Gradient Reports Samples For Students

Introduction

The null hypothesis for the experiment was that oxygen production is the same in both plants while the alternative hypothesis was that oxygen production and thus the rate of photosynthesis is higher in Ceratophyllum than in Cabomba due to its efficiency in carbon dioxide utilization (Kitaya, Murakami, & Takeuchi, 2003).

Materials and Methods

Experimental Design
The research question to be answered in the experiment was whether there is rate difference, in oxygen production, in oxygen production between Ceratophyllum and Cabomba. It was predicted that each of the plants would have different oxygen production rates. The dependent variable was the rate in oxygen ...

The Rate of Photosynthesis in Two Submerged Organisms (Cabomba and Ceratophyllum)

Introduction
In this experiment, the set alternative hypothesis was that the rate of oxygen production in Cabomba was significantly different from the rate of oxygen production in Ceratophyllum. This was informed by the report from a previous study by Van and colleagues (1976) that indicated that Cabomba had a lower rate of photosynthesis compared to Ceratophyllum and Hydrilla that had similar photosynthetic rate.

Materials and Methods

Experimental Design
The experimental independent variables were 6 grams for Ceratophyllum and Cabomba organisms while oxygen produced was the dependent variable. Water collected from the pond was used as the control in the experiment. The question ...

Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to determine the relationship between the Young’s Modulus and the deflection of a beam. Since different materials have different values of Young’s Modulus, the students selected three different materials for the experiment. In this case, the materials used include timber, aluminium, and steel. All the materials were identical in terms of the dimensions such as width and length. The each beam of the three materials was subjected to some magnitude of force at the centre and deflection measured. Data concerning the magnitude of load and the corresponding defection were then gathered ...

Abstract

The experiment involved the investigation of the young’s modulus of different beams made from different materials. The beams that were used for the test were steel, aluminum and timber. The experiment involved placing of the beams on the measurement machine shown below and addition of loads at the center of the beam. The loads were then varied across the beams while investigating the relationship that existed between the beams when different loads were added. The height, width, and the respective deflections were therefore recorded for analysis. The dial gauge was used to measure the deflection of the beam ...

Abstract

In this experiment, the young modulus of three beams was investigated these were steel, aluminum and timber. The beams were placed and the deflections values upon addition of various loads at the Centre of the beam taken. There was a variation of the loads across the beam to investigate thee relationship that existed between the loads, the span width, height, and deflections. Measurement of the deflection was therefore done through the dial gauge with three sets of measurements being taken and the average calculated. Different beams were used to enable elaborate comparison of the coefficient of elasticity. Measurement of ...

In the realm of physics, every motion in the universe is governed by a multitude of forces. From the smallest subatomic particle to the gigantic astronomical body, each particle follows a universal law of forces that determine how they interact with one another. Understanding how these forces work is essential in understanding how the natural world around us works, and then to subsequently apply that knowledge to develop the human race in general.
Some forces are readily observable and felt by people around us; some are not. Three of the most prominent forces affecting our everyday lives are the ...

Abstract

The aim of the experiment was to determine the relationship between the diameter of a steel ball and its terminal velocity in glycerol. Four balls with different diameters were put in a transparent cylinder full of glycerol. The velocity of the ball was calculated based on the time taken for the ball to pass from one mark on the cylinder to another. The results showed that an increase in the diameter of the steel ball leads to an increase in terminal velocity. Besides, the results show that the larger the diameter of the steel ball is, the faster the ...

Introduction

Bend (flexure) testing is often done in springs as well in brittle materials whose behaviors of failure are linear like concrete, wood, plastic, glass and ceramics. Bend testing is suitable for evaluating the strength of brittle materials where the results of tensile tests aren’t easy to interpret due to the breaking of specimens around the gripping (Schoffstall, Charles, and Robert 234). In bend testing experiment, smooth rectangular specimens without notches are recommended under three or four point bend arrangements. Figure I below illustrates three point and four point bend arrangements respectively.
Figure 1. Bend testing of a smooth ...

Executive summary

This experiment seeks to compute the overall mass transfer coefficients for nitrogen gas and oxygen gas via a polymer membrane under different experimental conditions. The calculation of the overall mass transfer coefficient of the gasses will aid in establishing how the permeability of the polymer membrane is affected by altering these conditions. The experiment employs the calculation of the separation factor in determining the efficiency of a membrane in separating oxygen gas from nitrogen gas. It uses the measured values of flow rates, exit streams and flow rate composition of the membrane component to calculate the mass transfer coefficients. ...

Introduction

The purpose of this experimental task was to investigate the possibility of using circular rods of different materials made from different materials and having different diameters as heat fins. Extend surfaces of heat fins allow for additional heating and cooling capacity in a cheap and passive way. The fins are intended for use in cooling a reactor by use of the surrounding air. Models were developed based on several assumptions for the simplification of the derivation of the steady and unsteady state temperature distribution state in a solid rod heated at one of the edges.
The models derived shall ...

Abstract

The word technology may be in the talk of time for most individuals, however, little do they know what impacts all this development. The existence of visual systems, audio systems and other complex equipment all give credit to the early discoveries. Discovery of atoms, ions and later electrons simplified everything. It is from theses that energy was developed. One of the most promising techniques used by scientists is the charge to mass ratio of electrons. It helped in observing the nature of materials. This lab report aims at analyzing the Sir J. Thompson`s experiment of evaluating charge to ...

Oscillatory Motion

Introduction
The purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the spring constant of a spring connected to mass and to determine the effect of varying mass on the period of oscillation. It was hypothesized that the increase in mass would lead to increase in the period of the oscillating spring.

Theory

Hooke’s Law
According to Hooke’s law, the restoring force (F) of a stretched spring is proportional to its extension (x) (Mansfield and Colm, 39).
F ∞ x
F = - k x

Where F is the restoring force, x is the extension and k is a constant of proportionality called spring constant.

The negative sign indicate that the direction of restoring force is opposite that of extension.
...

[Subduction Initiation]

Abstract

The major purpose of this report is to explore the process of subduction initiation by looking at its implications. The initiation of subduction is among the main plate tectonic process hence it comes out as an important subject of study when exploring the geological structure of the Earth. In order to explore all the elements associated with this, the paper is categorized into topics that cover important aspects. First, it is important to study when and why subduction initiation begins since this will give a picture about its relation with plate tectonic movement. It comes out that ...

Group

Abstract
Material selection is an important stage in engineering design. Engineers use various materials with different mechanical properties in building of structures. These mechanical properties include; tensile strength, yield strength, proof stress, Young's modulus, shears modulus of rigidity and ductility amongst others. Material selection increases the performance as well as durability of the engineering component. The expected life, cost, nature of loading and working environment are some of the factors that assist engineers to select materials for particular application. Therefore, engineers and designers must be able to determine the properties of these materials before they use them. Engineers ...

Introduction

The purpose of the experiment was to study Ohm’s law and to investigate the relationship between current and voltage in metal wire, lamp filament and diode.

Theory

Electric current (I) is defined as the rate at which charges flow through a conductor. Current flows when a conductor is connected to a power supply in a complete circuit. The battery provides the energy needed to move the charges through a conductor. The energy supplied by battery per unit charge is called voltage. Voltage is a measure of electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit. The potential difference between two terminals of a power supply is referred ...

Osmosis is the random diffusion of solvent water molecule from an area of low solute concentration to areas where the solute concentration is high through a semi permeable membrane so as to equalize the concentration of the solute on both sides (Kylstra, Longmuir, and Grace 289). It is a biological process essential to both flora and fauna that results into various physiological effects, for this experiment water and a mixture of syrup and water will be used to demonstrate the process. A laboratory report hence illustrates what the students involved, understood while carrying out the practical experiments.
The purpose of the ...

REPORT: Landscape Planning and Ecological Management: Plantation of bare root common trees.

Introduction
We often take trees and other flora, all around us, for granted maybe because almost all of us have seen trees and captured the word and their image deep inside our sub-consciousness. As we grow up, we learn about the benefits and advantages of trees parrot-fashion. No person or entity teaches us anything about the aesthetics so when we see captivating landscape photographs and images, we take in the beauty without taking in the trees. It is beyond this point that most of us change directions and go off towards modern, fast-process systems, which we then proceed ...

Aims

1. To observe and investigate the effects of osmosis across the cell membranes of a plant.
2. To investigate the ability of different molecules to diffuse across a selectively permeable membrane.

Introduction

All living cells are enclosed by an outer covering known as plasma or cell membranes. In addition, these plasma membranes serve as barriers between different compartments in the body to confine processes and materials to certain locations. Examples of these processes are diffusion and osmosis which are the main physiological processes that play important roles in the body. Diffusion can be defined as the process by which molecules move ...

Introduction

Spectrophotometry is one of the most common and efficient means of chemical analysis currently used in estimating the concentration of some chemicals. The technique exploits the radiation absorption property of various chemical substances in determining their concentrations. Spectrophotometry is based on Beer-Lambert Law. Beer-Lambert Law is the linear relationship between the absorbance and concentration of an absorbing species (Nair, 2010; Burrows et al., 2013). The mathematical expression of Beer-Lambert Law is shown in equation1 below:
A=aλ*b*c Equation 1
In the equation 1 shown above, A represents the measured absorbance, a is the absorptivity coefficient which depends on ...

Abstract

The study was performed to determine the effect of marital status on the body mass index. The data used contained a sample size of 6878 adults from England aged above eighteen years. The data was collected through a Health Survey that was performed in 2011. The data was analysed using t-test, one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD post hoc test, and the linear regression. The study found that there was no correlation between marital status and the body mass index. However, the effect of marital status on the body mass was statistically significant even though marital status accounted for 0.2% ...

ENGL 303-005: Technical Writing

Feasibility Study on Solutions to efficiently power an electrical vehicle
Abstract
“Feasibility Study on Solutions to Efficiently Power and Charge Electrical Vehicles”
The future of electric vehicles needs to shift toward the use of solar charging stations which can increase the feasibility of electric vehicles outside of urban areas. The solar powered charging stations can revolutionize the way the world views vehicles powered by renewable energy sources. These solar stations can be placed in rural areas which can allow the drivers to store and charge their vehicle, which will minimize the prevalence of vehicles being stranded without access to ...

DEFLECTION OF BEAMSIntroduction

Any kind of modern day construction makes use of a component called structural beam, or beam. A beam helps in adding strength of any design or structure. Generally manufactured using steel, wood, or concrete, it is commonly used for spanning any open element of a structure. In any design work based on iron, steel I beam is the most commonly used one. On the other hand, home-based constructions generally make use of wooden beams. When steel I beam is encased within concrete, it forms a concrete beam and is typically used in the construction of heavy structures, such as ...

Use of Fossil Fuels for Power Generation and the Need for Renewable Energy

According to Nelson (2011), more than 85% of the world’s energy consumption, which is estimated at 520 exajoules, is generated through the burning of fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas and coal (p.19). Electric power generation from non-renewable sources will, unequivocally, result in their exhaustion and creation of a major energy crisis. For this reason, it appears primordial to shift in a greater scale to alternate power generation, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, etc. Amongst these, Sorensen (2011) explains that though hydroelectric power does represent one of the major forms of power generation, its growth is stagnant ...

Objectives

The main aims of this experiment are to determine if the oscillation of a mass hung vertically from a spring are an example of simple harmonic motion, to measure the gravitational acceleration of the earth and to determine the accuracy of the experimental results. The value of k (the spring constant) for the spring being used will also be measured and the relationships between the spring constant, mass and period of will also be investigated.

Theory

If a mass is attached to the string, it will stretch and reach equilibrium. The relationship between the spring extension and force applied is ...

Executive summary

The aim of the report was to determine the consumption pattern as well as the magnitude and direction of the correlations of various inputs in the production process of aluminum grade. Effective control of inputs cost is a result of efficient analysis. Therefore, the report analyzed the electrical as well as chemical and plumbing to compare their respective amount and standard deviation. The study showed that the process produces more plumbing and chemical grade as compared to electrical aluminum grade. Again, the report probed on the appropriate purchase amount for the alumina against a set value. Statistical analysis confirmed ...

INVESTIGATING THE RESISTIVITY OF A WIRE

Electrical resistance is a physical quantity characterizing the properties of the conductor to interfere with the passage of electric current and voltage, which is equal to the ratio of the voltage at the end of the conductor to the current flowing through it (Brown, Forbes T., 2006, p. 43).
The electrical resistivity is a physical value that characterizes the ability of a substance to prevent the passage of electric current.
The resistance of an electrical circuit can be calculated, with the help of two equations below (Woan, G., 2010).
R=VI

R – Resistance (ohms), V – Voltage (volts), I – Current (amps)

R=pLA
p – Resistivity (ohm.m)
L – Length (meters)

A – Cross-sectional area (meters2)

A physical ...

Analysis of Plant Pigments with Liquid Chromatography and Spectrometric Detection

The experiment is aimed at coming up with a solution of knowing on how to separate color pigments in a mixture of some solvent. An appropriate solvent is put into use and then some conclusion is drawn from the observations made. The following could be the

- The extract becomes darker progressively due to the fact that the spinach solution becomes more concentrated with the subsequent extractions of the acetone solution. It is observed that the extracts starts at around 10ml of the organic solvent, but as the experiment proceeds, the volume becomes 2.0ml which was almost as the same volume ...

Objectives

The aim of this experiment is to study the effective thermal conductivity of a heat pipe. This is achieved by measuring the difference in temperature across the heat pipe and another conductor made of the same material and size. The temperature measurement for both the pipe and conductor is done under identical thermal conditions.

Apparatus

- Copper-water heat pipe – The specimen whose thermal conductivity is to be found. It is represented in Figure 1.
- Solid Copper Wire – The reference material of same size.
- Thermocouple (quantity – 3) – Temperature measuring instrument (analogue).
- Multi-channel digital thermometer – Temperature measuring ...

Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction
The first method through which heat is transferred from one object to another is conduction. Conduction occurs in liquids and solids through transfer of kinetic energy present in one particle to the immediate particle(s) in its surrounding. By considering the bonds existing between atoms and molecules in solids as elastic links, the vibration of one particle due to increase energy level caused by heat, the next in its line vibrate too. This process is replicated in adjacent particles thereby allowing transfer of thermal energy from a body with a higher temperature as compared to the one with low ...

Introduction

Initially there were beliefs that, MMPs are jointly able to degenerate all constituents making up the extracellular matrix (ECM) together with basement membrane that confines their operations to tissue reconstruction as well as the preservation. Nonetheless, the contemporary studies also signify that MMP-1 is responsible for controlling the production or else the activation of the chemokines. At this point, it is critical to understand that MMP-1 is among other MMPs.
Similarly, the knowledge holds it that MMP- 1 cleaves a peptide bond beforehand a residue comprising of a hydrophobic adjacent chain, for instance Met and Leu. The other sideways chains cleaved ...

Survey of Mick Brumby’s property / positive findings

In conjunction with the United States Department of Agriculture, through its local offices, a soil survey of Mick Brumby’s property was carried out. The soil survey was carried out with respect to the soil profile. The parameters considered were mineralogical make up, thickness of soil particles, arrangement and the physical and chemical properties. This analysis was important in order to determine the water retention capacity of the soil. From the survey, your land is predominantly made of loam soil. The piece of land is situated on a slope, hence some concern with regards to mass wasting. There is bedrock deeper ...

The main objective of this experiment was to measure the temperature difference across a heat pipe and a solid conductor of the same material and size and under the same thermal conditions. Secondly, to use the data obtained herein to determine an effective thermal conductivity of the heat pipe.

Methodology

Apparatus
- Copper-water heat pipe
- Hot plate
- Thermocouple (3)
- Ring stand with clamps (2)
- Solid copper wire
- Glass beaker (2)
- Multichannel digital thermometer
- Vernier caliper

The copper water heat pipe apparatus is illutrated as shown below:

Figure 1: A Basic heat pipe

Description of the apparatus

heat pipes are passive heat transfer ...

Investigating How Temperature Affects The Breathing Rate Of Goldfish

IntroductionAim
The aim of this experiment is to find out whether varying temperature of the surrounding environment of a goldfish would affect its breathing rate. Research question
Does the breathing rate of goldfish change with changes of the surrounding temperature? If it does, how does it? Would increasing the temperature of water containing a goldfish lead to high breathing rates or vice versa? A beaker containing aquarium water will be used as the environment in which a goldfish will be placed. The temperature of the water in the beaker will be altered successively by serially adding crushed ice to obtain ...

First A. Author, Second B. Author, Jr., and Third C. Author, Member, IEEE
Abstract—In this experiment, a hand dynamometer was used to measure the grip strength of a subject. The forearm muscles were engaged in an activity, and the grip recorded. The electromyogram (EMG) activity was related to the grip strength by making a graph of the maximum grip strength against area under the EMG activity’s absolute integral during the contraction of muscle. Data was recorded from the dominant and non-dominant forearms of the subject and the electrical activity of each forearm compared to its diameter. Prolonged grip strength ...