DNA Reports Samples For Students

Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction
The first method through which heat is transferred from one object to another is conduction. Conduction occurs in liquids and solids through transfer of kinetic energy present in one particle to the immediate particle(s) in its surrounding. By considering the bonds existing between atoms and molecules in solids as elastic links, the vibration of one particle due to increase energy level caused by heat, the next in its line vibrate too. This process is replicated in adjacent particles thereby allowing transfer of thermal energy from a body with a higher temperature as compared to the one with low ...

Abstract

A polymerase chain reaction also known as PCR refers to a technique that is used in the amplification of a DNA fragment making huge numbers of the original fragment. The process uses an enzyme known as DNA polymerase to multiply the DNA fragment. Other components that are necessary for a PCR reaction are the DNA template that is provided by the sample being multiplied, the primers, and nucleotides. The experiment aimed to examine a number of human DNA polymorphisms, the PV92 Alu polymorphism and the mitochondrial control region using human DNA. This was achieved by isolating the mitochondrial DNA from the mouth cells ...

A better understanding of thermodynamics may be achieved by understanding the general molecular structure of matter as it exists in water and steam. Molecules are the smallest amount of the compound material that has complete chemical traits of that element, which can exist. Molecules consist of smaller particles that define basic elements called atoms. Most minerals constituents can exist in solid, liquid and vapor states called phases. The three phases of a substance can only coexist in equilibrium at a given temperature and pressure. In the liquid state, the molecules can move, but they are still one molecular diameter apart to ...

TA
ABSTRACT – Genetic engineering now has straight forward ecofriendly strategies to produce transformation in plasmids. The transformation process allows engineers to introduce DNa with specific desired capabilities into a host plasmid. In this way plants can be created that are able to resist a particular enemy or stressor without having to use toxics like herbicides and insecticides. The bacteria E. Coli was used to determine whether it can be made resistant to ampicillin or not. AmpR was integrated into the host cells and the tracer, GFP was used to identify expressed cells. The laboratory demonstrated that transformation by plasmids so ...

Abstract

This experiment is meant to investigate how environmental factors such as wind, light, and heat affect the rate of transpiration in Zebra plants, Coleus, and Geranium. Among the environmental factors studied were: wind, light and temperature conducted. The study showed that the rate of transpiration was highest in coleus plant. Geranium plant showed the second highest rate of transpiration. The rate of transpiration is different from one plant species to another depending on the different morphologies and features. The rate of transpiration increased under wind and heat for all the plants tested. On the other hand, Zebra plant, recorded ...

Dear Client,

This has reference to your revision request. All the questions (except for one) have been answered. I have made the answers obvious and done and added a few words here and there to make the answers more prominent. Everything is marked in the two pages of the ‘copy of the report’ which follows this letter. Please go through the same and tell me if you still think the paper needs revision, after reading it. In case you want a revision, I’ll be happy to do it for you but you have to tell me what needs to be revised exactly.

...

Introduction

The discovery of restriction enzymes (REs), bacterial transformation, and agarose gel electrophoresis caused the sudden increase of popularity of molecular biology in the 1970s. Restriction enzymes allow the manipulation of specific sites of an organism’s genes and are commonly used in many laboratories worldwide. Restriction enzymes cut DNA in many different ways and can produce sticky ends and blunt ends (Weaver, 2012). The most abundant type of restriction enzymes is Type II, which require magnesium cations as cofactor (Pingoud et al., 2005). Aside from their popularity is recombinant DNA technology as a “cut and paste” tool, estriction enzymes can ...

Day in, day out, new advancements are being made in the world of physics, and it is becoming increasingly difficult to keep track of all of them. While one reads them every now and then in the newspapers, there is not a single record of the significant achievements made in a single year. Given the change in lifestyle that has occurred in the past two decades, advancements have been made a foregone conclusion in leaps and bounds every year. In order to solve this predicament of keeping track of the most important progressions, Hamish Johnston in his article “Cosmic neutrinos named Physics ...

Abstract

Enzymes are the components that enhance the reaction rate in a biological system by reducing the quantity of activation energy necessary to start a reaction. This experiment worked to determine the effect of pH and concentration of the substrate on the enzyme activity. The optimum pH for enzyme’s best-working condition was determined to be pH 7 while the 4g was the concentration of the substrate that saturated the enzyme.

Introduction

Enzymes are the components that enhance the reaction rate in a biological system. The enzymes achieve this by reducing the quantity of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction. The enzymatic activity ...

Objective 2

Introduction 2
General background 3
Resistance mutants 4
Hemoglobin mutants 4
Sickle Cell Anemia and Genetics: Background Information 5
Connection of Sickle cell with Malaria 6
Method: 7
Introduction of Recombinant DNA technology in diagnosing disease: 8
Discussion (implementation of recombinant DNA technology to solve the issue) 9
Conclusions 10

References 11

Objective
This report targets to study a group of people that has developed resistance to malaria. It will focus on the use of recombinant DNA technology to study this cohort and gain insights into the nature of this observation. This ...

Section Number.

- Glycolysis refers to the process that takes place in the cytosol and through which a molecule of glucose is broken down into a compound called pyruvate ( Reece 167)
- Everthing is doubled since there is still more substrates required for respiration and therefore more energy is still produced as the substrate is not exhausted.( Reece 167)
- In the process of glycolysis 2 NADH, 2 ATP and 2 H+ are fomed. While in TCA 6NADH, 3 H+, 1 FADH2 and 2 ATP are formed. (Reece 176).
- The NADH is produced in the mitochondrion during the citric ...

Introduction

Transpiration is the process involving the movement of water from the roots through the xylem to the atmosphere via the stomata. About 95% of the water absorbed by plants is transpired to the atmosphere. The plant uses the remaining 5% for its metabolic functions such as photosynthesis and respiration (Ahmadi and Baker, 259).
The movement of water in the vascular plant is as a result of the coordination among the three plant organs: the root, the stem, and the leaf. Roots have root hairs located toward its growing tip. The root hairs form extensions of the epidermal cells referred ...

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Introduction

Azo dyes are the most popular dye materials that cover more than 50% dye market. The azo group is the main feature of all organic dyes; it joins the aromatic rings that result in an extended conjugated multiple bonds system. The unique characteristic of organic dyes is that they possess the colour. The reasons behind this uniqueness are the light absorbance in the visible spectrum (400–700 nm) and presence of at least one chromophore (colour-bearing group). Their conjugated system and resonance of electrons also produce ...

The solution A contained polysaccharides and monosaccharide at the beginning of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the cell contained the same contents, both monosaccharide and polysaccharides. However, the cell was rigid due to movement of water molecules from the solution in the beaker through the cell membrane of the dialysis tube to the solution inside the cell.
At the beginning of the experiment the solution in the beaker was yellow in color (This signified the presence of iodine). On the other hand, the cell content was clear. However, at the end of the experiment the ...

The scientists use two techniques to identify criminals. They use the fingerprint comparison technique and DNA analysis. The use of fingerprints to identify people dates many years back. It dates to many centuries ago. It was not as sophisticated as it is today. In the ancient, Babylon, the businesspersons used their fingertips to carry out their transactions. They pressed their fingertips to clay and they recorded their transactions of the day. The Chinese used ink and paper, which helped them, identify their children.
In the 19th century, fingerprints were used as a way to identify criminals. An English chief ...

Introduction

In the mouse and other mammalian species, the pool of primordial follicles becomes established during fetal or neonatal life (Oktay et al., 1995). Over the mammal’s lifespan, the follicles undergo growth and development, and eventually the initial reserve of follicles begins to diminish during the mammal’s midlife. Briefly, follicular cells move from a primordial phase, in which little DNA synthesis is taking place, to enter a primary and then secondary stage, in which the granulose cells undergo intense proliferation and high levels of DNA synthesis can be observed. Antral and post- ovulation stages follow (Oktay et al., 1995). Folliculogenesis ...

There has been use of a broad range of methods for controlling bacterial growth. The specific method employed is based on the kind of bacteria, as well as the nature of the material for which the user is seeking. Therefore, in order to control bacteria that form endospore needs techniques varied from the ones utilized for other cells, while surgical equipment sterilization would need treatments that are different from the ones employed in prevention of infection of an injury. Ultraviolet light, denoted as UV, can be termed as an electromagnetic radiation, which has a wavelength ranging from 100 to 300 nm. ...

Introduction

How does the presence of ionic material affect a CMC?
Amphiphilic surfactants have both polar and non-polar parts in their molecules. Whenever their concentration surpasses the crtitcal micelle concentration (CMC), surfactants molecules organize themselves in a special structures and form micelles. Micelles in aqueous environment are organized in the way that charged hydrophilic ‘head’ groups of surfactant molecules closer to the surface of a micelle and exposed to water. Whereas, hydrophobic ‘tails’ are directed inside a micelle to avoid contact with water molecules. There is electrostatic repulsion between charged head groups of the surfactant molecules. Therefore, the molecules tend to form a structure ...

Introduction

Chromatography is a term that refers to the separation of chemicals in a mixture so that they may be used or detected separately. Gas chromatography involves separation of compounds with comparatively low boiling points for easy detection in complex mixtures. The separation compound is based on their variations in vapor pressures and level of affinity to solid material at the test instrument. Since the vapor pressure of each compound depends on the intermolecular forces pulling molecules together, gas chromatography utilizes any of the properties of matter. In this technique, a sample of test chemical is injected through a syringe into a specialized instrument. A ...

Introduction

The coastline that stretches from Hastings to Cliff End is dominated by cliffs exposing a significant proportion of the Ashdown Formation. Notably, the cliffs stretching from East Hill in Hasting to Pett Beach that are approximately 7.5 km to the East north-east have been distinguished as Site of Special Scientific Importance (SSSI) due to its geological interest. Evidently, the cliffs exhibit most absolute sequence of terrestrial Lower Cretaceous rocks and form the principal exposure of the of the renown Ashdown Formation. In this area, the Ashdown Formation is preserved in low amplitude of the Fairlight Anticline which cuts the coast ...

Introduction

Down syndrome is one of the most common inherited syndromes, which causes intellectual disability. According to Selikowitz (2008), the disorder mostly affects males more than females and is the most prevalent chromosomal disorder. Incident rates range from 1 in 600 to1 in 1000 live births. For older mothers, incidence rates may be higher because of errors in reproductive cell division, which is caused by old age of egg cells. Down syndrome is a condition that develops at birth because of the abnormal development of the fetus. Misconceptions have arisen because of Down syndrome and people still try to understand what ...

Abstract

The purpose for this experiment was to explore the properties of Strawberry DNA. It was hypothesized that the DNA of a strawberry is red in color and soluble in ethanol. A Strawberry was placed in a self-sealing Zip Lock freezer bag from which air was removed. The bagged strawberry was mashed gently and 10 ml of extraction buffer was added. After further mashing of the bagged strawberry, the content of the bag was removed and filtered through cheesecloth into a test tube before adding alcohol. White clouds that resemble threads were seen floating on the surface of alcohol. These were the DNA. ...

The most recent art is film making. This is because digital art is a new tool of art but not a new form of art. There is a need to take caution when applying element of art, they must be reviewed, read and need to be used consciously. Film making has set of elements that bring about quality of the film. The elements involved the following. Image is the first elements that give out quality of the movie. In the Arrival, there is a successful film production. This is because the light captures used are of high quality. Frame is single photographic exposure. ...

Introduction

Osmosis refers to the net water movement across a membrane, which is selectively permeable and the movement is driven by a difference in the concentration of the solutes on the opposite sides of the membrane. A selectively permeable membrane allows water to pass through without allowing ions or solute molecules to pass through. Other small molecules that are not charged are also allowed to pass through the membrane. Diffusion, on the other hand, refers to the movement of molecules in a random motion as a result of the kinetic energy and causes the molecules to have a net movement from areas where the particles ...

Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to determine the titration curves exhibited by two amino acids (Glutamic acid and Alanine) and use them to determine their Pka values and their isolectric point. Results from the experiment reveal several interesting facts as will be seen throughout this paper. As ampoteric compounds, this paper seeks to investigate these base-acid properties found in amino acids. Therefore, this paper will have the following basic parts; introduction, procedure for titration, discussion of titration results with reference to the titration curves as well as a conclusion. The introduction part will give an in-depth look at the ...

Molecular Diagnostics

Genomic Evaluation of Risk of Atrial Fibrillation
and Alzheimer’s Disease

Session You Attended

Abstract
The aim to of this series of experiments is to examine a patient’s DNA for association to atrial fibrillation (AF) and Alzheimer’s disease. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2200733, associated with an increased chance of development of atrial fibrillation. Two SNPs: rs439358 and the rs7412, located within exon4 of the human apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Isolation of the DNA from patient white blood cells, followed by PCR-RFLP and cycle sequencing are among the techniques ...

Introduction

The Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) pathway is one of the most important signal transduction systems in a cell. This pathway regulates a lot of the fundamental processes of the cell including cell growth control and also cell death. The ERK pathway’s basic structure includes a couple of phosphorylations. The pathway provides a channel for the passing of signals from receptor that is located on the cell surface to the DNA inside the cell nucleus.
The signal transduction process through the ERK pathway is a complex process. Initially, the signaling molecule, that is, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) usually binds itself to a receptor ...

Simulation of osmosis across the cell membrane using dialysis bags models to measure the direction and the rate of osmosis

Osmosis refers to the process by which the cells exchange their water content with their surroundings (Beckett, 1986). The process is passive just like diffusion only that osmosis involves water only. The water molecules move from a where their concentration is high to a where their concentration is low, through a membrane that is semi-permeable. The permeable membrane only allows water molecules are other small molecules to pass while preventing large and other charged molecules from passing. The pressure that is exerted by the molecules of water that are freely moving in a system is known as the water potential (Kent, 2000).
...

of HT22 Cells derived from Mouse Hippocampus

Sections I and II

Biology
Section I
1. Introduction
Fluorescent protein development research has gained increased knowledge about the range in the color palette available from the Aequorea Victoria jellyfish. The wavelength emissions in the blue to yellow range are now better understood. [1] Another area that has seen a great improvement in knowledge is the understanding of emissions of the monomeric fluorescent protein emissions in the orange to far-red spectral region. [1] The spectral region of fluorescent in the orange to far-red is derived appropriate reef coral species. [1] This area of research ...

Analysis of Culture Cell KU812F with Three Protocols

Abstract
Protein analysis for cancer cell research has been found to be extremely reliable. The culture cell KU812F (chronicle myeloid leukemia cell line) was used for this laboratory. Globin gene switching was observed by evaluating the gene expression in the cells. Gene expression and protein folding were provoked. Gene expression is the process of transcribing DNA to cDNA and then used qPCR to study gene expression. cDNA was translated into mRNA which in turn is translated into a protein. mRNA concentration was analyzed. The three protocols were Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Enzyme-Linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), and ...

Introduction

The most widely used model when investigating the breast cancer is T47D cell lines. These cell lines are easily spread, easily manipulated genetically and when used in the experiment, it provides good results. They have been used to examine new therapies and the and the breast cancer pathobiology1.
Over many years HER2 has 25% - 30% of human breast cancers have been caused by gene amplification. The monoclonal HER2 and the EGFR are the two HER2-targeted therapies that are used for approval in the most clinics. During growth, HER2 is used to regulate the cell growth and assist ...

Introduction

Gene expression is the process through which the information that has been encorded in the gene is firstly converted into messenger RNA and then finally to a protein. The study of gene expression is critical especially to the biological student and more so to one who would like to study biology related course like microbiology in future. Therefore, it is important to note that we study gene expression in order to determine how the genes and the proteins which they encode functions in the intact organism. Zhang (2006),
Another reason why we study gene expression is in order to ...

Abstract

Memory span is the longest word that can be recalled by an individual correctly in the right order. This experiment aimed at determining the memory span for a number of students by presenting items of varying length each for a second. The subjects were then allowed to rename the items as they had appeared. The stimulus that was made up of numbers gave the highest score of 6.9714 while long words gave the shortest disorder manually. In conclusion, memory span is greatly dependent on the kind of items that are to be recalled. When the items are made of numbers, the memory span is greater ...

Introduction

Heat of vaporization and vapor pressure are the two essential properties of a liquid in thermodynamics. The vapor pressure of a substance is the measure of the tendency of its molecules escaping (Blauch). The heat of vaporization is defined as the amount of the attractive energy that exists between molecules in the liquid and has to be overcome in order for the molecules enter the vapor phase. When a liquid sample is put into a container, there is the tendency for the liquid to evaporate. Liquid molecules escape from their state into the gaseous state. When the liquid is put in a closed container, ...

ABSTRACT:

A plasmid DNA is an extra-small circular structure commonly found in bacteria which is capable of replicating by itself in the cell. These are used in genetic engineering as vehicles to carry and make copies of a particular gene which can produce desirable effect. In this report, we discuss the isolation and purification of DNA fromEGFP-LC3 plasmidusing a modified alkaline lysis method and QIAprep spin columns. The concentration of the isolated EGFP-LC3 plasmid DNA was found to be 82.868µg/ml. The ratio of ODs taken at A260nm/A280nm was found to be 5.314 which could be because improper washing step which has ...

This experiment involved the measurement of temperature of a sample of water being heated at 30 seconds intervals. One real world application of the experiment is that it can be used for distinguishing between pure and impure water. There are certain terms such as melting point, boiling point, physical change, chemical change, physical property, chemical property, intensive property, extensive property and temperature that are overly important to this experiment hence an understanding of the difference in the meanings of these words is of essence. While melting point is the temperature point at which a solid substance changes to liquid, Boiling point ...

Module 6

Study of Sequential Sequence Detectors
ELEC201
Digital Electronics
Partner Name:
Introduction
Circuits whose state transitions are controlled by a clock pulse are called synchronous sequential circuits. Other circuits whose state transitions are not controlled by a clock signal are called asynchronous circuits. This lab aims at equipping students with knowledge on synchronous sequential machines.
These are machines designed to solve a problem, which requires the output, to be some specific value after a given sequence of input values has been observed. This problem led to the development of two types of machines in the mid-1950s. These machines ...

Abstract

Water is an important chemical owing to its various uses by living things. Most chemical reactions within the bodied of living things require water in order to occur. It is purported that life evolved from water some 3.8 billion year ago following the organization of inorganic and organic molecule to form as prokaryotic cells. Besides, the well being of a cell is overly dependent of the balance between the water and the dissolved substances in the water. In this regards, the cell can permit water molecules to move in and out of the cell; the process in called Osmosis.

Introduction

In ...

Introduction

An eEnzyme is kind of a protein and, like all proteins, proton is composed of a chain (or chains) made up of the 20 different amino acids found in most living organisms. The sequence of the amino acid chain(s) determines the 3-D shape of the protein, and its shape to a great extent determines its properties. and it has a 3-D shape. Enzymes act in aqueous solutions to facilitate used in biochemical reactions by lowering the energy barrier, but they are not themselves changed or consumed by the reaction. This is referred to as catalysis, and enzymes are biological catalysts. to make ...

Introduction

Immunotherapy is a process through which diseases related to or rather affecting the immune system are treated by simply ensuring the capabilities of the immune system are improved.

Such is possible through various ways but the most common method of enhancing the immune system and ensuring its effective is through vaccination. This can also be made possible by eliminating or alternatively controlling some immune responses as evident when dealing with allergy issues. According to Edwin Smith Papyrus, treatment of most complex diseases was effected through surgery as it was considered the most effective method of treatment. This was mostly as ...

Epitopes constitute parts of antigens which bind themselves specifically on lymphocytes and receptors. As a result, they induce either antibody or cell mediated immunity. Basically, there are continuous and discontinuous epitopes (Yang & Yu, 2009, p. 77). The later are characterized by linear peptide fragments, usually of 19-12 mers. Usually, these are recognized by the distinctive T cells after they have been processed and presented on to MHC molecules. The later on the other hand comprise of 15-22 structurally complicated mers. They are characterized by a distinctive folding protein. This can be recognized by both the T and b helper cells while ...

According to a report by published in the Polygenetic online journal on September 13, 2012, five genetic loci are responsible for the determination of facial morphology in humans. Since variations in facial features are the most prominent phenotypic variation in humans that are under genetic control, Liu F, van der Lijn F, Schurmann C, Zhu G, Chakra arty MM, et al carried out a genome association study for varied facial phenotypes in a population of ten thousand individual of European ancestry (2012).
The classification of the facial phenotypes was done using data obtained using three dimensional magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging and ...

Report on Prisons and Contemporary Issues

Prisonner's Rights to DNA Testing

A person convicted of a crime would nonetheless lose his constitutional rights for freedom. The objective of court trials is to weigh the evidence that all parties have presented to justify arguments of innocence or guilt. A court trial is the best time for any accused to prove his innocence of a crime and he should maximize that opportunity to do his best to defend himself. However, trials are not just about facts and evidence it's also about possibilities. Possibilities that the accused is actually innocent, despite the evidence pointing at him. As soon as the ...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Special designs have been made to suit various sports. This is important as it plays an important role in sports performance. Companies have resorted to good quality textile materials to design sportswear clothing. Sportsmen should wear comfortable costumes for them to perform well in their competition. When designing sportswear, the market has to be identified first. That is the design to be used, the materials required and footwear. The fabrics available should also be identified. The comfort of the wearer is also considered as this affects performance.

History of polymers

Polymers have been used for centuries to manufacture plastics. Due to advance ...

Malaria is a tropical disease that has claimed many lives over the numerous centuries gone by (reference). It usually caused by the genus Plasmodium. The vector for this parasite is a female Anopheles mosquito which transmits the pathogen through bite (reference). One of the major challenges in disease vectors is insecticide resistance. Vector-borne diseases are usually a burden in developing countries because it is not easy to reduce/control disease. In many parts of Africa, Anopheles gambiae has developed resistance towards pyrethroid insecticides which is used to control the malaria vector (Kumar, Dudley, 2007). It is feared that there are high chances of ...

Lab partners

The transformation of bacterial cells using Puc18 plasmid as a vector
Abstract
In molecular cloning experiments, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism and then broken into smaller fragments through digestion with restriction enzymes. The fragments of restriction enzyme digestion are then ligated /combined with some vector DNA to produce recombinant DNA molecules. These recombinant DNA molecules are then introduced into a host organism. When the host organism replicates, the recombinant molecule is replicated together with it. With time, large populations of transformed cells or clones are generated expressing the genotype and phenotype of the inserted ...

Chemistry

Trizivir:
Ingredients: 3 synthetic nucleoside analogues with inhibitory activity against HIV-1. “A recently approved antiretroviral looks like a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), but it acts like a protease inhibitor” (Portyansky 1999).

Active Ingredients:

1. abacavir sulfate, 300 mg (aka Ziagen™)
2. lamivudine, 150 mg (aka EIVIR™ or 3TC™)
3. zidovudine, 300 mg (aka RETROVIR™ or azidothymidine, ZDV or AZT because of Azide functional group).

Additives:

1. titanium dioxide
2. hypromellose
3. yellow iron oxide

Coating on Tablets

Is FD&C Blue No. 2, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide and
yellow iron oxide

Inactive Ingredients:
1. sodium starch glycolate
...

Weather: Clear, warm, temp at 86 F (outside) and 68 F (inside)

Time: Arrived on scene at 2058hrs

This was in response to an emergency phone call at 2055 hrs, made by a female who was hysterical but managed to give precise location of incident. On arrival at house, I found an early twenties white female lying on the living room couch and she seemed traumatized and confused. I quickly assume she is the caller and it was later confirmed that indeed she was Miss Jaen Daugh. She was assisted from the apartment by my colleagues and taken to the ...

1. Track your caloric intake for 3 days based on the Food Pyramid. Write down on 3 day food log template.

Day 1: beans (protein), oil(fats), maize(carbohydrates)

Day 2: meat(proteins), vegetables(vitamins)

Day 3: rice (carbohydrates), beans(proteins), vegetables, fresh and canned fruits

2. Find at least two excerpts from Night that describes the diet of one of the characters.

From the late night the characters had the following types of diets; the character mostly ate potatoes and bread which is mainly composed of carbohydrates.

3. Complete a second 3 day food log template for the character ...

Summary: Examination of a biotechnology patent
Theoretically, thermal cycling refers to a process of temperature regulation scheme that is used to strengthen variety of materials or lengthen their durability. Thermal cycling apparatus and method refers to the equipment and technique used to carry out thermo cycling processes. Improved thermal cycling apparatus and relates to the modern advanced inventions of equipments and methods of carrying thermoregulation processes and minimizing related movement of fluids from two zones with two different temperatures to control chemical reactions.
Background of the invention
Temperature is one of the main factors that have been found ...

Aims

1. To observe and investigate the effects of osmosis across the cell membranes of a plant.
2. To investigate the ability of different molecules to diffuse across a selectively permeable membrane.

Introduction

All living cells are enclosed by an outer covering known as plasma or cell membranes. In addition, these plasma membranes serve as barriers between different compartments in the body to confine processes and materials to certain locations. Examples of these processes are diffusion and osmosis which are the main physiological processes that play important roles in the body. Diffusion can be defined as the process by which molecules move ...

Introduction

This analysis will focus on the excess intake of saturated fats and cardiovascular disease. The analysis is based on the report detailing my nutrient intake recorded for two days starting from September 4, 2014 to September 6, 2014. According to the analysis, my diet during the two-day period predisposes me to cardiovascular disease since it is high in saturated fats. According to the food guidelines given by USDA, saturated fats should contribute less than 10 percent of the total daily calories. However, my nutrient report indicates that saturated fats contribute 12 percent of my total daily calorie intake. Consequently, ...

A better understanding of memory consolidation and contributory factors is necessary to determine how it applies to the field of education. The following is a review of three studies on memory consolidation in the performance of different motor skill tasks by different population groups using a variety of independent variables.

Study #1

Purpose of the Study
Terpening et al. (2012) aimed to investigate the relationship between certain characteristics of sleep and the ability to learn and correctly perform a motor skill, namely sequential finger-tapping. The researchers recognized the limited number of studies done thus far on the neurological disturbances that occur in patients ...

- Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure are some of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity with Australia being one of the country’s most greatly affected (McLean, Esclick & Coats, 2006). An area of interest in the pathology of heart failure is the significance that polymorphisms of adrenergic receptor genes have on the outcomes of patients with heart failure. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs that occur in the genes that encode for adrenergic receptors are known to have various physiological and functional consequences. Specifically, the β1-adrenergic receptors have a crucial role in the regulation of heart rate and ...

Introduction

The purpose of this experiment is to assist one to learn how different equipment in the laboratory is being use when carrying out the experiment. It tests the level of accuracy required when using different apparatus for measuring the volume. For very approximate result of volume, a beaker or conical flask is preferred when measuring volumes of liquids.

Accurate methods of measurement

This is done by the use of burette, conical flask and pipette. These measuring apparatus are discussed below.
When a much more accurate measurement is required, always measuring cylinders are preferred Measuring cylinders, which are much more accurate than beakers and conical.

Also volumetric pipettes and volumetric flask the mostly used apparatus used when measuring accurate volume.

...

Final Project: Cold Case Arrest Warrant Report

Final Project: Cold Case Arrest Warrant Report
This report represents an outline of a homicide investigation. The first section presents the action plan for solving the case. The report also provides a summary of the homicide, armed robbery, and witness statements, and a briefing of evidence and forensic reports. Additionally, it describes the criteria for decision-making and determination of facts regarding the homicide. The report indicates what the investigating officer concludes about the case, in an attempt to obtain an arrest warrant for the suspect.

First, I will manage all evidence collected from the crime scene effectively. Effective evidence management of ...

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{Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Introduction and Literature Review

The value for a drug is significantly impacted by the dissolution rate, chemical stability and solubility of the drugs thereby impacting the pharmaceuticals efficiency as well. In the pharmaceutical industry multi-component crystals such as hydrates, solvates, co-crystals and salts have a major role during the design of new solids. Solid does not self-crystallize. It crystallizes in varied forms depicting random crystal properties. Various approaches are used to modify solids like Salting, Solvation, Hydration, and Polymorphism. Apart from these approaches, Co-Crystallization is a promising new approach to modifying solids (Nauha, ...

Microbiology laboratory report

Abstract
Bacteriophages are intracellular parasitic viruses that infect bacteria to carry out their multiplication. During the lytic infection cycles, phages lyse the host cells forming a clear zone called plaque on the agar media. The experiment is aimed to measure the number of plaques created when the virus T4 infects the host bacteria and their genetic material integrates into the genetic material of the host cell. This happens because the E.coli becomes resistant to T4 bacteriophage. The T4 phage was diluted in a test tube and then E.coli bacteria was added in the tubes. The mixture was poured with soft ...

Abstract

Instance of countries introducing restrictions on the amount of harmful gases released to the atmosphere is on the rise. Countries like the United States have introduced policies which govern motor vehicle pollution. Gasoline is the main component of debate. As a result several studies have been done to determine the components of gasoline. In this experiment, components of gasoline are determine by an analysis process called gas chromatogram.
Samples of gasoline used in the experiment are collected from four stations BP, Marathon, Moto-Mart and Sunoco from Ashland. The samples are then analyzed using a gas chromatogram. 10 ml was used ...

SDLC

System analysis and design involves step by step processes for developing high quality information systems and websites. An information system combines technologies, people and data to support business processes. Structured analysis uses a series of phases known a system development life cycle to plan, analyze, design, implement and support a website. SDLC models use five steps that include; web planning, web analysis, web design, web implementation and web security and support.
Analysis stage requires the gathering of information and particulars pertaining the web site to be developed. The information is solicited from the web users or the business entity. Design stage ...