Heat Reports Samples For Students

Objectives

The aim of this experiment is to study the effective thermal conductivity of a heat pipe. This is achieved by measuring the difference in temperature across the heat pipe and another conductor made of the same material and size. The temperature measurement for both the pipe and conductor is done under identical thermal conditions.

Apparatus

- Copper-water heat pipe – The specimen whose thermal conductivity is to be found. It is represented in Figure 1.
- Solid Copper Wire – The reference material of same size.
- Thermocouple (quantity – 3) – Temperature measuring instrument (analogue).
- Multi-channel digital thermometer – Temperature measuring ...

Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction
The first method through which heat is transferred from one object to another is conduction. Conduction occurs in liquids and solids through transfer of kinetic energy present in one particle to the immediate particle(s) in its surrounding. By considering the bonds existing between atoms and molecules in solids as elastic links, the vibration of one particle due to increase energy level caused by heat, the next in its line vibrate too. This process is replicated in adjacent particles thereby allowing transfer of thermal energy from a body with a higher temperature as compared to the one with low ...

Introduction

Efficient energy utilization is an important aspect of human life. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy can never be created nor destroyed. Thus, it is essential to utilize the energy available for us effectively and efficiently. Energy can be transformed from one form to another by use of appropriate transducers. When designing a house, it is essential to do it with the greatest regard to efficient energy use as well as safety to the environment. House designers should always come up with designs that promote efficient energy use. For instance, utilization of renewable energy should be maximized. ...

Objective

Purpose of this laboratory is to inspect the effect of precipitation hardening in Aluminum and steel alloys.
Theory
Hardness is a property of a material which delineates resistance to permanent or plastic deformation. For metals, hardness is generally defined as the resistance to indentation. One way to attain hardness is to look into the effect of precipitation hardening. This type of hardening helps to detain the yield strength in the material. There are four methods used to test hardness of a material: Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, and Knoop. The Rockwell hardness test measures the depth of indentation, while the other three ...

MEMORANDUM

This memorandum gives a description the extended description of how solar heat is generated for cooking. This description will include sections as follows: purpose of the concept, principles of heat, materials requirements, design principles, operation of solar cooking device, and future development. With this information, the basic description of the concept of solar cooking shall have been described.

Purpose of the concept

Solar cooking is a technology that is utilized in using the solar energy to generate heat for cooking. This is a technology that has been seen to help many users utilize solar energy for cooking. With this technology, energy from the solar system has ...

In this assignment, food analysis involves involve several procedures that have been used to identify the various methods with which the fats, salts, ash and moisture in food are subjected to different conditions to produce results. Several methods have been used with a combination of different solutions that have been able to produce different results. Therefore, this report would include several methods that were applied on fats, salts, ash as well as moisture in food. For instance, soxhlet method would be used in the determination of fat content in foods, Mohr method was used to determine the amount of salt ...

Abstract

This experiment is meant to investigate how environmental factors such as wind, light, and heat affect the rate of transpiration in Zebra plants, Coleus, and Geranium. Among the environmental factors studied were: wind, light and temperature conducted. The study showed that the rate of transpiration was highest in coleus plant. Geranium plant showed the second highest rate of transpiration. The rate of transpiration is different from one plant species to another depending on the different morphologies and features. The rate of transpiration increased under wind and heat for all the plants tested. On the other hand, Zebra plant, recorded ...

Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the specific heat capacity of unknown substance and use the quantity to identify the substance. The specific heat capacities of the metals were determined to be 0.890 Jg-1K-1 and 0.361 Jg-1K-1. The metals were identified as aluminum and copper respectively. The percentage uncertainty in the determination of specific heat capacities of aluminum and copper were found to be 0.78% and 6.23% respectively. These errors were attributed to loss of heat in the atmosphere.

Introduction and Theory

The amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance is proportional to its mass and temperature differences (Arfken ...

Introduction 3

Background on Report 3
Current Technologies
Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Technology 5
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 8
Solar Heating and Cooling (SCH) Technology 10
Analysis and Recommendation 11
Conclusion 12
Figures and Tables
Figure 1: Diagram of a P-N junction in a Photovoltaic Cell 6
Figure 2: A Typical Parabolic Through CSP System 9
Figure 3: Wakiki Shore Apartments in Honolulu, Hawaii 11

Used in Contemporary Society

Introduction
The use of fossil fuels results in combustion gases which contribute to global warming. Furthermore, these combustion gases result in air pollution which is detrimental to the ...

Figure 1 Schematic parabolic concentrated solar power (Source adopted: Chu, 2011) 5
Figure 2 Systematic mechanism of Dish/Engine System 12
Figure 3 Illustration of section-A of figure-2 12

Recommendation Report: Dish/Engine Type-The Best Concentrated Solar Power Technology

Introduction
The sun has provided the earth and everything in it with immense energy for years, and lots of these energies are left untapped. Even with the unprecedented advancement in technology today, only a little solar power is tapped. The studies reported that the side of the Earth having facing towards the Sun, a square kilometer at the outer edge of the atmosphere gets solar power up to 1,400 ...

Introduction

In this experiment, we are interested to determine the heat change of two different reactions using the ice calorimeter. The heat change values are applied together with the given values of the heat transformation of water (∆H(H2O)) and the application of hess law to establish the heat of formation of MgO (∆H(MgO))
A formation reaction has a defined stoichiometry which makes them ideal constructs to be investigated by the Bunsen ice calorimeter. When the heat is released by the reaction, it causes the ice to melt and the volume of the ice-water mixture to contract. From the ...

Following the story of the use of ethanol to provide warmth in cold environments, this paper presents research on the effect the consumption of ethanol has on an individual’s body temperature. Firstly, the distribution of heat in the body is done by the blood. Through the vasodilatation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels, the body loses and retains head respectively. Given that ethanol enters the bloodstream directly upon consumption, its effects are almost immediate. Its presence in the blood causes the widening of blood vessels due to its vasodilation effect (Eston & Reily, 2013).
This results in an increase ...

Introduction

Transpiration is the process involving the movement of water from the roots through the xylem to the atmosphere via the stomata. About 95% of the water absorbed by plants is transpired to the atmosphere. The plant uses the remaining 5% for its metabolic functions such as photosynthesis and respiration (Ahmadi and Baker, 259).
The movement of water in the vascular plant is as a result of the coordination among the three plant organs: the root, the stem, and the leaf. Roots have root hairs located toward its growing tip. The root hairs form extensions of the epidermal cells referred ...

Global warming is a natural phenomenon that slowly deforms and alters landscapes, and things susceptible to heat may suffer from adverse heat. Global warming has been an issue for the past 50 years. Research studies recorded many effects brought by global warming, and this will continue to be a concern as weather conditions change for the worse.
Human activities are mainly the cause of global warming. One activity is the mismanagement of plastic bags. Plastics are composed of chemicals such as polyethylene, which can take centuries to decompose in landfills. It can also emit harmful greenhouse gases (Sayre, 2007) from ...

Introduction

In the design of energy efficient house, three key factors need to be considered. First is the materials and construction. The chosen materials should be durable, renewable and have high insulation levels. Second, the resource value unto which the construction is done is important. Finally, putting energy use at the centre of the design process is the key factor that surpasses all other factors.
Having realized that embedded systems in the distribution network could lead to great energy savings, especially in the domestic situations, it is feasible to come up with energy efficient house that can utilize renewable ...

Abstract

A hybrid car is a car used to drive the drive wheels more than one energy source.
Hybrid car called the vehicle driven by using the hybrid power plant. A distinctive feature of the hybrid power plant is to use two or more sources of energy and their corresponding engines that convert energy into mechanical work. Some sources of information used, the term "hybrid engine", which from a technical point of view is incorrect.
Despite the diversity of sources of energy (thermal energy of gasoline or diesel fuel, electricity, compressed air energy, the energy of the compressed liquefied gas, ...

Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is a power generation cycle that converts the available heat energy to mechanical work via turbine that drives the generator to produce electricity. Unlike typical Rankine cycles that use steam as the working fluid, Organic Rankine cycles (ORC) use an organic working fluid for instance, isooctane and isopentane, isobutane amongst others. The boiling points of these organic fluids are less than that of water. Thus, ORC makes it possible to extract power from waste heat in industrial processes. They are also used in most geothermal power plants of low entropy .
A typical Organic Rankine cycle ...

The following were the main objectives of this experiment:

Methodology
The following apparatus were used in this experiment:
- Copper-water heat pipe
- Hot plate
- Thermocouple (3)
- Ring stand with clamps (2)
- Solid copper wire
- Glass beaker (2)
- Multichannel digital thermometer
- Vernier caliper
Figure 1 below shows the illustration of copper-water heat pipe:
According to Fig. 1, The three main components of a heat pipe are the working fluid, vacuum tight containment vessel and the capillary/wick vessel. The operation of these three elements ensures the efficient and even heat transfer between heat ...

The main objective of this experiment was to measure the temperature difference across a heat pipe and a solid conductor of the same material and size and under the same thermal conditions. Secondly, to use the data obtained herein to determine an effective thermal conductivity of the heat pipe.

Methodology

Apparatus
- Copper-water heat pipe
- Hot plate
- Thermocouple (3)
- Ring stand with clamps (2)
- Solid copper wire
- Glass beaker (2)
- Multichannel digital thermometer
- Vernier caliper

The copper water heat pipe apparatus is illutrated as shown below:

Figure 1: A Basic heat pipe

Description of the apparatus

heat pipes are passive heat transfer ...

Introduction

The destructive testing of the materials is often used to find out the material properties. The mechanical property is based on the parameters obtained from the material testing. The testing involves tensile testing, hardness testing, creep testing, and impact testing. The non destructive testing involves interaction of energy with the materials. It is necessary to decide the behaviour of the material by knowing the property of the materials. The structure of the material at the atomic level will guess the characteristic of the material at the atomic level. The materials fall into the category of metallic, ceramic, and polymeric. ...

Chemistry

The system will start by using the procedure for normal capillary cycle. It will be allowed to run for five to ten minutes in order to stabilize. The process will start with evaporation of the refrigerant, taking heat from the low temperature part of the system and giving it out to the high temperature part of the system. The refrigerant must meet the requirement of having a vapor pressure of above one atmosphere at the refrigeration temperature but, not high pressure at the heat rejection temperature. We will take the wattmeter readings for the calculation of the power in put ...

1. Introduction
Agriculture and other food products are dried for use. The agriculture grains are dried for future use or production process, in order to dry the agriculture products the sun drying has been used for many years. The sun drying dries the products in a open air condition with the help of hot sun rays. In past centuries the sun drying systems has been used. Most of the industries use mechanized drying instead of sun drying system. The mechanized drying uses boilers and fan to heat and force the air to the required part. The time taken for ...

Aluminium is produced from bauxite. Al2O3. This is referred to as Alumina, or aluminium oxide is extracted from the ore. After the extraction, electrolytic reduction process is used to transform Alumina to Aluminium. From every two tonnes of alumina, one tonne of aluminium is produced. The bauxite consists of ferrous oxide, titanium oxide, earth silicon, and alumina, approximately 40 to 60%. Bayer process is used to separate pure aluminium from bauxite (Habashi 16). This process involves heating the ore in an autoclave that contains caustic soda. Cooling then takes place, in order to separate the solid residue that is ...

Pressure has over the time has been an important aspect in the thermal sterlialization of food . This is an alternative thermal process of food preservation which is highly effective(PATS) .The (PAT) is important in that it releases the diplicinic acid also known as the (DPA) from the individual endospores. It also rehydrates the core of the endospores and allows the process of the spore inactivation. A good combination can include 200 to 800 mpa which will also be at one hundred and twenty degrees, this combination can effectively eliminate any resistant spores of the organism Clostridium Botulinum. At a ...

Introduction

The two sets of the experiment were conducted in which the apparatus was set in way that allows the fluids to flow and was just separated by what is referred to as the heat exchange surface. The aim of the experiment is mainly to help students to know how the heat exchanger works. The device works in a way that it enables the energy transfer from one moving fluid stream to another moving fluid stream. This is one of the heat transfer devices that do exist like the case of the car radiator and the air conditioning systems. This device ...

Introduction

The periodic table of elements is table used to display the important information about elements in accordance to their chemical and physical properties. The first physical property that was used to arrange the periodic table is the different boiling points of elements. The second property is the melting point of element. They differ according to their atomic number due to the distance between the energy level and that of the outer electrons. Thirdly the density and viscosity of the element played a major role in determining the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table. The other property is the ...

The heat of capacity is usually a positive sign and hence the value for the heat capacity of the calorimeter can be given as 23.4 ± 0.1 J/OC.

Sample for the Calculations Using Trial #1

The weight of cold water was calculated by getting the difference between the weight of the calorimeter together with cold water and the weight of calorimeter as follows
Weight of cold water=51.7g-3.3g
=48.4 grams

The weight of hot water was calculated as follows

=Final weight of calorimeter + water -Weight of calorimeter + cold water
=100.4 g-51.7 g
=48.7 grams

The heat lost by hot water was calculated as follows

heat lost=heat capacity of water ×change in temperature×wight of hot water
=4.18 Jg-1℃-1×48.7 g×7.3 ℃
...

- What are the major hazards?
In the case, stream 1 is seen to have a pressure of 220Pa. This is the same as 2atm. In this case, then, the vessel that has been utilized should have high pressure which is the same as that of an insulator (Ludwig).
De-C5 and C6+ stream should have a temperature change to 80.65 C.
Fuel gas stream and C2/C3 temperature is given by -55.05℃.
Temperature in i-C4 stream is given by -33.80℃.

Therefore, the columns are wrapped by an insulator to ensure safety

- Major uncertainties
This method makes use of enormous oil amounts. The consequence of this is that ...

Affiliated institution

Geothermal Binary Rankine Cycles
Abstract
This report is for a LOW-BIN (Efficient Low Temperature Geothermal project. The main objective is to study and recommend specific optimal Rankine cycles using water as the primary source of heat. The water is at a temperature of 1600C. This Rankine cycle is using R134 as working fluid for the geothermal power machine. This project is supposed to generate electricity from low temperature resources with profitable operation down up to around 600C. The main Rankine Cycle parameters and components are idealized. This is as found in the shell, the tube condenser and the heat ...

Introduction

A voltage stabilizer is an electronic gadget found in most of the circuit board of home electronics. A voltage stabilizer can be found in computers radios phone chargers and also DVD players. This important gadget comprises of diodes, capacitors, transistors, resistors and a step-down transformer. The work of a voltage stabilizer is to provide a steady current to the electronic equipment for it to function efficiently. A simple model of a voltage stabilizer looks like the diagram below. Symbols have their usual meaning.
In the above diagram, a step-down transformer reduces 240V of alternating current to around 10V of alternating current at the ...

Introduction

Composites are mixtures of at least two materials, such as reinforcing elements, fillers, and composite matrix binder. Compared to concrete and timber, composites are relatively lightweight. Different composites differ in form and/or composition on a macroscopic scale. Each component retainsits identity and does not dissolve or merge completely into one another.
Composites are not generally used as fibres by themselves. They are often impregnated with a matrix material that transfers loads to the fibresand protects the fibres from abrasion and environmental attack. The useful properties of composites are diminished by the matrix to some extent but not fully.
Thermoset ...

Section ____________________

Stoichiometric Data (For any reactants that are part of the balanced equation, base on the amounts measured in lab)
Figure 3-sulfolene
Figure IR spectrum for cis-4-Cyclopentant – 1,2 dicarboxylic acid anhydride
Figure from experiment in the text

NMR 1 from lab results endo norbornene-cis-5,6 dicarboxylic anhydride

Figure 2 from lab results the exo norbornene-cis-5,6 dicarboxylic anhydride (less stable)
Theoretical from http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/organic/pericyclic/p1_sigma.html

Discussion

Figure 1.The diene (1,3 butadiene) plus the ethane (sulfolene) produce a cyclohexene (either the endo or exo isomer depending on reaction conditions).
Figure 2. Under acidic conditions to sulfuric acid the endo isomer plus water form the less stable exo isomer
...

Introduction

Heat of vaporization and vapor pressure are the two essential properties of a liquid in thermodynamics. The vapor pressure of a substance is the measure of the tendency of its molecules escaping (Blauch). The heat of vaporization is defined as the amount of the attractive energy that exists between molecules in the liquid and has to be overcome in order for the molecules enter the vapor phase. When a liquid sample is put into a container, there is the tendency for the liquid to evaporate. Liquid molecules escape from their state into the gaseous state. When the liquid is put in a closed container, ...

This experiment involved the measurement of temperature of a sample of water being heated at 30 seconds intervals. One real world application of the experiment is that it can be used for distinguishing between pure and impure water. There are certain terms such as melting point, boiling point, physical change, chemical change, physical property, chemical property, intensive property, extensive property and temperature that are overly important to this experiment hence an understanding of the difference in the meanings of these words is of essence. While melting point is the temperature point at which a solid substance changes to liquid, Boiling point ...

A Research Report Submitted by:

CHE 352
Spring Semester, 2016
Chemical Engineering Program
Abstract
In the experiment, many measurements were taken using the heat exchanger to observe the change in heat transfer from steam to water with respect to a change in water flow rate while trying to keep the inlet temperatures of water and steam constant. The flow rate was monitored using Brooks shorate meter and adjusted with valves. The flow rate has been veried from 1 bsm to 15 bsm. Two different control points were choose the measure the temperature of water and steam: the first one in inlet and the second ...

My Name

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Lab Report
Objectives
Introduction
A heat exchanger refers to a gadget that aids the transfer of heat from one fluid to another. The fluids involved can either be in direct contact or separated to avoid mixing (Ramesh & Sekulic, 2003). They are in common use in sewage treatment, natural gas processing, petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, chemical plants, power stations, air conditioning, refrigeration, and space heating. A perfect example of a heat exchanger is in the internal combustion engine (ICE) (Hiereth & Prenninger, 2010). In such a situation, a circulating fluid called engine cooler flows over the ...

Introduction

The main objectives of this report include; designing the operational principles of parallel and counter flow of heat exchangers. Improving the understanding of fluid temperature and flow rate heat exchangers and lastly to calculate and determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of a heat exchanger ("Superplastic duplex stainless steel heads for the heat exchanger market", 2010).
The parallel flow of fluid is characterized by the flow of cold and hot fluids in the same direction; it, therefore, means that the entrance for the two fluids are in the same direction likewise their exit are also normally in the same ...

Abstract

In this experiment, two calorimeters were designed and assembled. One was made using Styrofoam cups and another one using glass and foil. The calorimeters were studied for their performance in keeping the heat of the system. They were studied by measuring the heat loss of hot water over time. The heat lost in each calorimeter over 30 minutes was calculated. The calorimeter made of glass worked better and less heat was lost in it. The assembled calorimeters were used to find out the heat of reaction between NaOH and HCl per one mole of water. This value was found ...

Introduction

In the Northern Ireland, oil heating serves as the main source of heating for the domestic properties. Several investigations conducted on heating sources within the Northern Ireland have revealed that close to 65% of households depend on oil heating; however, the use of the same has been on the rise in the rural areas and the percentage stands at 80% (Lienhard & Lienhard, 2011). The original heating equipment for oil in rural areas have helped in reducing the use of energy, as well as, cost amounting to 40% besides lowering air emissions. The majority of the oil heating projects often ...

Lab report

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the influence of phase transformation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of plain carbon steel type AISI C1045. The testing of metals is necessary to learn what metal is suitable for construction of a specific item by testing how microstructures react during phase transformations. The metal used during the experiments was samples of AISI C1045 Steel also called carbon steel alloy. The samples each underwent tests for Heat Energy (ft-lb) and Hardness (HRC) at five temperatures; 70°F (assumed to be room temperature, 400°F, 700°F, 1000°F and ...

Introduction

At times, industries require the temperatures to be kept below the ambient for some processes to be effective. To do so, they must design ways to eliminate the excess heat generated by machines and introduce an artificial room temperature lower than the ambient. They must effectively eliminate temperatures above the ambient. A refrigerator is thus required in these operations. This refers to a device that can maintain the temperature below the ambient. The primary objective of a refrigeration process is to lower the temperature through heat removal. Since its invention, refrigeration has seen used in many industrial and household ...

Lab Report: Measuring Specific Het of Mozzarella Cheese

In this Lab, the specific heat of mozzarella cheese was measured to be 2.46 (J/g °C) as a function of its temperature. The experiment was performed at 60 Celcius degree, and the specific heat was determined at the various temperatures. The measure was repeated fourth times in order to obtain the statistical error associated and the error was found as +/- 1.50

Introduction

The Specific heat is defined as the amount of energy required to raise in calories to produce a temperature change of 1C per gram of substance (J/g °C). Calorimetry is the measurement of heat energy changes. Calorimeter ...

Introduction

The fundamental process of thermal power plants is based on the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy and, subsequently, into electric power, using steam as the working fluid. According to the U.S. Energy Information System, over 67% of the electrical energy in the United States is generated through thermoelectric power plants, which use the combustion of fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal and petroleum to generate the steam necessary for the process; moreover, thermoelectric power generation accounts for an approximate 80% of all the power generation worldwide.
Thus, the electricity consumed in most homes and industries is ...

Introduction

A refrigerator is an electrical device used in temperature maintenance below ambient temperatures. To achieve this function, the refrigerator should be able to create a heat sink at cold room temperatures a temperature that should be lower than the ambient temperature while at the same time also rejecting heats having higher temperatures than the ambient temperatures. To achieve this refrigerant is forced to undergo evaporation at temperatures lower than the ambient temperature(Griffiths, 1937). When the refrigerant is compressed at high pressure and condensing temperatures above the ambient temperature results in the loss of heat and condensation back to ...

Thermal conductivity is defined as a material’s property to conduct heat. Heat transfer across materials occurs in materials that have lower thermal conductivity and transfers faster in materials with high conductivity. It is important to determine the thermal conductivity of materials since different materials are used for different applications. For instance, materials with high conductivity are more efficient when they are used as heat sinks since they can conduct heat away faster. Those with lower thermal conductivity are often used as insulators (Callister 78).
The classical transfer of energy happens through conduction, radiation, convection or combination of all ...

Introduction

Solar heaters have been popularized in recent years for use in tertiary and residential areas. This has happened mostly in the third world countries. The reason behind this encouragement to use solar heaters is the reduction of cost and improving the performance. This has necessitated the use, and testing of solar heaters to produce hot water. The solar heater is fundamentally made up of tanks that act as solar absorbers ad storage bases for warm water. This is used in glazing to profit the green house effect and the insulating cases. The solar heaters can be made from ordinary ...

Introduction

The purpose of this experimental task was to investigate the possibility of using circular rods of different materials made from different materials and having different diameters as heat fins. Extend surfaces of heat fins allow for additional heating and cooling capacity in a cheap and passive way. The fins are intended for use in cooling a reactor by use of the surrounding air. Models were developed based on several assumptions for the simplification of the derivation of the steady and unsteady state temperature distribution state in a solid rod heated at one of the edges.
The models derived shall ...

Introduction

Substances vary from one another in the amount of heat needed to produce a rise in temperature in a given quantity of gas. The quantity of heat needed to change the temperature of a system is proportional to the mass of that system as well as the change of temperature. This is expressed as where Q is the amount of heat required, m is the mass of the system, c is the specific heat, and is a change in temperature. The values of specific heat depend on some extend of temperature. In small temperatures, the specific heat is considered ...

This report presents a summary of the investigation of a fire that burnt a house with a possible cause suspected to be a Christmas tree. It looks into the conditions of the burnt house specifically the areas close to be the possible cause of fire: A malfunction in the electrical system of a Christmas tree. Also, it examines possible reasons and tries to explain the events leading to the fire; its cause, origin, fuel and fire patterns left in the house. The conditions of the house after the fire are carefully examined so as to eliminate possible and suspected ...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Special designs have been made to suit various sports. This is important as it plays an important role in sports performance. Companies have resorted to good quality textile materials to design sportswear clothing. Sportsmen should wear comfortable costumes for them to perform well in their competition. When designing sportswear, the market has to be identified first. That is the design to be used, the materials required and footwear. The fabrics available should also be identified. The comfort of the wearer is also considered as this affects performance.

History of polymers

Polymers have been used for centuries to manufacture plastics. Due to advance ...

RAID Hard Drive Configuration

“RAID which stands for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks” is nothing but a configuration where a logical unit of large storage space is created by putting together a number of different hard disk drives. The purpose of doing this is that it is very robust and can be fault free with higher efficiencies that a single or various individual hard disk drives. RAID is a very good and tested technology across platforms and geographies which help the users in a fast access of data with a lot of reliability. RAID is now commonly becoming a part of every network ...

Risks to the Mine

The major hazards to the mines include the possibility of floods taking place in the sites, and they will lead to a stop of the mining process. Secondly, the mines are prone to gas explosions. The explosions will increase the hole, and might even lead to the prevention of further mining (Khan, et al. 2004). Thirdly, the mines might face chemical leakage, an act that may cause decomposition of rocks and depletion of the important resources in mines. Moreover, mines are prone to dust, that will lead to blocking of the extraction process, by occupying the region, or causing ...

Purpose

This experiment was intended for determining the thermal conductivity of aluminum metal.
Apparatus
The following materials were used in the experiment:
Variac
Timer
Digital thermometer
2 digital multimeters

Beakers

Tin can
Double throw switchers
Mercury thermometer
Heating plate
Wire
Ice cold water
Introduction
Heat flows from a hot region to a cooler region. However, the rate of heat flow varies from one medium to another. Heat travels through different media such as air, solid, and liquid. The mechanisms of heat transfer differ from one medium to another. For example, heat travels through a solid object by conduction while it travels ...

Part one: Experimental procedure

The experiment to establish the extended surface heat transfer employed the use of two apparatus: Extended surface heat transfer accessory (HT15) and heat transfer service unit (HT10X). The extended surface heat transfer accessory heater was connected to the HT10XC. The thermocouples from the HT15 were then connected to the HT10XC. This was followed by setting the voltage control potentiometer to a minimum. The switch selector was then set to manual. The voltage of the heater was set to 6 V and the measurements were taken afterward. The above steps were repeated for heater voltage of 9 V and 12 ...

Economic Report about Current Commercial Gasifiers

GE Energy Gasifier
GE Energy Gasifier uses the entrained flow, coal-water slurry feed, refractory lined slag and oxygen blown technology. The manufacturers at GE Energy have two variants, one with a radiant cooler and another full quench gasifier. Their products use a wide variety of fuels like low rank coals, pet coke, bituminous coal and other blends of pet coke. The design of GE Energy Gasifier emphasizes on operational eficiency. This is achieved through optimization of heat recovery and production of carbon monoxide. As espoused earlier, the GE Energy Gasifier predominantly uses the direct quench system. This design is not ...

Purpose:

The purpose of the experiment is to find the heat solution for sodium sulphate dehydrate (Na2SO4.10H2O)
Discussion:
It is given that the volume and density of the taken water is 25 ml and 0.99826 g / ml respectively. From the values of density and volume, the mass of the water can be calculated. Using the formula,
Density = mass / volume;
the mass of the water can be determined and here it is calculated to be 24.957 g. Initial temperature and final temperature are given here and these are 19.7 ° C and 24.2 ° C respectively. It is also given that ...

Introduction

In a chemical reaction, either the products or reactants tend to have a higher enthalpy than the other. In some cases, the enthalpy of reactants is greater than the enthalpy of products. On the other hand, in other cases, the enthalpy of products tends to be greater than the enthalpy of reactants. A reaction involving the products with higher enthalpy than the reactants is said to be endothermic (Brown, et al, 172). On the other hand, chemical reactions where the enthalpy of reactants is higher than the enthalpy of products are said to be exothermic (Brown, et al, 172). The reaction ...

Introduction

The radio wireless spectrum has been the main medium of communication for many years. The military has extensively made use of this medium of communication. With the proliferation of wireless gadgets, there has been increased use of wireless networks. The radio spectrum has been criticized for its wastage of space and spectrum. There are sections which have been allocated to various functions. The most unfortunate thing is that there are some sections which have not been fully utilized. This probes for questions as to how these unused sections can be made use of productively. Another issue with radio spectrum ...

Calpine cooperation was founded in 1984 and currently the cooperation is the largest in America. The corporation generates electricity and thermal energy from natural gas and geothermal resources. With a fleet of around 84 power plants, the company generates around 270000 megawatts of electricity and through wholesale operations and retail business; the center serves in over 21 states and Canada. The corporation has taken a lead to ensure a cleaner energy for future use is in place. The focus of the center is to provide its esteemed customers with clean, efficient and reliable electricity and thermal energy. With this ...

Abstract

Thermal physics is very important when studying the thermal properties of matter. One of the most important characteristics is the heat capacity ratio that compares the heat capacity at a constant pressure (Cp) to that at a constant volume (Cv). By heat capacity, we refer to the quantitative aspect of the heat emitted or gained in a matter in regard to the temperature change experienced. This quantity is expressed in units of Joule per Kelvin. Heat capacity is denoted by the gamma symbol (ɤ). Whenever a gas is heated, the volume increases leading to more force being exerted on the ...