Enzyme Reports Samples For Students

Introduction

Initially there were beliefs that, MMPs are jointly able to degenerate all constituents making up the extracellular matrix (ECM) together with basement membrane that confines their operations to tissue reconstruction as well as the preservation. Nonetheless, the contemporary studies also signify that MMP-1 is responsible for controlling the production or else the activation of the chemokines. At this point, it is critical to understand that MMP-1 is among other MMPs.
Similarly, the knowledge holds it that MMP- 1 cleaves a peptide bond beforehand a residue comprising of a hydrophobic adjacent chain, for instance Met and Leu. The other sideways chains cleaved ...

Abstract

A polymerase chain reaction also known as PCR refers to a technique that is used in the amplification of a DNA fragment making huge numbers of the original fragment. The process uses an enzyme known as DNA polymerase to multiply the DNA fragment. Other components that are necessary for a PCR reaction are the DNA template that is provided by the sample being multiplied, the primers, and nucleotides. The experiment aimed to examine a number of human DNA polymorphisms, the PV92 Alu polymorphism and the mitochondrial control region using human DNA. This was achieved by isolating the mitochondrial DNA from the mouth cells ...

Aim

The experiment aims to study the effect of substrate concentration on the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from banana extracts using spectrophotometric techniques.

Introduction

An enzyme refers to a molecule that is protein in nature and works as a biological catalyst. The enzyme possesses three major characteristics. The first characteristic is that they act to increase the rate at which a given reaction takes place. This enables most cellular reactions to take place at up to million times faster compared to their rate in the absence of an enzyme. Secondly, most enzymes act specifically on a single reactant known as a substrate to produce the ...

(City, State)

Abstract

Reactions taking place in a biological system are usually catalyzed by enzymes. One of these enzymes is the cellobiase, which is works to degrade cellobiose into glucose monosaccharides. Just like any other enzyme, cellobiase works under very specific conditions and alteration of these factors may result in a reduction, in its activity. The experiment was done with an aim of studying the cellobiase in terms of its reaction rate and how factors such as temperature, pH concentration of enzyme and the substrate affect the rate of cellobiase activity. It was determined that cellobiase has an initial rate of a reaction ...

(City, State)

Abstract

Cellobiase is an enzyme that is involved in hydrolyzing the products of the exocellulase (cellobiose) to form individual monosaccharides. The process breaking down cellobiose is a natural process and helps most organisms produce glucose for use as a source of food. This experiment aimed to study the cellobiase by determining its rate of reaction and effects pH, temperature, concentration of the substrate or enzyme on the rate of reaction. The initial rate of a reaction catalyzed by cellobiase enzyme is 11.25nmole/Minute with the optimum temperature being 37OC and the optimum pH was pH5. The activity of the enzyme is also ...

Abstract

Three distinct variables were theorized and examined in the parameters on the outcome of the productivity of the lactase enzyme. The assessment of the temperature, substrate composition and the pH were reviewed in this experiment. The pH values were recorded over time. The effect of the pH on the lactase production in addition to the qualities of the substrate identity and the temperature were documented. In consideration of the findings of the experiment, it was discovered that a pH between 5 - 7 is the most suitable pH for the production of lactase. In this lab report, the works of ...

Lab Report: Ethanol Determination Experiment

Objective: “To Determine the Ethanol content in several beverages using the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.”

The Chemistry behind this experiment is simple enough to understand. In the reaction carried out in the experiment, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) is formed which can be analyzed quantitatively to find the concentration of Ethanol. The reaction involves oxidation of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde. This oxidation takes place with concomitant reduction of NAD+ to NADH. This formation of NADH can be seen in the Δ absorption at 340 nm micro level. At this wavelength, the reduced co enzyme absorbs at a very fast rate than the oxidized one, ...

Introduction

The discovery of restriction enzymes (REs), bacterial transformation, and agarose gel electrophoresis caused the sudden increase of popularity of molecular biology in the 1970s. Restriction enzymes allow the manipulation of specific sites of an organism’s genes and are commonly used in many laboratories worldwide. Restriction enzymes cut DNA in many different ways and can produce sticky ends and blunt ends (Weaver, 2012). The most abundant type of restriction enzymes is Type II, which require magnesium cations as cofactor (Pingoud et al., 2005). Aside from their popularity is recombinant DNA technology as a “cut and paste” tool, estriction enzymes can ...

Abstract

Enzymes are the components that enhance the reaction rate in a biological system by reducing the quantity of activation energy necessary to start a reaction. This experiment worked to determine the effect of pH and concentration of the substrate on the enzyme activity. The optimum pH for enzyme’s best-working condition was determined to be pH 7 while the 4g was the concentration of the substrate that saturated the enzyme.

Introduction

Enzymes are the components that enhance the reaction rate in a biological system. The enzymes achieve this by reducing the quantity of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction. The enzymatic activity ...

Introduction

The major experiments that are conducted in the determination of enzyme kinetics are those that vary the amount of concentration in order to measure the enzyme velocity . The aim of such experiments is to determine the Km or the amount of the substrate that gives half the enzyme velocity, as well as the Vmax, which is the maximum velocity attained by the enzyme . In addition, the enzyme kinetics may be presented graphically using the Eadie–Hofstee diagram. The diagram made by plotting the rate of reaction as a function of the ratio between rate and concentration of the substrate as ...

Section Number.

- Glycolysis refers to the process that takes place in the cytosol and through which a molecule of glucose is broken down into a compound called pyruvate ( Reece 167)
- Everthing is doubled since there is still more substrates required for respiration and therefore more energy is still produced as the substrate is not exhausted.( Reece 167)
- In the process of glycolysis 2 NADH, 2 ATP and 2 H+ are fomed. While in TCA 6NADH, 3 H+, 1 FADH2 and 2 ATP are formed. (Reece 176).
- The NADH is produced in the mitochondrion during the citric ...

Introduction

Components that enhance the rate at which chemical reactions that place are referred to as enzyme (Lehninger, Nelson, & Cox, 2008). Through the reduction of the amount of activation energy that is necessary for a successful completion of a reaction, enzymes manage to reduce the time and resources needed to complete the reaction (Cooper, 2000). The activity of a given enzyme is, usually, affected by the level of different parameters such as temperature, pH levels, concentration of the enzyme and substrate concentration (Eed, 2012).
Enzymes work best within a given range of values for each of these factors and deviation from these values ...

Introduction

An enzyme refers to a biological catalyst that mediates reactions. In the absence of enzymes, much energy and time would be required attain physical, as well as chemical conditions necessary for a reaction. An enzyme catalyzes the conversion of one molecule forming another molecule (University of Illinois, 2013). The rate at which enzymes catalyze a given reaction is, usually, influenced by several factors including pH, temperature, and the concentrations of the enzyme and substrate. Most of the factors are required to be at their optimum level for maximum activity of the enzyme to be realized.
Increase or decrease from the optimum ...

Introduction

During manufacture of food products, manufacturers must put different factors into consideration. The health of consumers becomes a paramount factor of consideration during food manufacturing processes .Consumers present a very sensitive and complex group. People have different medical conditions and as such, manufacturers have to put this into consideration. One common health condition that has been on the rise among consumers is diabetes .Diabetes is caused by foods with high glucose levels. Therefore, this is an aspect that food manufacturers have devised techniques to deal with during food preparation, storage and packaging. Foods with high glucose levels pose a health challenge to ...

Introduction

Biological reactions are those reactions that are involved in various activities, in the body including energy production. Reactions that produce energy are called exergonic reactions while those that use energy are called endergonic reactions. Enzymes enable chemical reactions to take place within a living system most of which are under a homeostatic constraint. In these reactions, enzymes function as a catalyst by lowering the activation energy necessary in a reaction (Cooper, 2000). Enzymes bring the reactants involved in a reaction closer together weakening the chemical bonds and this enable the reactions to occur faster compared to reactions that have no enzyme (Farabee, 2010).
...

Abstract

Enzymes are biological catalysts and work by speeding up the rate of chemical reactions. The factors that affect enzyme activity include enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and the substrate concentration. This experiment aimed to determine the effect of lemon juice, which is acidic on the activity of catechol oxidase enzyme. According to the results, high acidity inactivates the catechol oxidase enzyme. The optimum pH level for catechol oxidase enzyme can, therefore, be said to be pH 6.

Introduction

Enzymes are biological catalysts and work by speeding up the rate of chemical reactions. The enzymes achieve this by reducing the amount of ...

Abstract

This experiment sought to investigate the effect of substrate on activity of enzyme catalase. It was hypothesized that catalase can only influence the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. Three test tubes were selected and labeled tube 1, tube 2, and tube 3. Catalase and hydrogen peroxide were added to tube 1; water and hydrogen peroxide were added into tube 2; and catalase and sucrose were added into tube 3. Bubble measuring 20mm was formed in tube 1 while no bubble was seen in tube 2 and tube 3. A conclusion was made that enzyme catalase can only influence the rate ...

Purpose

Materials and Methods
Gram Stain: the test was done to differentiate Gram-positive from Gram-negative organisms. A drop of the unknown 300 was suspended on a slide and the culture spread to an oven thin film. The culture was air dried and fixed over a gentle flame. Crystal violet stain was added over the culture and allowed to stand for 60 seconds. The stain was poured off and rinsed gently. Iodine solution was added on the smear, allowed to stand for 60 seconds and the stain poured off. The slide was rinsed with running water, and a few drops of decolorizer solution ...

Day 1 - Cell Culture: At First an LB/amp plate was labeled with initials, the date, the name of the bacterial strain to be used (BL21) and the plasmid (pDHFR). Then 10 uL of reconstituted BL21-pDHFR was pipetted onto an LB/amp plate using sterile tip.The bacteria was streaked into four quadrants of the plate and after this it was covered immediately to avoid contamination. The plate was placed upside down inside the incubator overnight at 37°C and once colonies have grown to ~1 mm in diameter, they may be stored in a sealed bag upside down at 4ºC ...

Dihydrofolatereductase (DHFR) is an important enzyme in the formation of DNA (Goodsell, 2002). DHFR controls the amount of tetrahydrofolate in the cells, which in turn is an important cofactor for purine and thymidylate synthesis and ultimately in the growth and proliferation of the cell (Davidson &Sittman, 1999). The enzyme is common to many species on earth. Human and bacterial DHFR have a relatively low rate of primary sequence agreement at 26%. However, they both retain a common general structure.The key role that the enzyme plays in biology as well as the variations that the enzyme displays makes it an important target ...

Introduction

An enzyme is a protein with catalytic properties in biological systems. During an enzymatic reaction, a substance, called the substrate, binds to the active site of the enzyme and is then turned into one or more substance(s), called the product(s). The enzyme itself is not consumed or altered during the reaction. The enzyme activity depends on factors, including pH, temperature, buffer composition, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and the presence of inhibitors.
Enzymes have an optimal pH at which their activity is maximal. pH determines the ionization states of certain amino acids at the active site that are critical ...

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity: Lactose Intolerance

Purpose/Hypothesis
Lactose is the primary carbohydrate in milk and is commonly known as milk sugar. Lactose comprises of almost 8% of human milk and almost 4% of cow’s milk. Lactose intolerance is a condition in human beings where they lack enzyme lactase since they have trouble in absorbing and digesting lactose. The goal of this experiment is to-:
- Learn how substrate concentration, pH and enzyme concentration can affect the enzyme activity in human body.

Data Variable (Procedures)

In this experiments, o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) would be used as a substitute to lactose since it is similar in shape and size and ...

Abstract

Amylase from Bacillus Subtilis and Aspergillus oryzae were studied as representative candidates for bacterial and fungal enzymes, respectively. The activities of these two enzymes were studies comparatively over a period of 10 minutes and at temperatures of 0, 40, 60 and 95°C. The experiment was conducted to find the most effective temperatures for bacterial amylase and fungal amylase to catalyze starch hydrolysis. The data suggest that fungal enzyme was relatively more active, particularly in the first 6 minutes, than the bacterial counterpart at 0°C.
On the other hand, the fungal enzyme activity deteriorated more rapidly than that ...

Abstract

The internal temperature of the cold-blooded organisms is dependent on the temperature of the surrounding in order to maintain their own temperature. An increase in temperature leads to an increase in metabolism processes, which also lead to increased heart activity. In this experiment, the effect of temperature of the rate of metabolism was studied. This was done using cold-blooded animals, Mytilus species, to determine the effect of temperature on metabolism. The increase in temperature led to an increased heart rate. It was thus concluded that temperature affects the rate of metabolism.

Introduction

A poikilotherm or cold-blooded organisms are those organisms ...

ABSTRACT:

A plasmid DNA is an extra-small circular structure commonly found in bacteria which is capable of replicating by itself in the cell. These are used in genetic engineering as vehicles to carry and make copies of a particular gene which can produce desirable effect. In this report, we discuss the isolation and purification of DNA fromEGFP-LC3 plasmidusing a modified alkaline lysis method and QIAprep spin columns. The concentration of the isolated EGFP-LC3 plasmid DNA was found to be 82.868µg/ml. The ratio of ODs taken at A260nm/A280nm was found to be 5.314 which could be because improper washing step which has ...

REPORT

Reg.No.

Aim

The aim of this experiment is to:
Determine how different concentrations of substrate affect the enzyme activity of the enzyme catalase
Construct and interpret graphs of the data collected.
Introduction
Many animal and plant tissues undergo catalase reactions. The various biochemical reactions yields hydrogen peroxide which is broken down by catalase into oxygen and water. The following is a typical equation governing catalase reaction (Roberts and King, 1987).
H2O2 2H2O + O2

Hydrogen peroxide Water Oxygen

In this experiment, a filter paper that has been coated with enzyme is placed into a beaker containing hydrogen peroxide; the substrate. The enzyme breaks hydrogen peroxide ...

Introduction

An eEnzyme is kind of a protein and, like all proteins, proton is composed of a chain (or chains) made up of the 20 different amino acids found in most living organisms. The sequence of the amino acid chain(s) determines the 3-D shape of the protein, and its shape to a great extent determines its properties. and it has a 3-D shape. Enzymes act in aqueous solutions to facilitate used in biochemical reactions by lowering the energy barrier, but they are not themselves changed or consumed by the reaction. This is referred to as catalysis, and enzymes are biological catalysts. to make ...

Introduction

Enzymes are protein whose main function is working as a catalyst for different reactions in the body. It only alters the rate of the reaction it being involved in the same reactions. There are several enzymes in the human body each having a specific reaction to catalyze. An example of an enzyme includes salivary Amylase. Salivary Amylase is an enzyme found in the human saliva. It catalyzes the break down of starch into oligosaccharides via the process of hydrolysis. Therefore, its main substrate is starch. Without this enzyme, this metabolism process would be completely slow. Since enzymes are proteins, their functions ...

Lab partners

The transformation of bacterial cells using Puc18 plasmid as a vector
Abstract
In molecular cloning experiments, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism and then broken into smaller fragments through digestion with restriction enzymes. The fragments of restriction enzyme digestion are then ligated /combined with some vector DNA to produce recombinant DNA molecules. These recombinant DNA molecules are then introduced into a host organism. When the host organism replicates, the recombinant molecule is replicated together with it. With time, large populations of transformed cells or clones are generated expressing the genotype and phenotype of the inserted ...

Scientific Report

ID

Partners

TA

Abstract

The experiment was performed to analyze the outcomes of temperature on the ability of fungal and bacterial amylase to breakdown starch to maltose. Therefore, the study will reveal the optimal temperature for amylase activity. The initial steps include preparing the materials and tools used during the experiment. A timetable for comparing temperature and function was generated. Test tubes and plates were properly labeled. Iodine was needed for every spot plate so that the fungal amylase, bacterial amylase, fungal amylase and the starch solution can be added to the iodine in a time and temperature dependent fashion. Observing ...

Organism # 6

Molecular Biosciences 101
Section #
Purpose
Materials and Methods
Gram Staining: Three circles were marked at the bottom of a clean glass slide and they were labeled as gram(+), gram(-) and unknown respectively. The three labeled circles were then inoculated with microorganism 6 using an inoculating loop. The bacterial smears were then air dried and heat fixed over a gentle flame. The slide was then flooded with primary stain, crystal violet for a minute by placing it on a staining rack. Excess crystal violet was washed off with a gentle stream of water. Thereafter, gram iodine was added and ...

Based on the initial symptoms, the patient most likely suffers from hypothyroidism or low thyroid hormone disorder. Further clinical tests and an examination of the family’s medical history reveals that the particular disorder could be Hashimoto’s disease; also called Hashimoto thyroiditis. Hashimoto thyroiditis is classified as an autoimmune disease. In autoimmune disease, one's immune system attacks the body’s tissue specifically the thyroid gland (Skugor & Wilder, 2006, p.2). By attacking the thyroid gland, the disease reduces the gland’s ability to produce thyroid hormones of substantial quantity. This condition leads to hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone deficiency presents with ...

Introduction

Crude acid phosphatase from wheat germ can be isolated by gentle aqueous extraction of pulped wheat germ to provide an enzyme-rich and vitamin-rich liquor, containing amongst other things Vit E, Vit B1 (thiamine), Vit B6 (pyridoxine), Vit B2 (riboflavin) and Vit B3 (niacin). This is generally spray dried at low temperatures and the dried product (fine powder) is sold as wheat germ extract.

The enzyme acid phosphatase is ubiquitous in nature and wheat germ provides a convenient source. It is a non-specific esterase utilising a variety of phosphate esters. It exists in three isoforms (I, II and Ill), each having pH optima ...

Abstract

The aim of the experiment is to plot the calibration curve for deteremination of antigen 4D5 by performing ELISA experiment. The primary antibody was blocked by bovine serum albumin, then it reacted with IgG (secondary antibody). Then, the system was washed with carbonate, blocking and substrate buffers. Three replicate experiments were performed, and the experiment was performed with the serial dilutions. By measuring the optical density of the diluted solutions, the calibration line was obtained and the region with the linear dependence “concentration – optical density” was determined. The callibaraion line can be used for the practical tasks: for detecting ...

Objective 2

Introduction 2
General background 3
Resistance mutants 4
Hemoglobin mutants 4
Sickle Cell Anemia and Genetics: Background Information 5
Connection of Sickle cell with Malaria 6
Method: 7
Introduction of Recombinant DNA technology in diagnosing disease: 8
Discussion (implementation of recombinant DNA technology to solve the issue) 9
Conclusions 10

References 11

Objective
This report targets to study a group of people that has developed resistance to malaria. It will focus on the use of recombinant DNA technology to study this cohort and gain insights into the nature of this observation. This ...

Introduction

Bacillus Subtilis are the organisms that are aerobic, Gram Positive, spore-forming belonging to the Bacillus genus. The organisms are together with other species that are closely related play a crucial role in disease, food poisoning as well as food spoilage. Lack of methods that are standardized for the identification of the organisms whether coming from the food or environment has made the tests to be difficult. Use of morphological as well as physiological tests have offered the best ways to identify organisms in the laboratory although there are inconsistent and lack of reliance in these methods.
Identification of an ...

Panther I.D.:

“The expression of ampicillin resistance and luciferase enzyme genes by E. coli transformation using the pUC18 and lux plasmids”
Abstract
The transformation process allows the uptake of DNA from the environment, with the incorporation and expression of genes. During this process, changes in the DNA of the receptor cell occur, producing some selective advantages in some cases, such as resistance to antibiotics. pUC18 and lux plasmids were used to determine the transformation process in Escherichia coli. Cells were made competent by the addition of calcium chloride and heat shock in order to induce the incorporation of the ...

Discussion

Temperature, pH and enzymes are some of the factors that are known to influence the rates of biological reactions (Almeselmani &Moaed et al. 382-3). The action of enzymes (being biological) is controlled by temperature and pH. It was hypothesized that in test tubes 2 and 4, under the influence of temperature, the reactions would be much faster because the molecules moved faster at higher temperatures. However, as attested by the results, with respect to observable color change, test tube 2 did not react to the higher temperature. Test tube 2 remained clear at different temperatures. This was attributed to ...

Introduction

This analysis will focus on the excess intake of saturated fats and cardiovascular disease. The analysis is based on the report detailing my nutrient intake recorded for two days starting from September 4, 2014 to September 6, 2014. According to the analysis, my diet during the two-day period predisposes me to cardiovascular disease since it is high in saturated fats. According to the food guidelines given by USDA, saturated fats should contribute less than 10 percent of the total daily calories. However, my nutrient report indicates that saturated fats contribute 12 percent of my total daily calorie intake. Consequently, ...

The process of identifying an organism involves the determination of where an isolate or an organism needs to be placed within a group of organisms that are already known. The process is usually done to conform to a given scheme of classification. Most of the microorganisms that may be found in the environment require to be identified aiming at identifying the different species that may be found in a given environment. The identification enables physicists and health workers to associated different sources with different organisms especially those that cause diseases. Organism classification may also help in the diagnosis of different disease by ...

Summary

This essay is on short description of the following terms atoms, molecular structure, ionic bonding, periodic table, pH, acids, oxidation, antioxidants in food, alkali cleaning agents, salts used in food, plant cells, photosynthesis, micro-organisms in the environment, bacterial morphology, comparative sizes of micro-organisms, factors affecting the growth of bacteria, bacterial spores, biological role of enzymes, catalase, and enzymic browning.

Introduction

This essay will write short notes on various topics in chemistry as well as in microbiology. Some of the terms in chemistry include atom, molecular structure, periodic table, pH, oxidation, ionic bonding among others. Some of the terms in microbiology ...

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INTRODUCTION:

Pathologists or microbiologists play a very vital role in the management and diagnosis of any disease. They get immense help by performing certain series of tests which aids them reaching to a conclusion. One such test is called as gram staining which is used widely as the most primitive test for the identification of various bacteria
According to Beveridge, the gram stain essentially delineates bacteria into two broad categories. It does that by giving color to these bacteria and bacteria that attains purple or violet color are ...

Abstract

This lab report discusses the Cellular Location of Metabolic Enzymes. Regarding methodology, the experiment was conducted in three sessions during the first session liver homogenate and cell functions were prepared. The first session was carried out by homogenizing the liver in an isotonic media. The Maltase and lactate dehydrogenase were determined in the second session, and protein concentrations were estimated in the third session. The Maltase dehydrogenase (MDH) and Lactase dehydrogenase (LDH) were used to catalyze the reactions in session two. The biuret reaction was used to estimate the protein in the last session. The relationship between absorbance at ...

Abstract

The central dogma of biology is performed within this study. A vector of T7 RNA Polymerase gene was inserted into E.Coli where it could be transcribed into RNA and subsequently translated into protein. The protein was extracted and purified. A successful clone was produced by inserting the vector into the expressing cell line and it was observed after achieved an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.84. A collected 20.87 ug of double stranded RNA was found. Additionally, a linear DNA template OD260: 0.04 µg/ml was transcribed. After expressing it was found that a total protein concentration of ...

Introduction

All cells carry out cellular respiration in order to meet their energy requirements and to form metabolic intermediates that can be used to form secondary products. Amongst those products formed as a consequence of cellular respiration, are ATP and CO2. The formation of ATP in the cells occurs through the use of organic molecules available in the form of food (Lehninger, Nelson, & Cox, 2008). When oxygen is not available, ATP formation goes through a fermentation process, usually, referred to as alcoholic fermentation. The process utilizes a number of different sugars as the starting material. These sugars include fructose, glucose, and sucrose. The ...

Analysis of Culture Cell KU812F with Three Protocols

Abstract
Protein analysis for cancer cell research has been found to be extremely reliable. The culture cell KU812F (chronicle myeloid leukemia cell line) was used for this laboratory. Globin gene switching was observed by evaluating the gene expression in the cells. Gene expression and protein folding were provoked. Gene expression is the process of transcribing DNA to cDNA and then used qPCR to study gene expression. cDNA was translated into mRNA which in turn is translated into a protein. mRNA concentration was analyzed. The three protocols were Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Enzyme-Linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), and ...

This report describes a nutrition trial in which broiler chicks were divided into separate, randomly-positioned pens and reared under controlled conditions in which each of four batches was fed on a different diet treatment during the trial, which started on 18th August and ended 14th September. There was a control diet with no DDGS, two further treatments with 15% and 30% DDGS content respectively, and a fourth treatment also with 30% DDGS content but with added amino acid in the formula. The birds and feed consumed were monitored and weighed every third day, keeping records throughout. At the conclusion of the trial those ...

TA
ABSTRACT – Genetic engineering now has straight forward ecofriendly strategies to produce transformation in plasmids. The transformation process allows engineers to introduce DNa with specific desired capabilities into a host plasmid. In this way plants can be created that are able to resist a particular enemy or stressor without having to use toxics like herbicides and insecticides. The bacteria E. Coli was used to determine whether it can be made resistant to ampicillin or not. AmpR was integrated into the host cells and the tracer, GFP was used to identify expressed cells. The laboratory demonstrated that transformation by plasmids so ...

Report on Vinyl Chloride

Report on Vinyl Chloride
The case involves a man who went into a polymerization tanks measuring 8 feet in high and 5 feet wide. The man went into the tank alone at night, and there was no light in the pit. After 20 minutes, the man did not return, and somebody went to check him. The man was found lying in the pit. The person who was looking for the man climbed in order to get the man out, but the person was overwhelmed by the gas. The person immediately shut the open valve feeling dizzy. The person dragged himself ...

Introduction

The most widely used model when investigating the breast cancer is T47D cell lines. These cell lines are easily spread, easily manipulated genetically and when used in the experiment, it provides good results. They have been used to examine new therapies and the and the breast cancer pathobiology1.
Over many years HER2 has 25% - 30% of human breast cancers have been caused by gene amplification. The monoclonal HER2 and the EGFR are the two HER2-targeted therapies that are used for approval in the most clinics. During growth, HER2 is used to regulate the cell growth and assist ...

Introduction

Environment incubator can be defined as a modified biological environment to suit a certain experiment. The environment may be modified to provide certain condition necessary for a particular biological experiment. Microbes as microscopic organisms that can either respire aerobically or anaerobically. For instance, yeast is an anaerobe that respires anaerobically. Yeast enzyme is used in the fermentation process because they convert grape sugar into ethyl alcohol. Yeasts are eukaryotic micro organism which belongs to the kingdom fungi and which respires anaerobically. Yeast will be used in this experiment. The main purpose of this experiment will be to determine the factors that may ...

Malaria is a tropical disease that has claimed many lives over the numerous centuries gone by (reference). It usually caused by the genus Plasmodium. The vector for this parasite is a female Anopheles mosquito which transmits the pathogen through bite (reference). One of the major challenges in disease vectors is insecticide resistance. Vector-borne diseases are usually a burden in developing countries because it is not easy to reduce/control disease. In many parts of Africa, Anopheles gambiae has developed resistance towards pyrethroid insecticides which is used to control the malaria vector (Kumar, Dudley, 2007). It is feared that there are high chances of ...