Chemistry Reports Samples For Students

Math Websites

Online education Math websites are essential because they help students to acquire extra math skills. Students can forget various math skills during long vacations. However, with the current online education math websites, students can get as much assistance as possible from the websites. www.mathforum.com is one of the most crucial online education math websites, which provides math tutoring to a diverse group of students. It is made up of an online community of students, parents, teachers, researchers and educators who have great passion for math education (Drexel University, 2012). This online math website includes discussion groups and problems of the ...

Introduction

At ambient temperature and pressure, mercury (the elemental mercury) is a metal in form of heavy silvery-white liquid. It exists in three oxidation states: mercuric Hg+2, metallic Hg, and mercuros Hg2 +2. Organic and Inorganic compounds are formed by mercuric and mercuros states. The mercuros state is unstable under environmental conditions. Mercury exists in water, sediment, soil and biota only in inorganic mercuric salts and organomercurics.
In the Cold Vapour analysis, mercury from the digest sample is reduced with either SnCl2 or NaBH4 and then measured with a conventional cold vapour flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The whole system is ...

Abstract

The purpose of our experiment was to visualize the effect of light intensity on oxygen production. In the capacity of a test subject we used algal cultures. For these researches we used the Winkler method of titration. Our experiment results showed that there is an effect of light intensity on oxygen production. Our research has a great significance for agriculture, biochemistry and biophysics.

Introduction

Photosynthesis is the metabolic process by which plants trap solar energy, convert it to chemical energy, and store it in the bonds of organic nutrient molecules, such as glucose. Nearly all types of plants and algae, as well ...

Question 1: Separation of mixtures

1. Extraction

This is a method of separation of two immiscible solvent phases. It is the best method for the separation of a mixture of Cyclohexanone and Acetone (miscible)

Reason:

Cyclohexanone is insoluble in water while Acetone is miscible with water. A mixture of the two compounds forms two distinct layers in water. Distillation cannot be used because the two compounds are highly flammable.

Procedure:

In this method of separation, water is added to the mixture. Acetone completely mixes with water while cyclohexanone does not. A funnel is then used to separate the two.

(Note: the colouration is ...

Click Chemistry describes the biocompatible reactions that are high yielding, that are very simple to perform, have wide scope, that need no chromatography to remove their byproducts and that can be conducted in easily removable solvents. The synthesis of first triazole was reported by Arthur Michael in 1893. In the 20th century, Huisgen discovered the catalyst of copper, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition which required the temperature of 100 degree Celsius. This reaction of copper is a highly versatile reaction which does not require any specific reaction conditions and can easily be performed with various solvents, wide temperature range and pH, ...

Verification of the Beer-Lambert Law for Solutions of Copper Sulphate and Determination of the Concentration of a Given Solution of Copper Sulphate

Introduction

The determination of elements concentrations in water media is an important task in industry, medicine, and environmental protection. The main requirements are accuracy, simplicity of operations, speed and cost of the analysis (Hunt 1995). The spectroscopic analysis is widely applied for routine measurements and research needs (Lindon 2010). The experiment is dedicated to determination of copper sulphate in water using the molecular absorption (Kenkel 2003). The first stage of the experiment performs absorbance measurements of the solutions ...

Introduction

An acid (HA) is defined as that substance that in an aqueous solution that dissociates to yield up H3O+ ion and a conjugate A-, that is;
1

An Equilibrium constant Ka is used to measure the strength of the acid. The constant can be represented as;

2
A strong acid has a very large Ka; its equilibrium moves towards the right-hand side of equation (1). Concentration of dissociated acid [HA] is very small as well. A weak acid has a small Ka (less than one). It is slightly dissociated where H3O+ ion and a conjugate A- concentration is smaller than that of the acid.
An acid/base titration is monitored with an indicator or a pH meter. The aim ...

Aims and Objectives of the Experiment

The main objective of this experiment is to determine the concentration of different substances. This is achieved by determining the end point(s) of different titrations using the automated potentiometric titrator. These points are known as equivalence points. The units of measurement are the standard units used in titrations i.e. Molarity (moles/liter) of substances used while the quantities of these substances are measured in mL (milliliter).

Theory and Principles

Potentiometric titration is a volumetric method which measures the potential between two electrodes, namely reference and indicator, with the change in the volume of the reagent that is added, known as the titrant. ...

Introduction

The cost of manufacturing ammonia using the Haber process plant constitutes the following components: the cost of energy, raw materials, equipment, labor and sparking substances (catalysts). Energy (gas or electricity) costs are incurred to maintain the temperature of the reaction. The Harber process is operated at very high temperatures, and pressures thus higher costs of energy are incurred. Some of the raw materials consumed in the Haber process such as nitrogen and hydrogen are recovered at the end of the process. The recovered materials are recycled back to the system to reduce the cost of raw materials.
Starting and ...

Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to characterize aldehydes and ketones using Tollen’s test and Iodoform test. It also aims to identify an unknown substance as well as determine whether glucose is an aldehyde or a ketone using the same tests. In order to achive these purposes, four test tubes where prepared for each type of test. For Tollen’s test, each of the tubes contained 1 drop of the analyte to which 1mL of the Tollen’s reagent was added. For the Idoform test, 4 drops of each substance was used, to which 2 mL of sodium hydroxide ( ...

Analysis of Water Quality from the Rivers Colne, Holme and Calder Flowing through Huddersfield/Mirfield

Analysis of Water Quality from the Rivers Colne, Holme and Calder Flowing through Huddersfield/Mirfield

Introduction

It is a truism that water is a valuable resource. Rivers are among the major suppliers of freshwater resources for humans and other terrestrial organisms. Thus, without rivers humans could not have survived. The importance of river systems has been elucidated even during the rise of the Egyptian Civilization. The Nile River for instance has provided humans with food, drink, fertile soil and even a site for settlement (Hassan and Al Rasheedy, 2007). The ecosystem services that the river provide to people since time immemorial include water supply ...

Introduction

Coordination complex usually consists of a metallic coordination center and can be surrounded by bound molecules. Thus these are known these coordination complexes are known as ligands as they bind several molecules strongly almost irreversibly. Coordination complexes therefore coordinate covalent bonds on the molecule.
There is specific nomenclature for coordination complexes. Particularly, the donor atom is the ligand that is bonded to the central atom. Here we are making Aluminium acetylacetonate, Al(acac)3, also referred to as Al(acac)3, and the metal ion is the aluminum and the donor atoms are the acetylacetonate. If there are more ...

Summary

This essay is on short description of the following terms atoms, molecular structure, ionic bonding, periodic table, pH, acids, oxidation, antioxidants in food, alkali cleaning agents, salts used in food, plant cells, photosynthesis, micro-organisms in the environment, bacterial morphology, comparative sizes of micro-organisms, factors affecting the growth of bacteria, bacterial spores, biological role of enzymes, catalase, and enzymic browning.

Introduction

This essay will write short notes on various topics in chemistry as well as in microbiology. Some of the terms in chemistry include atom, molecular structure, periodic table, pH, oxidation, ionic bonding among others. Some of the terms in microbiology ...

Introduction

Geothermal energy refers to natural heat stored underground beneath the earth’s crust. On the ground surface the energy is evident in form of hot and altered ground, hot springs and fumaroles. The energy is tapped by sinking geothermal wells underground. The high temperature and pressure fluid is extracted and through carefully built wells and designed network of pipes and channels the hot steam to the plant turbine to generate electricity. The steam and water are extracted at very high pressure and temperature. The application of geothermal energy has gained popularity globally because of its environmental friendliness. There are ...

Aims and Objectives of the Experiment

This experiment aims at studying the characteristics of titrations with the strength of different acids used in these titrations. This is done by drawing the titration curves of the different titrations that are carried out in this experiment and interpreting those curves. The units of measurement for this experiment are the standard units that are used in titrations. These are molarity (moles/liter) of substances while the quantities are measured in mL (milliliter).

Theory and Principles

Conductometry is a type of electroanalytical method in analytical chemistry. While other electroanalytical methods use equilibria or electrodes, conductometry is different and employs the conductance of materials ...

Abstract

Application of the nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) processes is applied in the handling of water that is produced raw. The application has been investigated in the current day through various studies (Wang 14). The experiment of the processes of both nanofiltration and ultrafiltration is conducted in the laboratory unit which is operated in a pattern of cross flow (Ashaghi, Ebrahimi, & Czermak, 46). The study that was conducted in Oilfield of North Sea using the process of membranes of ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) indicated that the content of hydrocarbon decreased from 50 mg/l to 2 mg/l which recorded ...

Introduction

Spectrophotometry is one of the most common and efficient means of chemical analysis currently used in estimating the concentration of some chemicals. The technique exploits the radiation absorption property of various chemical substances in determining their concentrations. Spectrophotometry is based on Beer-Lambert Law. Beer-Lambert Law is the linear relationship between the absorbance and concentration of an absorbing species (Nair, 2010; Burrows et al., 2013). The mathematical expression of Beer-Lambert Law is shown in equation1 below:
A=aλ*b*c Equation 1
In the equation 1 shown above, A represents the measured absorbance, a is the absorptivity coefficient which depends on ...

Introduction

Reduction reactions are very important in chemistry as they are effective processes for synthesizing new compounds from existing ones. In organic chemistry, a compound is said to be reduced if it acquires new hydrogen. There are diverse reagents for carrying our reduction reactions. Two of these are sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) - the latter is a more powerful reducing agent compared to the former.
In this experiment, NaBH4 was used to reduce p-Nitrobenzaldehyde to form p-Nitrobenzyl alcohol. NaBH4was used over LiAlH4 in this experiment, because LiAlH4 would also reduce the nitro group of the aldehyde.

Experimental:

...

The objective of this experiment was to prepare Beer-Lambert calibration curves for different forms of nitrogen and to determine the concentration of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia ions in different water samples from the Biscayne Bay.

Introduction

Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the Earth atmosphere. In is not surprising that it is one of the most crucial elements not only to human life but all life on our planet. The chemistry of nitrogen is rather diverse because it can exist in different oxidation levels – from +3 to -5. Due to its large impact on the biosphere, the circulation of ...

Introduction

The capability of substances to react is directly related to their solubility. The reactions with insoluble salts are performed only on their surface. Therefore, the formation of new substances is limited. The living organisms are able to absorb the compound only from water solution, i.e. most of the insoluble compounds are inert for living organisms. The industrial-scale reactions are also performed in solutions (Myers 130). Hence, understanding the solubility and its characteristics is important for the qualified specialist.
During the lab, the reactions with different substances are realized. The qualitative characteristic of the solubility, the solubility product constant (Awonusi ...

Introduction

In this experiment, we are interested to determine the heat change of two different reactions using the ice calorimeter. The heat change values are applied together with the given values of the heat transformation of water (∆H(H2O)) and the application of hess law to establish the heat of formation of MgO (∆H(MgO))
A formation reaction has a defined stoichiometry which makes them ideal constructs to be investigated by the Bunsen ice calorimeter. When the heat is released by the reaction, it causes the ice to melt and the volume of the ice-water mixture to contract. From the ...

Introduction

Esterification reactions refer to those processes between carboxylic acids and alcohols reacting together to produce esters (Smith, 2011). Ethyl ethanoate also referred to as ethyl acetate is one of the esters and is prepared through a reversible reaction between an alcohol and an acid. The process results in the production of an ester and water. The catalyst used in the reaction is sulfuric acid, which also works to remove water that is produced and thus to increase the yield of ester produced. The preparation of esters through this method is a good introduction of how equilibrium manipulation may help in increasing ...

Article Review

In this paper, I review the article Fundamentals of Beer and Hop Chemistry, authored by Keukeliere, D. (2010).
In his article, Keukeliere (2010) begins by indicating that beer, an aqueous fermented drink, is based on starch, but flavored by hops. Keukelier (2010) notes that, barley, and most specifically barley malt, is the main body of beer. In order to produce one liter of beer, a few hundred grams of barley malt are needed. However, Keukeliere (2010) indicates that in the absence of barley malt, starch-rich adjuncts such as wheat, corn or rice can be used.
Keukeliere (2010) notifies ...

Analysis of Hydrated Copper Sulphate

The above experiment was conducted to determine the amount of Copper and water present in the given sample of hydrated Copper (II) Sulphate.

Introduction

Gravimetric analysis used in this experiment refers to a set of techniques in analytical chemistry aimed at the quantitative determination of an analyte based on the mass of a given solid. In most gravimetric methods the analyte, in this case hydrated Copper Sulphate, is first converted to solid by precipitation with an appropriate reagent, Oxine in this case. The solid precipitate is then collected by filtration (precipitation). The lab scientist washes the precipitate since it is insoluble in ...

2013-2014

Time allowed: Up to 2 hours (practical)
- Listen carefully to instructions from the staff members and you should stop immediately if asked to do so.
- You should work safely at all the time and wear appropriate clothing.
- If you need help or any additional equipment raise your hand up.
- Scientific Calculators are allowed.
- Dictionaries (except electronic ones) are allowed.
- Before you do your practical your teacher will explain what you are going to do and might carry out a demo- you are advised to listen carefully and take ...

Introduction

The kinetic characteristics are important for the design of chemical engineering processes. They allow assessing the time required for the reaction and choosing the temperature range suitable for the reaction.
The reaction path is observed by measurments the transmittance of the Crystal Violet solution that reacts with sodium hydroxide. The concentration, and the color of the solution changes with the reaction flow, and this is measured by the spectrophotometer.

The data are plotted as concentration - time and logarithm concentration time, and the reaction rate is:

Rate = [Crystal Violet] [Sodium Hydroxide].
Using the excess concentration of one of the reagents, the reaction rate with respect to the other reagent is found from logarithmic plot (Rahul & Chakrabarti ...

Introduction

In our everyday life, we experience stress at every corner. Instances like losing a loved one, losing a job or even divorce can make an individual feel sad, lonely, scared, nervous or anxious. It is our normal response to such stimuli, and they are usually accompanied by physiological changes in our body systems. According to the diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM) of mental disorders, mental illness have been categorized into several groups. DSM-IV used axes to categorize mental disorders into five axes. The first axis included all the psychological diagnostic categories except for the mental retardation and personality disorder. ...

Uranium (U) element was discovered by a German chemist, Heinrich Klaproth, in 1789. Uranium is a radioactive element with an atomic weight of 238.02891 and an atomic number of 92. The uranium element initially discovered by Heinrich was an oxide, uranium oxide. A French chemist, Eugène-Melchoir Péligot, was the first person to produce pure uranium by reacting it with potassium in a heated platinum crucible. The element’s radioactive properties were established in 1896 by a French physicist known as Antoine Henri Becquerel. Currently, uranium can be extracted from various ores such as carnotite (K2(UO2)2VO4· ...

Purpose

This experiment sought to determine the value of the surface tension of water and paraffin oil from the downward pull on a horizontal ring fastened to a spring.

Apparatus

The following materials were used in the experiment:
Platinum-iridium ring equipped with stirrup (circumference L=4cm)

Spring

Paraffin oil
Distilled water
Petri dish
Weight pan
Striker
Level
Jolly balance with adjustable platform
Scale to determine the paraffin oil density
Suitable weights
Bunsen burner
Tweezers
Introduction
Surface tension refers to the energy required to expand a liquid’s surface area (Ozment, John, and Conrad, 391). Liquid molecules are attracted to one another by adhesive ...

Chemistry

2. The nano carrier needs to remain in suspension in H2O, PBS, human serum, etc. What type of polymer do you need to use to decorate the surface of the nanocarrier to achieve this goal?
In order to maintain the nanocarrier in suspension in water, Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS), human serum a suitable solution a polymer is needed on its surface. The polymer used needs to accomplish three goals. The polymer needs to decorate the nanocarrier surface to enhance suspension and secondly, to prevent protein absorption. Another characteristic is that the polymer evades the immune system. PLGA poly(lactic-co-)glycolic ...

Section

Introduction
The purpose of this lab was to find the amount and percentage of nickel present in an unknown compound using the "mole method." The unknown nickel compound was dissolved in water and treated with dimethylglyoxime and ammonia solutions to obtain the precipitate of known chemical composition (bis(dimethylglyoximo)nickel(II)), which then was weighed and using this data the amount and percentage of nickel in the initial compound were found. The insoluble Ni(DMG)2 complex is formed in two steps. First, the dimethylglyoxime reacts with hydroxide ion formed through the ammonia hydrolysis to produce dimethylglyoximate anion:
C4H8N2O2( ...

Introduction

Acids and bases are chemicals with a wide range of applications both industrially and on small-scale basis. According to Arrhenius, an acid is a substance that liberates H+ when placed in water (Slabaugh & Spencer, 167). On the other hand, a base is a substance that liberates OH- when placed in water (Slabaugh & Spencer, 167). To illustrate, pure water dissociates partially to produce hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions as shown in the equation below:
H2Ol H+aq+ OH-aq
In the above equation, water dissociates to produce H+ and OH-. If an acidic substance is placed in water, it reacts with ...

While working in the laboratory it is extremely important to remember safety rules. It is not allowed to work in the laboratory without special clothes – robe and safety goggles. Leaving the premises of the laboratory with a robe on is also prohibited. Using protective clothing helps to prevent chemical burns in case of dangerous substances being spilt. Students are not allowed to eat and store food in the laboratory as it might become contaminated. It is prohibited to take utensils and reagents out for laboratory. Personal belongings (bags, folders, etc.) should be kept in specially designated areas, not on ...

Abstract

This experiment involved alkene preparation by alcohol dehydration (water elimination) in the presence of an acid catalyst. Elimination, combination, rearrangement and substitution are the basic types of chemical reactions known in organic chemistry. Alcohol dehydration is an important transformation that leads to the yield of alkene and it is an example of an elimination reaction. Dehydration is a process that involves the elimination reaction of an alcohol. There is a loss of H from one carbon and OH from adjacent carbon, hence, resulting in a water molecule removal that results in the formation of alkyne or alkene. When an alcohol loses its ...

Abstract

This is a lab report that examines an empirical study of the role of caffeine in the human body and impact and reason for continuous consumption of caffeine. The research involves a study of 1060 respondents who are examined in various elements and aspects of the effects of caffeine on them.
The research identifies that there is an empirical evidence of an increase in energy levels amongst people who consume coffee. However, this change is not so large when compared to consumers of Rooibos tea. Also, the research indicates that energy levels are not significantly increased by people who take ...

Gravimetric analysis

Introduction
Gravimetric analysis is a method of measuring of mass of chemical substances. This analysis can be classified in two types; precipitation and volatilization (Bassett et al.). In precipitation method some steps, involved to determine quantify of the chemical substances, are separation of an ion in aqueous solution by a reaction, filtering and washing the precipitate, converting the precipitate to a substance of known composition, and lastlytaking weight of the precipitate as well asevaluating its mass. The chemical substance must be precipitated fully.Theunknown amount of original ion can be evaluated from the mass and known composition of the precipitate. Gravimetric method ...

Introduction

Aspirin is a commonly used drug. One of the properties of aspirin is that it is an analgesic, meaning that it relieves of pain. Aspirin is also an antipyretic drug meaning that it relieves on of fever. It also has anti-inflammatory properties meaning that if readily relieves swelling from tissues (Ahluwalia, Sunita & Adarsh 231). Salicylic acid has two functional groups. One of the functional groups is the phenolic group while the other functional group is carboxylic acid group. The presence of these two functional groups means that salicylic acid can undergo esterification in two different reactions.
In one reaction, ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]}
{Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Introduction

Azo dyes are the most popular dye materials that cover more than 50% dye market. The azo group is the main feature of all organic dyes; it joins the aromatic rings that result in an extended conjugated multiple bonds system. The unique characteristic of organic dyes is that they possess the colour. The reasons behind this uniqueness are the light absorbance in the visible spectrum (400–700 nm) and presence of at least one chromophore (colour-bearing group). Their conjugated system and resonance of electrons also produce ...

The research article entitled “Determination of volatile compounds in different hop varieties by headspace-trap GC/MS -In comparison with conventional hop essential oil analysis” is authored by Anita Aberl and Mehmet Coelhan of the Research Center for Brewing and Food Quality, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. This article appeared in the “Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry” of ACS publications in the year 2012 and attempted to compare the efficiency and accuracy of Head Space (HS)-trap method coupled with GC/MS and conventional essential oil analysis method.
Humulus lupulus L., commonly known as hop is responsible for the bitter flavor and ‘hoppy’ ...

Introduction

In the past, agricultural production has relied on traditional approaches to enhancing farm production. For instance, farmers in the past used conventional approach such as the migration of birds to determine the climate conditions that were approaching. According to Zhang and Pierce (2013), farmers made planting decisions based on their experiences relating to the climatic conditions. However, traditional approaches to farming have severely resulted to a decrease in output because of the different and varying conditions that are beyond the comprehension of human experiences. As such, sensors have been developed for application in crop and animal faring with the goal ...

Abstract

The most widely used fossil fuel around the world is coal. This is a component that carries both organic and inorganic components and hence its combustion over the years has led to environmental problems such as acid rain and sulfur dioxide emission. To combat this eco-system problem several combustion methods have been introduced and one of the most efficient means that has come to the attention over the years as a significant way is the Oxy alkalinolysis.
In the past, there have been various desulfurization processes, which have been introduced. However, most of them have not given excellent results are ...

Introduction

Steroids play a central role in enhancing human growth, development and normal health, since they take part in development of secondary sexual traits, reproduction, gene expression, neurological and cardiovascular functions and maturation among others. Accordingly, imbalances in the metabolic mechanisms of steroids in humans is associated with an array of health complications such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer among others. The foregoing underscores the importance of steroid profiling to establish its levels in humans, particularly in disease diagnosis, because it enables health professionals to understand a variety of steroid-related health conditions. For efficiency and accuracy, a good profiling method is ...

Report on Vinyl Chloride

Report on Vinyl Chloride
The case involves a man who went into a polymerization tanks measuring 8 feet in high and 5 feet wide. The man went into the tank alone at night, and there was no light in the pit. After 20 minutes, the man did not return, and somebody went to check him. The man was found lying in the pit. The person who was looking for the man climbed in order to get the man out, but the person was overwhelmed by the gas. The person immediately shut the open valve feeling dizzy. The person dragged himself ...

- Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure are some of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity with Australia being one of the country’s most greatly affected (McLean, Esclick & Coats, 2006). An area of interest in the pathology of heart failure is the significance that polymorphisms of adrenergic receptor genes have on the outcomes of patients with heart failure. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs that occur in the genes that encode for adrenergic receptors are known to have various physiological and functional consequences. Specifically, the β1-adrenergic receptors have a crucial role in the regulation of heart rate and ...

of HT22 Cells derived from Mouse Hippocampus

Sections I and II

Biology
Section I
1. Introduction
Fluorescent protein development research has gained increased knowledge about the range in the color palette available from the Aequorea Victoria jellyfish. The wavelength emissions in the blue to yellow range are now better understood. [1] Another area that has seen a great improvement in knowledge is the understanding of emissions of the monomeric fluorescent protein emissions in the orange to far-red spectral region. [1] The spectral region of fluorescent in the orange to far-red is derived appropriate reef coral species. [1] This area of research ...

Introduction to Use of Silica in Sampling of Plant Compounds

Liquid chromatography is the most widely accepted and fundamental methodology for the separation and sampling of plant compounds. Liquid chromatography has the abilities to separate and sample a huge variety and diverse range of organic compounds ranging from proteins and peptides to small molecule protein drugs. The liquid chromatography is a technique that works by placing or injecting a minute volume of liquid sample into a silicon tube which is packed with porous substances or particles. This phase is called the stationary phase. The next phase is the extraction phase where the individual compounds present in the sample are transported over a packed tube ...

Any source of energy that is used in the place of the fossil fuel is referred as an alternative energy. The introduction of the alternative sources is intended to help and address some of the concerns brought by the use of the fossils. One main concern is the limiting supply of gas coal and oil. Use of fossil fuel has also resulted in the production of greenhouses gases, which are known to destroy the ozone layer increasing trend in global warming.
Some of these alternative sources include biomass from organic matter, solar energy from the sun, biodiesel, wind ...

http://www.fullbooks.com/Organic-Syntheses2.html

Section ____________________
Stoichiometric Data (For any reactants that are part of the balanced equation, base on the amounts measured in lab)
* HNO3
1 mol63.01 g x 1.41 gml x 6 ml= 0.13 mol
* H2SO4
mol98.08 g x 1.84 gml x 6 ml = 0.11 mol
* Phenylacetonitrile
mol117.15 g x 1.015 gml x 2 ml = 0.017 mol
*p-nitrobenzyl cyanide
162.15 gmol x 0.257 mol = 41.7 g
*1.2 g 41.7 g x 100 = 2.9%
* production Mass = 1.2 g
mol 162.15 g x 1.2 g = 0.007 mol
0.007mol0.257 mol ...

Abstract

Electrons of an atom exist in well defined energy levels which can jump to higher energy levels on absorbing thermal or electrical energy. The atomic absorption is subsequently followed by emission of light radiation. The wavelength of this emitted radiation is distinct and characteristic of every atom. With the help of a spectrometer the wavelength of these electromagnetic radiations can be visualized and measured. The emission lines in all other series for the atom can then be calculated using the Balmer-Rydberg equation. This establishes an inter-connection between the electronic transitions and the corresponding wavelengths which can be depicted in the ...

Section ____________________

Stoichiometric Data (For any reactants that are part of the balanced equation, base on the amounts measured in lab)
Figure 3-sulfolene
Figure IR spectrum for cis-4-Cyclopentant – 1,2 dicarboxylic acid anhydride
Figure from experiment in the text

NMR 1 from lab results endo norbornene-cis-5,6 dicarboxylic anhydride

Figure 2 from lab results the exo norbornene-cis-5,6 dicarboxylic anhydride (less stable)
Theoretical from http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/organic/pericyclic/p1_sigma.html

Discussion

Figure 1.The diene (1,3 butadiene) plus the ethane (sulfolene) produce a cyclohexene (either the endo or exo isomer depending on reaction conditions).
Figure 2. Under acidic conditions to sulfuric acid the endo isomer plus water form the less stable exo isomer
...

Test Retest reliability of the ABL and Acusport in measuring resting

Exercise Bioenergetics

Resting and exercise blood lactate concentrations were measured in order to Test Retest the reliability of two measuring devices, the ABL and the Acusport. The purpose of the test was to prove the reliability of the results. The t-test and the Pearson’s product Correlation Coefficient were used in order to evaluate the experimental results. The t-test and the Peason’s product Correlation Coefficient calculations proved that the experimental test results from the trials of the ABL and Acusport measuring devices are reliable. The results will be reproducible if the experiments are done again.

Introduction

High quality evidence ...

Abstract

This experiment sort to find an accurate and most viable method that would be used in laboratories to the measurement of iron concentration in aqueous samples. The methodologies that were identified for further analysis included; colorimetric assay (molecular spectroscopy), flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, redox titration (volumetric) and cation exchange chromatography (EMA technique). These methods were analyzed of their advantages and later subjected to a validation test. In the process, a wide range of CRMs were used alongside six other samples that contained unknown iron concentration.

The experiment was thus, geared towards providing answers to statements like; the necessity of quantification of ...

Analysis of laboratory department

"Calculate, using one of the FTE formulas to justify, how many full-time employees are necessary. Assume that the full-time employees will work five 8-hour shifts. The minimum amount of employees per shift is: 1 pathologist, 2 laboratory technologists, and 1 front office person.
Provide details as to the services the laboratory offers and the revenue it can generate for the hospital to help the CFO put this information into perspective.

Provide a cost analysis of the day-to-day operation expenses of the department.

Analyze cost using the cost classifications of direct versus indirect and flexible/variable/semivariable.
Combine the information into a PowerPoint slide presentation to present to the hospital CFO. Make the ...

Abstract

In this experiment, 5 mL of toluene solution was transferred in a 25 mL round bottom flask and then 0.40 g maleic anhydride and 0.4 g E, E-2, 4-hexadien-1-l added. Ethyl acetate was used as a solvent to carry out a TLC analysis on the mixture produced after reaction completion mainly to determine the presence of any starting material in the mixture. The reaction mixture was then slowly cooled to room temperature. There was crystallization taking place as the reaction cooled, white crystals were formed.
The mixture was further cooled in for 10 minutes in a water bath to promote crystallization to ...

1. Overview

The peptide hormones are proteinous in nature and may have 3 to 200 amino acids residues. This class of hormones includes all the hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary, as well as insulin and glucagon of pancreas. Peptide hormones are named based on their endocrine activity rather than their chemical structure; for example, growth hormone is thus named because one of its effects is to stimulate growth. The structure of a particular peptide hormone can vary among different species, with some homology between close relatives. Some small peptides are identical; for example, GnRH is identical among mammals but different in ...