Experiment Reports Samples For Students

Analysis of Plant Pigments with Liquid Chromatography and Spectrometric Detection

The experiment is aimed at coming up with a solution of knowing on how to separate color pigments in a mixture of some solvent. An appropriate solvent is put into use and then some conclusion is drawn from the observations made. The following could be the

- The extract becomes darker progressively due to the fact that the spinach solution becomes more concentrated with the subsequent extractions of the acetone solution. It is observed that the extracts starts at around 10ml of the organic solvent, but as the experiment proceeds, the volume becomes 2.0ml which was almost as the same volume ...

Objectives

The aim of this experiment is to study the effective thermal conductivity of a heat pipe. This is achieved by measuring the difference in temperature across the heat pipe and another conductor made of the same material and size. The temperature measurement for both the pipe and conductor is done under identical thermal conditions.

Apparatus

- Copper-water heat pipe – The specimen whose thermal conductivity is to be found. It is represented in Figure 1.
- Solid Copper Wire – The reference material of same size.
- Thermocouple (quantity – 3) – Temperature measuring instrument (analogue).
- Multi-channel digital thermometer – Temperature measuring ...

Abstract

The assessment of respiratory functions is mandatory in the diagnosis of lung diseases and related disorders. These functions are assessed by measuring the lung volumes and capacities. In the present experiment, we learnt the use and operation of BIOPAC airflow transducer for measuring the lung volumes. We understood the rationale behind the precautions taken while experimentation. We could successfully correlate the obtained results with the physiological conditions of the subjects of the study.

Experiment on Respiratory Volumes

Respiratory system is a vital system of human physiology. It is involved with the gaseous exchange wherein oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled from the ...

Appeal to the Audience

The report talks about the importance of controller tunings in controlling industrial equipment. According to the report, controller valves are important in controlling the flow rat, the amount of input in machinery and also the amount of output of the machine. The importance of the controllers can be seen in controlling a water cooling machine in which case a slow controller would be inappropriate to be used. The importance of a feedback controller on the other hand is the essence that it enables the determination of an error that may occur between a set point and the process value hence determining the output ...

Abstract

The experiment is aimed at constructing a step-up transformer. This is due to the type of materials being used and the number of rolls that the wire is rolled on the U-shaped material. This can easily be related to the alternating current that is tapped from one source to the other. This current can easily be measured in respect to the size of the voltage that is alternated in between the primary transformer and that of the secondary transformer. The number of coils in the primary material is two; the other secondary coil has four coils. The material used to ...

Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction
The first method through which heat is transferred from one object to another is conduction. Conduction occurs in liquids and solids through transfer of kinetic energy present in one particle to the immediate particle(s) in its surrounding. By considering the bonds existing between atoms and molecules in solids as elastic links, the vibration of one particle due to increase energy level caused by heat, the next in its line vibrate too. This process is replicated in adjacent particles thereby allowing transfer of thermal energy from a body with a higher temperature as compared to the one with low ...

Ryan Gleason

Salem Almansoori
Introduction
Ballistic pendulum as illustrated in Figure 1 below is a classical method of measuring the speed of bullets. This technique, which is commonly used in investigation of bullet speeds, relies heavily on the basic laws of conservation in physics.
Figure 1 Ballistic Pendulum Set-up
Figure 2 illustrates how the experiment is executed chronologically from the time the ‘bullet’ is launched to the time it ceases travelling at the maximum angular displacement. In the illustration, the bullet of mass, m and initial velocity, v hits a stationary pendulum cup and it is embedded in it ...

1. Abstract
The sodium iodide scintillator detector is a very important type of inorganic scintillators. The main function of this scintillator is to detect gamma rays by interaction of ionizing radiation and the materials of that scintillator. In this experiment, we learned the applications of this detector and how the process of detecting happens.
2. Introduction
This lab experiment is designed to make the student learn about scintillation detectors and how do they detect gamma and beta ray such as the effect of a sodium iodide NaI(Tl) scintillator. This type of detector the scintillation materials interact with ...

Abstract

The objective of this experiment is examination of diffraction and interference of visible light when it is passed across narrow double and single slits. In order to do so, the diffraction patterns of light will be investigated through collection of pertinent data relating to the distance between pattern’s centres and maxima. Of particular interest in this experiment is the varying intensity of light and respective positions on the display screen as ascertained trough measurement and calculation of width and separation distances for respective patterns. The experiment concludes by highlighting the wave attributes of visible light as manifested in ...

Abstract

A polymerase chain reaction also known as PCR refers to a technique that is used in the amplification of a DNA fragment making huge numbers of the original fragment. The process uses an enzyme known as DNA polymerase to multiply the DNA fragment. Other components that are necessary for a PCR reaction are the DNA template that is provided by the sample being multiplied, the primers, and nucleotides. The experiment aimed to examine a number of human DNA polymorphisms, the PV92 Alu polymorphism and the mitochondrial control region using human DNA. This was achieved by isolating the mitochondrial DNA from the mouth cells ...

Introduction

A turbulent jet is a source of energy and momentum in a fluid tank. A jet is considered fully turbulent at a jet laminar for Rej below about 100 and Reynolds number Rej above about 1’000 – 2’000. Therefore, the limit between a turbulent jet and laminar is around the Reynolds number of 3’000 and the significant characteristics of the jet are its discharge and momentum flux.

Eq. 2; Qj = vjAj – jet volume flux
Rej = vjdjv = jet Reynolds number
Frj = vj√g'dj = densimetric jet Froude number

Where;

Vj is the jet velocity at entry point
Aj is the tank ...

Introduction

The object of the paper is to analyze the above relationship over a range of pressures extending above and below atmospheric pressure.
Data were obtained for the pressure and temperature of a saturated steam-water mixture in equilibrium over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. The “raw” experimental data are given at the end of this document and the apparatus used are described below.

The object of this exercise is to:

a) Use the raw data to produce a table of absolute pressure .v. absolute (thermodynamic) saturation temperature over the whole range of the data provided.
b) Compare this data to equivalent data taken from steam tables.
c) Use ...

Abstract. Oxidation of ethanol is carried out by the oxidizing agent, potassium dichromate. The oxidizing agent undergoes a color change followed by the completion of the reaction. This change of color is utilized to measure the absorbance of the solution. The concentration of the unknown ethanol sample is calculated by plotting an absorbance vs concentration graph of the standard solutions.

Module and group

Lab class completed
- Introduction
The aim of the experiment is to determine the concentration of ethanol by calorimetric determination method. The concentration of ethanol is measured following its oxidation with potassium dichromate. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) undergoes reduction, ...

Centripetal force

PHY 2091-01
Introduction
The purpose for this experiment was to determine the centripetal force acting on a metal bob revolving on a Beck centripetal force apparatus. The mass, radius, and time for completing one rotation were measured and used to calculate the centripetal force. Weight of masses hanged on the metal bob was calculated and used to determine the static centripetal force. Calculated centripetal force and static centripetal force were then compared.

Data

The results obtained from the experiment are shown below:
Data analysis
The calculations are as shown below:
Percent error in radius
Percent error ...

Objective

Purpose of this laboratory is to inspect the effect of precipitation hardening in Aluminum and steel alloys.
Theory
Hardness is a property of a material which delineates resistance to permanent or plastic deformation. For metals, hardness is generally defined as the resistance to indentation. One way to attain hardness is to look into the effect of precipitation hardening. This type of hardening helps to detain the yield strength in the material. There are four methods used to test hardness of a material: Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, and Knoop. The Rockwell hardness test measures the depth of indentation, while the other three ...

Introduction

There are many resemblances that can be observed in magnetic and electric phenomena. A magnet comprised of north and south poles which are opposite to each other. The opposite poles attract and likewise repel each other. A magnet has principle property to influence the surrounding space. This surrounding effect of a magnet is known as a magnetic field.
Magnetic fields consist of lines of force and force of attraction and repulsion that travel/or move along the lines. The developed forces depend on strength and distance apart the poles.
Figure 1: Magnetic lines of force for bar magnet
A ...

A collision refers to a physical situation where kinetic energy of momentum of an object is transferred from an object to the other one. In physics, collisions are classified as either elastic or inelastic. Conservation laws; energy conservation and momentum conservation are important tools in the analysis of collisions. Various literatures and experimental studies have confirmed that it is difficult to assess the interaction of bodies during collision. Therefore, main objective of this work is to demonstrate to relate the various parameters such as velocities and masses of the system using the principle of conservation of energy and momentum.

The momentum of an object of mass, m and velocity, v is represented mathematically as shown below:

momentum, ...

Introduction and Theory

The main aim of this experiment is to investigate energy and momentum conservation in a closed system. Momentum and energy conservation principles are significant physical variables that engineers use when describing various physical phenomenon. Momentum of a body is a vector quantity, which is given by the product of its velocity and mass. In collision theory, the momentum of the body is always conserved when two bodies collide. The principle of momentum conservation applies to both elastic and inelastic conservation irrespective of the dynamic interaction between the two objects. This report demonstrates the application of momentum equation in determination of motion parameters ( ...

Group

Abstract
Material selection is an important stage in engineering design. Engineers use various materials with different mechanical properties in building of structures. These mechanical properties include; tensile strength, yield strength, proof stress, Young's modulus, shears modulus of rigidity and ductility amongst others. Material selection increases the performance as well as durability of the engineering component. The expected life, cost, nature of loading and working environment are some of the factors that assist engineers to select materials for particular application. Therefore, engineers and designers must be able to determine the properties of these materials before they use them. Engineers ...

Experiment 6

Introduction:
Newton’s laws of motion are very fundamental topic in physics. Motions of a body and force acting on the body to create motion are justified by these laws. In this experiment property of spring is also discussed. Spring is an interesting device which is widely used in daily life. In physics or any experiment related to physics, spring is utilized for its property of storing elastic potential energy.

Objective:

Purpose of this experiment is to be familiar with Newton’s laws of motion.
Theory:
Newton’s second law states that the vector sum of all individual ...

(City, State)

Abstract

Reactions taking place in a biological system are usually catalyzed by enzymes. One of these enzymes is the cellobiase, which is works to degrade cellobiose into glucose monosaccharides. Just like any other enzyme, cellobiase works under very specific conditions and alteration of these factors may result in a reduction, in its activity. The experiment was done with an aim of studying the cellobiase in terms of its reaction rate and how factors such as temperature, pH concentration of enzyme and the substrate affect the rate of cellobiase activity. It was determined that cellobiase has an initial rate of a reaction ...

Falling Ball Viscometer

Objective:
Purpose of the Falling Ball Viscometer experiment was to measure the viscosity of glycerin or glycerol by using falling ball viscometer technique.

Background:

When a body falls in a liquid under the force of gravity, it accelerates until weight of the body is balanced by the buoyancy force and drag force. Terminal velocity is gained by the body at this point. Viscosity of the liquid can be evaluated by measuring this terminal velocity of the body in the liquid.
In this experiment a steel sphere was allowed to fall in glycerol and dynamic viscosity of glycerol was measured by using ...

Introduction:

As with all living things, fish need oxygen in order to live. Fish have specialized organs called gills that are used to extract dissolved oxygen from water. In order to be able to extract the oxygen from water fish take in water through their mouths. This water is then forced into the gills. Gills are rich in blood vessels and have very thin walls. As the water passes through them, oxygen in the water is transferred through the thin walls to the blood stream. This oxygen is then transferred to cells.

Purpose:

The purpose of the experiment is to determine ...

1. Inverted as magnification is negative.
2. Real Image as it can be projected on a screen.
3. Two reasons.
. A ray passing through the centre of either a converging or diverging lens does not change in direction.
.A ray that enters a diverging lens by heading forward the focal point on the opposite side exists parallel to the axis of the plane itself.
4. Magnification is negative as the image size is less than the object size itself.
5. They are all equal and there are no variations in the result.

Answers on Experiment: 13( As per as data given)

1. Image is upright ...

(City, State)

Abstract

Cellobiase is an enzyme that is involved in hydrolyzing the products of the exocellulase (cellobiose) to form individual monosaccharides. The process breaking down cellobiose is a natural process and helps most organisms produce glucose for use as a source of food. This experiment aimed to study the cellobiase by determining its rate of reaction and effects pH, temperature, concentration of the substrate or enzyme on the rate of reaction. The initial rate of a reaction catalyzed by cellobiase enzyme is 11.25nmole/Minute with the optimum temperature being 37OC and the optimum pH was pH5. The activity of the enzyme is also ...

Introduction

Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid refers to a salicylate drug that is usually used to relieve pains as an analgesic, as an antipyretic in the reduction of fever, as well as in fighting against inflammation. Aspirin falls in the category of weak acids and usually undergoes slow hydrolysis where one molecule of aspirin reacts with two hydroxide (OH-) ion. Different methods are applied in determining the amount of aspirin that is contained in an analgesic drug. These methods include back titration and fluorescence spectrophotometry.
In fluorescence spectrophotometry, the molecules absorb the light energy supplied and then re-emit it. The emitted ...

Abstract

Introduction
Passing and receiving information from one being to another is based on how well a person can remember. Often people tend to forget things and are heard saying “oh, my memory failed me.” The big question here, however, is how exactly does the memory work. How does the person’s memory, manage to keep information passed on to it, for sometimes a long time whereas there are times when it just goes blank in second? It is important to know the message storing part if the brain. This is in the modern world, known as the working memory.
...

Experiment 5: Vectors and Static Equilibrium of Forces

INTRODUCTION:
In physics, the subject of statics deals with the description of conditions of force system that is necessary to maintain the state of equilibrium of engineering structure. When a body is in equilibrium, the resultant of all forces acting on it is zero. Main condition for static equilibrium is that the vector sum of all the forces acting on a body must be zero. In this report equilibrium was discussed by carrying out an experiment. For an analysis of a vector quantity like force vector operations like vector addition and subtraction are required and in this experiment this vector operation ...

Lab Report

Introduction
The purpose of the experiment was to show how prism separates white light into its component colors and to show how different colors are refracted at different angles through a prism. It was hypothesized that violet color would be the most refracted because it had the lowest wavelength.

Materials

- Light source
- Trapezoid from Ray Optics Kit
- Blank White Paper

Procedure

The light source was placed in a ray box mode on a sheet of blank white paper and a single white ray was selected by turning the wheel. Trapezoid was positioned such that its acute angle side faced ...

Experiment 4: Projectile Motion

Introduction:
Projectile motion is a special type of motion involves two components of motion – horizontal and vertical. But motions in two directions are independent of each other. Flight of ball is an example of projectile motion. This two dimensional motion can be determined as two linear motions in two mutually perpendicular directions –one along horizontal direction and the other one along vertical direction. Projectile motion can be analyzed with the help of equations of motion. Vector equations and vector rules are generally used as the motion occurs in two dimensions. Gravity force has primary importance in projectile motion. Effect ...

Introduction

The purpose of this experiment was to observe the diffraction patterns formed by laser light passing through a single slit and verify the position of minima and determine the position matches with the theoretically predicted position. This was ascertained by comparing the value calculated slit width with selected slit width of 0.04mm. It was hypothesized that there would be variations in calculated value and selected value.

Materials

- Track and screen from Basic Optic System (OS-8515)
- Diode laser (OS-8525)
- Single Slit Disk (OS-8523)
- White paper
- Metric rule

Procedure

The laser was placed at one ...

Introduction

The integumentary system is made up of the skin together with other accessory structures including nails, hair, as well as glands. The four major functions that are done by the integumentary system include protection, production of vitamin D, sensation, and temperature regulation (Bailey). The integumentary system offers protection of the body against ultraviolet light and abrasion while preventing dehydration as a result of water loss and entry of pathogens into the body (Seeley, Stephens and Tate).
The skin possesses numerous receptors that make it also function as a sensory organ. The receptors are usually referred to as free or encapsulated ...

Sensory Perception

The Nervous system plays an important role in many mammals including man. The nervous system is responsible for the coordination of different stimuli in the body. Environmental changes can be felt in the body due to the nervous system present. The sense of touch, vision, audition and taste can be understood solely due to the nervous system.
A minute change or deficiency in these senses could lead to fatality. A failure in perception of any of the senses makes an individual dependent. Sensory perception is essential for all living organisms and forms the basis for homeostasis.
A ...

The Simple Pendulum

Lab Details
(Here)

Lab Partner:

(Partner’s Name)
The Simple Pendulum

Introduction

The aim of this experiment was to experimentally find the time period of a simple pendulum, and use to compute the local acceleration due to gravity. These values were compared with the theoretical predictions based on the equation, =2πLg , where T is the time period, L is the effective length of the simple pendulum (measured quantity) and g is the local acceleration due to gravity. In order to compute the total error between the predicted and actual values, the effects of all random errors in each measured quantity ...

Introduction

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the speed of sound at room temperature using the microphone connected to a computer. Sound travels at a speed which is comparatively higher than the speed many objects. Consequently, the determination of speed of sound is technically challenging task. Most experiments rely on echo which is a reflection of sound to estimate this speed. The speed of sound at standard atmospheric pressure and temperature of 0º C is 331.5m/s. The experimental value of the speed of sound is expected to be less than the accepted value because low winter temperatures.

Materials and Methods

Materials
- Computer
...

Experiment 2: Motion in one dimension

Introduction:
Motion of a body in one dimension is basic study in physic and to have knowledge about motion in one dimension it is necessary to be acquainted with two fundamental laws of physics. One of them is Newton’s laws of motion and another is Newton’s law of gravity. There are three laws in Newton’s laws of motion, but in this paper only Newton’s second law of motion has been discussed. If force is applied on a body, the same will move as a result of applied force on the body. The body will remain in same ...

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Abstract of the Tensile Test

Tensile tests are instrumental in understanding the properties of various materials and the way will behave when subjected to a load. Four different materials were subjected to tensile test using universal testing machine. The materials that were tested were: steel and nylon. The data obtained from each experiment was used to calculate and graphically determine some of the valuable properties of the materials such as, yield stress, ultimate tensile strength and young’s modulus. The material properties obtained from the various test were compared with the theoretical values and also amongst the materials themselves. The tensile test results showed that ...

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

INTRODUCTION
Titration is a volumetric analysis used to determine the quantity and concentration of an unknown or known substance. Redox titration involves the use of reducing and oxidising agents as the reactants. Some redox reactions can be performed without necessarily adding an indicator since the reagents used change in colour at the end point: they are self-indicating.
Potassium iodate is an ionic compound whose molecule is made of the atoms of potassium, iodine, and oxygen. Its chemical formula is KIO3 and its mass number is 214 g mol-1 (Clark, 2000, P. 79). It is also a strong oxidising agent hence ...

Lab Report: Ethanol Determination Experiment

Objective: “To Determine the Ethanol content in several beverages using the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.”

The Chemistry behind this experiment is simple enough to understand. In the reaction carried out in the experiment, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) is formed which can be analyzed quantitatively to find the concentration of Ethanol. The reaction involves oxidation of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde. This oxidation takes place with concomitant reduction of NAD+ to NADH. This formation of NADH can be seen in the Δ absorption at 340 nm micro level. At this wavelength, the reduced co enzyme absorbs at a very fast rate than the oxidized one, ...

Abstract

A body is said to be moving in a uniform circular motion if it is moving in a circle with a constant speed. The main objective of this experiment was to find the net force that acts on an object of mass m which moves in a circle of radius r at constant speed v and to confirm that the magnitude of that force is given by mv2/r.An experiment was done using centripetal force apparatus by hanging masses on it and computing the force required to stretch the string, the masses were then subjected to a rotational frequency and the average frequency determined. The ...

Lab partner's name:

TA’s name:
Section no
Objective:
Purpose of this lab experiment was to gain knowledge about rotational motion from an energy viewpoint and to perceive how moment of inertia depends on the rotation axis for a given object. During this experiment a constant torque created a constant angular acceleration for a rigid body rotating about its center of mass.

Experimental Data:

Dimension of steel box = 0.05m x 0.04m. X 0.03m.
Mass = 0.442 kg;
Hanging mass = 20 g.

Medium Pulley:

1) Long -ways (longer axis):
Slope = 27± 0.35 ; Slope indicates angular acceleration i.e. α.
ωi = 0.45 rad/sec ϴi = 0.157 rad
...

INTRODUCTION

Theory
Electrical resistance is one of the most important properties of materials. It is defined mathematically as the ratio of voltage to the current passing through a conductor. In physical sense, it is opposition a material offers to the current flowing through it. This opposition to the passage of electricity is a result of collisions between charge carriers and other sub atomic particles. The collisions reduce the drift speed of electrons that carry charges. Materials that offer greatest opposition to current flow are called insulators while those that allow current to flow through them with minimal hindrance are called insulators.
...

:

ABSTRACT
The RLC resonance in a circuit is a circuit in which the arrangements follow or consist of a resistor, inductor and capacitor. This lap report is not a confined order. It can take a different order, i.e. an inductor, a resistor and a capacitor thus LRC. This arrangement can be connected in series or parallel depending on the topic in question. In this circuit, RLC circuit resonance, form a harmonic oscillation for current in seen in the cathode ray tube, oscilloscope. This laboratory work or experiment tries to determine the behavior of an RLC resonance circuit in terms of the resonance frequency as displayed in ...

Effect of lemon, garlic, and whole Jalapeño pepper on Bacillus

Introduction

Most of the commonly used fruits and spices have been studied for their possible antimicrobial properties. Spices can be defined as the plant substances that are used to increase the flavor. They may include leaves such as mint and coriander, flowers such as clover, bulbs such as turmeric and garlic, fruits such as pepper and lemon, stems such as cinnamon, and rhizomes such as ginger. These plants can have some bioactive molecules having both antibacterial and antifungal properties. Extracts from plants such as garlic and lemon are effective ...

Abstract

This experiment is meant to investigate how environmental factors such as wind, light, and heat affect the rate of transpiration in Zebra plants, Coleus, and Geranium. Among the environmental factors studied were: wind, light and temperature conducted. The study showed that the rate of transpiration was highest in coleus plant. Geranium plant showed the second highest rate of transpiration. The rate of transpiration is different from one plant species to another depending on the different morphologies and features. The rate of transpiration increased under wind and heat for all the plants tested. On the other hand, Zebra plant, recorded ...

Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the specific heat capacity of unknown substance and use the quantity to identify the substance. The specific heat capacities of the metals were determined to be 0.890 Jg-1K-1 and 0.361 Jg-1K-1. The metals were identified as aluminum and copper respectively. The percentage uncertainty in the determination of specific heat capacities of aluminum and copper were found to be 0.78% and 6.23% respectively. These errors were attributed to loss of heat in the atmosphere.

Introduction and Theory

The amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance is proportional to its mass and temperature differences (Arfken ...

Assignment

Calculate the theoretical discharge for each trial using Eqn. 5.

Replacing all the values
= 5.4 * 6 * 9.81/2 * (2/3)3/2 * 1.53/2
=36.69

Trial 2:

Replacing all the values
= 5.3 * 6 * 9.81/2 * (2/3)3/2 * 1.753/2
= 61.86

Trial 3:

Replacing all the values
= 5.2 * 6 * 9.81/2 * (2/3)3/2 * 23/2
= 90.59

Trial 4:

Replacing all the values
= 5.1 * 6 * 9.81/2 * (2/3)3/2 * 2.253/2
= 126.51

Trial 5:

Replacing all the values
= 5.04 * 6 * 9.81/2 * (2/3)3/2 * 2.53/2
= 171.5

Trial 6:

Replacing all the values
= 4.97 * 6 * 9.81/2 * (2/3)3/2 * 2.753/2
= 225.09

Trial 7:

Replacing all the values
= 4.89 * 6 * 9.81/2 * (2/3)3/2 * 33/2
...

Executive summary:

As a fluid flows through a pipe, there are numerous losses due to the nature and characteristic of the pipe. Such losses can be investigated in the laboratory by setting up an experiment. This report, presents the results and discussion of an experiment set up to investigate fluid flow. The laboratory experiment is designed in order to determine the relationship between the head losses resulting due to friction and the velocity of flow of the water. Secondly, the experiment is aimed at comparing the measured and calculated values of head loss determined using the pipe friction equation. The data was collected ...

Section SLN:

TA’s name:
I. Objectives
- Measure the motion of a Simple Pendulum using a motion detector and record position v/s time by computer.
- Investigate how the period varies with the amplitude.
- Analyze the motion to determine damping constant and quality factor.
II. Data

Undamped oscillations – tennis ball

Slope of T2 vs. L plot = 4.923 +/- 0.2372 s2/m

Make a bar graph in GA to observe the relationship between period and amplitude.

Damped oscillations – Styrofoam ball
III. Data Analysis

Period of oscillations as a function of the pendulum length

- Based on the slope of T2 vs. L plot the experimental gravitational acceleration was calculated as follows:
The slope of the graph is calculated to be 4.923.

Now, we know that,

Slope = 42/g

Therefore,

...

Considering the effects of cover crop and intercropping on garden settings

1. Introduction
1.1 Background
Sustainable agricultural production systems, otherwise known as agroecosystems, employ a variety of techniques to maintain environmental quality. Cover crops are one strategy used by growers to preserve and enhance soil resources because of their impacts on soil-nutrient dynamics (such as nitrogen and carbon fixation)and microbiological functions (Steenworth and Belina, 2008). Cover crops such as cereal grass, hairy vetch, and oilseed radish, manage problems in an agroecosystem such as soil quality, erosion and fertility, water quality, pests and weeds because they tend to be less resource intensive than other crops and instead contribute to ...

Abstract

The objective of the current experiment is to describe how plants function and pass on the traits. Dark is dominant to wrinkled and Green is dominant to pale green. A statistical approach is used for goodness of fit between observed data and data that are predicted from a hypothesis. Null Hypothesis: The results of the experiment are in agreement with the Mendel’s Laws. Dark is dominant to wrinkled and Green is dominant to pale green. The chi square values that are greater than 3.841 are expected to occur less than 5 percent of the time due to random sampling ...

Report

Introduction:
Greek mathematician Archimedes invented that an object at rest, and partially or completely merged in a fluid (gas or liquid) is acted upon by an upward buoyant force that is of equal magnitude as the weight of the displaced fluid by the object. This is known as Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. According to the principle, the volume of the displaced fluid is equivalent to the volume of an object that is immersed into a fluid or equivalent to the submerged portion of the object below the fluid surface, and magnitude of the buoyant force is equivalent to the weight ...

:

TA’s Name:
ABSTRACT
In an LRC circuit where a resistor, capacitor and inductor are connected in series is an example of a resonant circuit. Such a circuit can be tuned in order to achieve resonance. At resonance the phase angle of the input voltage in the circuit is zero. When an AC input voltage is applied to such a circuit the phase angle will be affected since the impedance of the capacitor and inductor are dependent on the frequency of the input voltage. For this experiment the phase difference between voltage and current for components in a series LRC resonant circuit. ...

Gravimetric analysis

Introduction
Gravimetric analysis is a method of measuring of mass of chemical substances. This analysis can be classified in two types; precipitation and volatilization (Bassett et al.). In precipitation method some steps, involved to determine quantify of the chemical substances, are separation of an ion in aqueous solution by a reaction, filtering and washing the precipitate, converting the precipitate to a substance of known composition, and lastlytaking weight of the precipitate as well asevaluating its mass. The chemical substance must be precipitated fully.Theunknown amount of original ion can be evaluated from the mass and known composition of the precipitate. Gravimetric method ...

TA’s Name
Objective of Section
The experiment was aimed at investigating collision in two dimensions. The study sort to check whether the recorded energy after the collision is equal to the theoretical figure as well as calculating the discrepancy realized.

Experimental Data

Data Analysis
In two dimension collision, the momentum and kinetic energy before and after collision should be equal. The law of conservation of energy stipulates that the energy before and after collision should be equal, especially if there was no lost energy. However, in reality, some energy is converted into other forms of energy, hence ...

Abstract

Scientists have conducted multiple ab initio calculations to determine the infrared spectra and the array of complexes BrH: NH3, ClH: NH3 and FH: NH3. Additionally, the research incorporates investigating the effects of inert gasses’ atoms on the infrared spectra and arrangements. The scientists constructed a double dimension MP2/6-31+G (d, p) energy surface for complexes XH: NH3. The two-facet Schrodinger calculations were solved for the dimer and the proton stretching series. Most complexes have differing infrared spectra even though their equilibrium arrangements are characterized by traditional hydrogen bonds. The grounds (v=0) and (v=1) that are both found in FH.NH3 describe the ...

Introductory physics lab

Lab report #4
Section 214

Objective:
Hook’s is a fundamental topic of physics and few divisions of engineering like Civil and Mechanical engineering. This law helps to perceive elastic property of a material. As per this principle of physics, force needed to compress or extend a spring by some amount of distance is proportional to the distance. If F is force and x is distance, then as per Hook's law, F = -k.X, where k is termed as stiffness and it is constant for a material rather the spring. Purpose of this experiment was to find spring constant (k).

Equipment:

Following equipments ...

Introduction

The simulated experiment of the practical is about the addition of agonists and antagonists on a guinea pig ileum and observing the effect of these agonists and antagonists on the ileum. This experiment is carried out with an aim to determine the effects of different concentrations of agonists and antagonists on the ileum of a guinea pig. In this experiment the type of data that are to be collected include the traces of acetycholine in the guinea pig ileum on addition of different concentrations of matropine. The expected values of the experiment are that the contraction of the ileum to change ...

Introduction

Aspirin is a commonly used drug. One of the properties of aspirin is that it is an analgesic, meaning that it relieves of pain. Aspirin is also an antipyretic drug meaning that it relieves on of fever. It also has anti-inflammatory properties meaning that if readily relieves swelling from tissues (Ahluwalia, Sunita & Adarsh 231). Salicylic acid has two functional groups. One of the functional groups is the phenolic group while the other functional group is carboxylic acid group. The presence of these two functional groups means that salicylic acid can undergo esterification in two different reactions.
In one reaction, ...

ABSTRACT

In the vibrating beam experiment, an aluminum cantilever beam was made to vibrate. An accelerometer transducer was used to convert the mechanical vibrations into a signal that was fed into an oscilloscope via a power supply. The oscilloscope mapped the signal into a sine curve and displayed it on the screen.
The oscillations’ decay curve was studied and the beam’s damping ratio was determined. The decay curve’s logarithmic decrement was used to determine the beam’s damping ratio and its natural frequency.
The beam’s damping ratio was observed to be underdamped at a damping ratio of 0.0066.

LIST OF SYMBOLS

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