in understanding the properties of various materials and the way will behave when subjected to a load. Four different materials were subjected to tensile test using universal testing machine. The materials that were tested were: steel and nylon. The data obtained from each experiment was used to calculate and graphically determine some of the valuable properties of the materials such as, yield stress, ultimate tensile strength and young’s modulus. The material properties obtained from the various test were compared with the theoretical values and also amongst the materials themselves. The tensile test results showed that ...

Abstract

The word technology may be in the talk of time for most individuals, however, little do they know what impacts all this development. The existence of visual systems, audio systems and other complex equipment all give credit to the early discoveries. Discovery of atoms, ions and later electrons simplified everything. It is from theses that energy was developed. One of the most promising techniques used by scientists is the charge to mass ratio of electrons. It helped in observing the nature of materials. This lab report aims at analyzing the Sir J. Thompson`s experiment of evaluating charge to ...

2013-2014

Time allowed: Up to 2 hours (practical)
- Listen carefully to instructions from the staff members and you should stop immediately if asked to do so.
- You should work safely at all the time and wear appropriate clothing.
- If you need help or any additional equipment raise your hand up.
- Scientific Calculators are allowed.
- Dictionaries (except electronic ones) are allowed.
- Before you do your practical your teacher will explain what you are going to do and might carry out a demo- you are advised to listen carefully and take ...

The book is about a colonization “Bussard ramjet", named Leonora Christine with 50 colonists on-board put in space by the world with a mission to colonize a star. The crew aims at travelling to a planet thirty light years away; however with the ship set to travel at a speed close to speed of light, they hope to take just a few years thanks to relativity and time dilation.
- The book includes physics, chemistry and engineering. Based on relativity, high ship speed and passage of time. Inter-relation between gas atoms, ship speed and passage of time is the main subject. The space ship ...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Special designs have been made to suit various sports. This is important as it plays an important role in sports performance. Companies have resorted to good quality textile materials to design sportswear clothing. Sportsmen should wear comfortable costumes for them to perform well in their competition. When designing sportswear, the market has to be identified first. That is the design to be used, the materials required and footwear. The fabrics available should also be identified. The comfort of the wearer is also considered as this affects performance.

History of polymers

Polymers have been used for centuries to manufacture plastics. Due to advance ...

Background theory

Equipment used in the experiment: Burette, pipette, pipette filler, clamp and stand, a small and a large beaker, three conical flasks, white paper, phenolphthalein indictor, dilute solutions of HCl and H2SO4 of unknown molarities, and 0.10 dm–3 NaOH.

Equations, diagrams, and calculations:

Concentration of the sulphuric acid solution
Molarity of the alkaline solution of NaOH 0.10 mol. dm–3
As found in the experiment,
Average volume of H2SO4 is 11.15 cm3 = 0.01115 dm3
H2SO4 → H2+ + SO4–
NaOH →Na++ OH–
H2+ + SO4–+ 2Na + 2OH → Na2+ + SO4–+ 2H2 O
Thus, the hydrogen ions in H2SO4 reacted with hydroxide ions ...