Synthesis Reports Samples For Students

Economic Report about Current Commercial Gasifiers

GE Energy Gasifier
GE Energy Gasifier uses the entrained flow, coal-water slurry feed, refractory lined slag and oxygen blown technology. The manufacturers at GE Energy have two variants, one with a radiant cooler and another full quench gasifier. Their products use a wide variety of fuels like low rank coals, pet coke, bituminous coal and other blends of pet coke. The design of GE Energy Gasifier emphasizes on operational eficiency. This is achieved through optimization of heat recovery and production of carbon monoxide. As espoused earlier, the GE Energy Gasifier predominantly uses the direct quench system. This design is not ...

Introduction

The cost of manufacturing ammonia using the Haber process plant constitutes the following components: the cost of energy, raw materials, equipment, labor and sparking substances (catalysts). Energy (gas or electricity) costs are incurred to maintain the temperature of the reaction. The Harber process is operated at very high temperatures, and pressures thus higher costs of energy are incurred. Some of the raw materials consumed in the Haber process such as nitrogen and hydrogen are recovered at the end of the process. The recovered materials are recycled back to the system to reduce the cost of raw materials.
Starting and ...

Click Chemistry describes the biocompatible reactions that are high yielding, that are very simple to perform, have wide scope, that need no chromatography to remove their byproducts and that can be conducted in easily removable solvents. The synthesis of first triazole was reported by Arthur Michael in 1893. In the 20th century, Huisgen discovered the catalyst of copper, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition which required the temperature of 100 degree Celsius. This reaction of copper is a highly versatile reaction which does not require any specific reaction conditions and can easily be performed with various solvents, wide temperature range and pH, ...

Introduction

In the mouse and other mammalian species, the pool of primordial follicles becomes established during fetal or neonatal life (Oktay et al., 1995). Over the mammal’s lifespan, the follicles undergo growth and development, and eventually the initial reserve of follicles begins to diminish during the mammal’s midlife. Briefly, follicular cells move from a primordial phase, in which little DNA synthesis is taking place, to enter a primary and then secondary stage, in which the granulose cells undergo intense proliferation and high levels of DNA synthesis can be observed. Antral and post- ovulation stages follow (Oktay et al., 1995). Folliculogenesis ...

Section Number.

- Glycolysis refers to the process that takes place in the cytosol and through which a molecule of glucose is broken down into a compound called pyruvate ( Reece 167)
- Everthing is doubled since there is still more substrates required for respiration and therefore more energy is still produced as the substrate is not exhausted.( Reece 167)
- In the process of glycolysis 2 NADH, 2 ATP and 2 H+ are fomed. While in TCA 6NADH, 3 H+, 1 FADH2 and 2 ATP are formed. (Reece 176).
- The NADH is produced in the mitochondrion during the citric ...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution to yield 4-Bromoacetanilide

Introduction
Halogenation is a common process in organic synthesis. It is used in industrial and research synthesis as halogenated compounds are used for numerous widely used goods, including plastics. The lab aimed to perform monohalogenation of acetanilide. The reaction is specific since it is performed without catalyst. The typical halogenation is realized in presence of Lewis acid. Halogens molecules are electrophilic, and do not actively react. In presence of Lewis acid, the interaction is rather active.2
The lab used catalyst-free halogenation. The acetanilide molecule contains the acylated amine. As a result, the electronic density is shifted towards the amine ...

The main goal of speech modification is the control of non-linguistic information of various speech signals, as, for instance, voice quality and/or voice individuality. The term speech modification is usually used to refer to the different modifications, which may be applied to the sound produced by people. (McAulay and Quatieri, 1986)
Speech modification is used in a big range of areas, such as speech synthesis, film and music industry, voice editing, dubbing, toys, chat rooms, games, communications (interpreting telephony, helium speech), voice pathology (voice restoration), high-end hearing aids, other applications (for example, confuse speaker identification systems).
The process of ...

Introduction

This analysis will focus on the excess intake of saturated fats and cardiovascular disease. The analysis is based on the report detailing my nutrient intake recorded for two days starting from September 4, 2014 to September 6, 2014. According to the analysis, my diet during the two-day period predisposes me to cardiovascular disease since it is high in saturated fats. According to the food guidelines given by USDA, saturated fats should contribute less than 10 percent of the total daily calories. However, my nutrient report indicates that saturated fats contribute 12 percent of my total daily calorie intake. Consequently, ...

Report

In the dream, we spend a third of life. Sleep is a regular process of recovery. Healthy and proper sleep is the key to successful day and good mood. Scientists have estimated that the duration of sleep compared to the XIX century was reduced by 20%, and today about 60% of people suffer from chronic sleep deprivation, that is they regularly sleep less than genetically prescribed 7-9 hours. And according to researchers, chronic sleep deprivation was the result of the development of civilization.
Each person needs good sleep for normal functioning of the organism. Unfortunately, to present date, for various ...

Introduction

Avian influenza also is known as bird flu and results from viruses acclimatized to some birds. People may be infected with avian influenza when they get into contact with the infected birds or infected fluids from the birds (Capua and Dennis 10). In this report, the discussion is about the evolution of avian influenza, characteristics of the virus, epidemiology of the virus, as well as the mode of transmission. Moreover, the paper talks about the gene expression of the virus, infection of the human by the virus, evolution of avian influenza's vaccines, and criticisms surrounding evolution of the virus.

Overall features of the avian flu virus

...

Abstract

The central dogma of biology is performed within this study. A vector of T7 RNA Polymerase gene was inserted into E.Coli where it could be transcribed into RNA and subsequently translated into protein. The protein was extracted and purified. A successful clone was produced by inserting the vector into the expressing cell line and it was observed after achieved an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.84. A collected 20.87 ug of double stranded RNA was found. Additionally, a linear DNA template OD260: 0.04 µg/ml was transcribed. After expressing it was found that a total protein concentration of ...

Section ____________________

Stoichiometric Data (For any reactants that are part of the balanced equation, base on the amounts measured in lab)
Figure 3-sulfolene
Figure IR spectrum for cis-4-Cyclopentant – 1,2 dicarboxylic acid anhydride
Figure from experiment in the text

NMR 1 from lab results endo norbornene-cis-5,6 dicarboxylic anhydride

Figure 2 from lab results the exo norbornene-cis-5,6 dicarboxylic anhydride (less stable)
Theoretical from http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/organic/pericyclic/p1_sigma.html

Discussion

Figure 1.The diene (1,3 butadiene) plus the ethane (sulfolene) produce a cyclohexene (either the endo or exo isomer depending on reaction conditions).
Figure 2. Under acidic conditions to sulfuric acid the endo isomer plus water form the less stable exo isomer
...

ABSTRACT

This is a scientific lab report prepared after an empirical observation. The main experiment is the synthesis of 1,4-Dihydropyridine. A simple dihydropyridine from a simple reactant (formaldehyde, ammonium acetate and 2,4-pentanedione ), is synthesized. The final part of this work deals with the determination of reasonable mechanisms for this synthesis.

INTRODUCTION

1,4-Dihydropyridine is an equivalent of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) coenzymes. It exhibits a wide range of biological activities such as calcium channel blocking. This explains their wide use today in pharmacology.

Objective

The aim of this experiment is to synthesize a sample of dihydropyridine and determine the mechanisms for ...

Recommendation Report

Tyrone T. Lewis
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a growing and enduring concern in New York City. Environmental pollution takes different dimensions. However, air pollution is particularly concerning with statistics from reputable bodies attributing it to premature deaths due to complications from respiratory diseases. Partnerships between the city authorities and community and volunteer groups have seen the implementation of programs and initiatives aimed at reducing the environmental pollution in the city. However, many of these programs are not sustainable because they fail to address the human aspect as a contributor to environmental pollution, and also as a resource towards the ...

Based on the initial symptoms, the patient most likely suffers from hypothyroidism or low thyroid hormone disorder. Further clinical tests and an examination of the family’s medical history reveals that the particular disorder could be Hashimoto’s disease; also called Hashimoto thyroiditis. Hashimoto thyroiditis is classified as an autoimmune disease. In autoimmune disease, one's immune system attacks the body’s tissue specifically the thyroid gland (Skugor & Wilder, 2006, p.2). By attacking the thyroid gland, the disease reduces the gland’s ability to produce thyroid hormones of substantial quantity. This condition leads to hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone deficiency presents with ...

Introduction

Coordination complex usually consists of a metallic coordination center and can be surrounded by bound molecules. Thus these are known these coordination complexes are known as ligands as they bind several molecules strongly almost irreversibly. Coordination complexes therefore coordinate covalent bonds on the molecule.
There is specific nomenclature for coordination complexes. Particularly, the donor atom is the ligand that is bonded to the central atom. Here we are making Aluminium acetylacetonate, Al(acac)3, also referred to as Al(acac)3, and the metal ion is the aluminum and the donor atoms are the acetylacetonate. If there are more ...

Abstract.

In this laboratory work we’ll gain experience in performing synthesis of Nylon 6,6 from hexamethylene diamine(1,6-hexanedienamine) using its aqueous solution and adipoyl chloride dissolved in cyclohexane. We will find the weight of obtained dried nylon rope and calculate its percent yield.

Procedures

Firstly we poured 1 mL of 5% aqueous solution of hexamethylene diamine(1,6-hexanedienamine) into a test tube. We proceeded with adding 2 drops of 20% sodium hydroxide solution. Then we slowly added 1 mL of 5% solution of adipoyl chloride in cyclohexane by pouring it down the walls of the tube and watched the ...

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Introduction and Literature Review

The value for a drug is significantly impacted by the dissolution rate, chemical stability and solubility of the drugs thereby impacting the pharmaceuticals efficiency as well. In the pharmaceutical industry multi-component crystals such as hydrates, solvates, co-crystals and salts have a major role during the design of new solids. Solid does not self-crystallize. It crystallizes in varied forms depicting random crystal properties. Various approaches are used to modify solids like Salting, Solvation, Hydration, and Polymorphism. Apart from these approaches, Co-Crystallization is a promising new approach to modifying solids (Nauha, ...

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Introduction

Azo dyes are the most popular dye materials that cover more than 50% dye market. The azo group is the main feature of all organic dyes; it joins the aromatic rings that result in an extended conjugated multiple bonds system. The unique characteristic of organic dyes is that they possess the colour. The reasons behind this uniqueness are the light absorbance in the visible spectrum (400–700 nm) and presence of at least one chromophore (colour-bearing group). Their conjugated system and resonance of electrons also produce ...

Lab report on Preparation of Aspirin

Lab report on Preparation of Aspirin
Introduction
The chemical name for aspirin is the acetylsalicylic acid and is a drug that is used as an antipyretic. Aspirin reduces fever, relieves the pain and inflammation (Thomson Healthcare, 2012). The compound structure of acetylsalicylic acid has an ester group and is produced through an esterification reaction. Aspirin is synthesized through a reaction of salicylic acid with acetic acid using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The reaction equation occurs as shown below.
The experiment aimed at synthesizing aspirin, providing an opportunity to familiarize with vacuum filtration as well as melting point techniques. ...

Table of Contents

Introduction
3

Role of Mobile devices as “Rich Sensors”
3
Emergent Theme of “Near-Real Time Data Consistency”
5
Mobile Opportunism
7
Certain Fundamental Challenges of Mobility
9
Conclusion
10
Bibliography
11

Telecommunication world is an environment that has seen magnificent changes especially over the last two decades. The changes experienced are more pronounced in mobile communication systems and improvement of related technologies. In this report, the learner takes a closer look at mobile devices, merging themes in line with mobility and identification of mobile opportunism, ...