Bladder Research Papers Samples For Students

ANATOMY OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

The urinary tract, simply put, is the bodies system of drainage through which excess water and wastes are removed from the body. It is a multi-organ system consisting of the two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder and the urethra.
The kidneys are small organs that assume the shape of a bean and are equivalently the size of a normal human fist. They are located below the rib cage, each of them on either side of the spine. Wastewater (urine) moves from the kidneys downwards through two narrow tubes known as ureters, and it is then stored in the bladder, ...

Treatments for an Enlarged Prostate

An enlarged prostate or Benign-Prostate-Hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition caused by a non-cancerous growth of the prostate such that this growth, blocks the passage of urine via the urethra. The pressure exerted by the large prostate over the urethra results for the need of increased pressure than normal for the bladder in order to expel urine through the narrow urethra. Over some time, the bladder muscles become stronger and more sensitive such that contractions are occur at a small volume of urine, which leads to frequent urination. After some time, the bladder muscles can no longer bare the pressure caused by the ...

Introduction

The human body consists various cells that are actively involved in the maintenance of metabolism. Although, the body organs, cells as well as tissues usually carry out different functions, the body cells are similar in regard to their pertinent metabolic needs (Sherwood, 2015). Thus, maintaining the internal environment at a constant state mainly by proving the oxygen as well as nutrients and elimination of waste in the body is an essential process for the wellbeing of the cells as well as the whole body. As such, the various processes through which the human controls or regulates the internal environment ...

Introduction

Matters of sexuality and fertility especially during rehabilitation for the past thirty years have remained controversial because not so many people want to talk about them (Phelps et al., 2001). Persons with spinal cord injuries are in need of answers on how to handle their sexuality. These questions cannot be ignored. Most of them ask questions about their attractiveness, ability to have kids and relationships. To make the matters worse, studies on sexuality among people with spinal cord injuries are scarce (Karellou, 2003).
On a positive note, advances in this sector have provided ways through which such people can ...

Introduction

People put different things into their bodies every single day, and people are even less concerned about what the food they eat is made of; nutrition is nutrition. The artificial dye content in food is a cause for concern, there are some people that are clueless as far as what artificial food dye is harmful. There are many kinds of artificial dyes that are found in foods such as Red 40 Allura Red, Citrus Yellow and Blue along with Green. These artificial dyes are very dangerous, and have been known to trigger different reactions within people. Some have been known ...

Cysticerus

Cysticercus refers to a tapeworm larva which has a sac filled with fluid that contains scolex which is invaginated. It is normally located within the immediate host tissues, with the capability of developing into mature tapeworm when a desirable host feeds on it ("Cysticercus | Definition of Cysticercus by Merriam-Webster."). Cysticerci are responsible for causing an infection known as cysticercosis. There are several species of cysticerci. The two common species of cysticercus are Tanenia solium whose larva is known as Cysticercus cellulosae. It develops in the swine muscles frequently. The second species is the Taeniarhynchus saginatus. Its larva is known ...

Dealing with the concerns of children in between zero and three years of age can be nightmare for many families. The research indicates that there are 5 million children in this age group which suffer from infections due to frequent accidents within USA (Hodges, 2012). Considering the young age and the complete dependency of very small kids on the care givers, it is even essential that there be some sort of assistance for the families and caretakers who look after the small children.
Every single child is different. While some of them get potty trained even before they ...

Introduction

Panter-Brake (202) asserts that most people use beauty products with the assumption that these products have undergone thorough testing to ensure their safety before they reach the consumers. The assumption comes because the government is known to regulate most consumer products such as food, water, among others. Therefore, people expect that FDA ensures the health and safety in the cosmetic industry so as to protect consumers. Unfortunately, little power has been given to FDA in regulating cosmetics’ ingredients. The people who govern cosmetic industry are responsible for ensuring safety of the beauty products. Several studies reveal that consumer safety ...

Introduction

As people grow older there are certain biological and cognitive changes that take place in the body. The human body experiences decreased capabilities in its respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, neural and urinary functions. Due to the adverse challenges that the elderly face in their later life, it would be great for the various scientists and experts to come together and research more on the theories of aging or the causes of aging. They can come up with more treatments that will increase the immunity system of the old people. This way the older people are able to live their last ...

While researching papers about grief and loss, the development of this emotions and analyzing the factors affecting the development of this emotion, I found a huge amount of scientists and researchers who published their works about this specific emotion. My goal in this paper is to examine the development of grief in children 2-6 years of age, support the research by the relevant examples of this emotion in a real situation and find out several solutions how to cope with this emotion, more specifically, how practitioners can help children understand and cope with it.
Children are disenfranchised in grief ...

Abstract

Human XPA is a protein engaged in DNA damage recognition and repair. A mutation in the gene encoding the protein causes an autosomal recessive disorder, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), which renders an individual sensitive to sunlight and causes skin cancer. XPA is a 273 amino acid protein, which is predominantly localized in the nucleus. It is expressed at both high and moderate levels in several tissues. The protein serves as a damage sensor in a nucleotide excision repair mechanism, through which the damage to a DNA strand is verified and repaired by formation of a newly synthesized strand. Besides this primary NER mechanism, XPA in conjunction ...

- History of tobacco smoking in America
- The presence of tobacco in America dates back to the seventeenth century. Initially, tobacco was grown by poor farmers as a foundation crop. The demand was low and it was cheaper to acquire. However, subsequent wars increased the consumption of chewing tobacco, smoking pipes and cigars. Eventually, the market grew with the availability of slaves. Although slavery had existed long before tobacco was planted, the sudden increase in demand created an unexpected opportunity. The slave labor was incorporated into the tobacco labor force. Moreover, machine produced cigarettes reared its ugly head ...

Abstract

Neural tube defects are a common occurrence in many pregnancies. Some of them have fairly minimal consequences and in fact, many children born with these defects lead normal lives. Spina bifida is one of these defects and is indeed one of the most common. The defect emanates from the failure of the neural tube to close properly leaving an opening. This paper aims to look at this defect from several perspectives including a brief description of the disorder, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, the usual age of onset and relevant ethnic and cultural risk information. The paper will also look at the genetic ...

Article 1: Patterns of Anxiety in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilatory Support

This research study was done by Chlan and Savik, (2011) in an attempt to explore on the anxiety patterns in the ICU patients using mechanical ventilation support. The research employed descriptive statistics for ordinal and interval data that were presented as medians with ranges and provided the skewed data distributions. The categorical data was analyzed and presented as frequencies. The initial analysis graphed the anxiety trajectories for every participant to discern the pattern changes. The mixed model effects were then employed in the analysis since they accommodate non-homogeneous and correlated residuals that were expected in the repeated measures. The ...

Urolithiasis refers to the condition where there is the formation of urinary stones as well as their location in the urinary system. While the term urolithiasis refers to those stones that are in the ureter, nephrolithiasis also known as renal calculus refers to those stones that are found in the kidney, and cystolithiasis (vesical calculi) refers to the stones that are formed or located into the urinary bladder (Pearle, Calhoun, & Curhan, 2007).
The urinary stones also known as calculi refer to the hardened mineral deposits forming in the kidney. The stones originate as microscopic after which they develop ...

I have been placed into the community renal clinic at St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Toronto. The centre provides its services with a help of a renal management clinic, 15 hemodialysis stations and offers peritoneal dialysis care. St. Joseph’s is also a teaching hospital, which commits to foster a healthy community by working with it in a close partnership. Its underlying goal is to serve, engage and raise the awareness about the disease so that the health of patients, their families and communities as a whole can be enhanced (St. Joseph’s, 2011).
The community renal clinic makes a focus on a strategy, which can ...

The bony fish has several adaptive features that make it suited to its environment.

The most common shape of the bony fish is the roughly cylindrical form, which tapers at both the head and the tail. This shape allows for increased efficiency during swimming.
Most species of bony fish have a form of pigmentation or the other. This pigmentation is an excellent way of camouflage the fish in its environment.
The fins are another structure that aid, in no small way, in propelling the fish through water thereby bringing about movement from one place to another. Some of the fins are paired (the pelvic and pectoral fins), while the others are median ( ...

Introduction

In this paper, the pathopyiology of syncope is discussed with emphasis on Mr. Peter’s medical history and factors that could have contributed to his syncope. Further, the paper discusses the colonoscopy and its findings, his right hemi colectomy and the complications arising from his fall.

Pathopysiology of Syncope

Syncope is the transient loss of memory that occurs when cerebral blood flow falls to below half the normal value resulting in a brief period of inadequate oxygen, glucose and other nutrients supply to the brain tissues (Hainsworth, 2004). Syncope occurs rapidly, lasts for a short duration and the patient almost always recovers spontaneously. Syncope ...

Pregnancy and childbirth is the most important period in a woman’s life. In a menstrual cycle that is normal for a person and has the duration of 28 days the release of an egg called ovulation generally takes place in the range between the 12th and 14th days of the cycle. Egg must be fertilized in the fallopian tube not later than 24 hours after that, or it dies and dissolves.
Pregnancy on average lasts for 280 days if we count from the first day of the last menstrual period and 266 days from the time of ovulation. To calculate ...

1.0 Pathogenesis and Risk factors
Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a form of diabetes caused by destruction of pancreatic insulin producing cells; β-cells. This results in low or no insulin production resulting in increased blood as well as urine glucose levels. T1DM can be further subdivided into Type 1 A diabetes mellitus which is caused by autoimmune destruction of the β-cells and Type 1 B diabetes mellitus which arises from non-autoimmune destruction of the β-cells. The auto immune destruction of β-cells is carried out by auto reactive CD4+, CD8+ and macrophage upon infiltration of the islets. This process is ...

1.0 Introduction

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neural degenerative condition involving the progressive degeneration of the myelin sheath (the protecting cover to the nerve fibres (axons)) around the nerve cell leading to a break down in transmission of nerve impulses. The impairment of the transmission results in loss of the body’s ability to control and coordinate muscle movement. The disease progresses through a complex and diverse symptoms making it challenging to diagnose, treat and manage. The symptoms of MS may range from gentle to severe weakness, impaired body movement, lack of ordered senses, uncontrolled bowel and bladder, damaged cognition, impaired vision and a variety ...

Introduction

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neural degenerative condition involving the progressive degeneration of the myelin sheath (the protecting cover to the nerve fibres (axons)) around the nerve cell leading to a break down in transmission of nerve impulses. The impairment of the transmission results in loss of the body’s ability to control and coordinate muscle movement. The disease progresses through a complex and diverse symptoms making it challenging to diagnose, treat and manage. The symptoms of MS may range from gentle to severe weakness, impaired body movement, lack of ordered senses, uncontrolled bowel and bladder, damaged cognition, impaired vision and a variety ...