Cast Research Papers Samples For Students

The Research .3

Cooking Pans: The Basic Requirements ...3
Composite Materials ..4

Nonstick Pans 4

Prioritizing High Heat Capability ..4

Conclusions 5

Introduction
This research paper discusses the respective properties and qualities of cooking pans made from copper, iron, stainless steel, aluminum and composite materials, including those with non-stick (usually Teflon) interior surface coatings, to find what is the safest and best material to use for cooking food on a high heat setting, and to assess any dangers inherent in the materials discussed.

The Research

Cooking Pans: The Basic Requirements. According to Chu (2005), the purpose of the cooking pan is to efficiently impart the heat energy from ...

Theater Studies: Stage Production of August Wilson

Introduction
The play fences, written by August Wilson, received recognition in the 1950s but became produced in 1983. It entails the sixth piece comprised in August Wilson’s ten part “Pittsburgh Cycle” which revolves around the exploration of the evolution of African-American experiences as well as the examination of racial relations. The play employs a setting based on activities carried out in 1957 where a small dirt front yard of the Maxson household depicts an ancient two-story brick house set back off a small alley. The picture portrayed in the setting entails the impoverished inner-city Hill District in Pittsburgh. ...

The society has always regarded women inferior to men since time immemorial. However, as time passed, the idea of women empowerment arose. Women and men in support of the idea used every channel available to convince the society to support women empowerment. Filmmakers and producers started to support the ideology through films. The fried green tomatoes film is an example of films whose objective was supporting the idea of women empowerment. Although some people doubt films, they are very influential as they show the current events in the society. Movie critics consider the fried green tomatoes a feminist film because ...

At the beginning of the Paradise Lost we are introduced to Satan, who has found himself on the surface of a boiling hot lava after falling from Heaven. He has fallen from Heaven because he no longer wanted to be subservient to God. As an alternative he wishes for there to be more equality between God and the Angels. Throughout Paradise Lost Satan, continues to be obsessed with equality. This is something that is inferred throughout much of Paradise Lost. This paper will examine Satan’s need for equality.
Satan’s desire for equality is seen from the very ...

Overview and Literature Review

Courting the youth vote is one of the primary objectives of political parties in any representative form of government. The youth vote ensures a party's or representative's future in government, but many representative forms of government struggle with encouraging youth participation in government, particularly when it comes to participation in the voting process. Research shows that people within representative forms of government, particularly within large-scale representative democracies, often face severe alienation from their government and from the voting process as a whole (Blount, 1998). Young people are particularly prone to alienation from the process of civic engagement, and one of the ...

The following paper discusses in detail the issue of under participation of the minority population in voting. Minorities in the US do not actively participate in voting and thus hamper the development of the nation. This paper aims in understanding the underlying reasons for such lack of participation and offers some solution to ensure that the minorities exercise their voting rights.

The Minority vote

Introduction
Voting has many implications as it can make or break governments and can largely affect the smooth functioning of a government. Economic developments are significantly dependent on the voting turnout. Voting is an ideal weapon granted to ...

(Instructor/Professor)

The Founding Fathers were faced with an uncommon dilemma: how to come up with an acceptable formula to elect a president. At the time, the fledgling nation was built around thirteen jurisdictions both large and small and extremely protective to preserve their own rights and wary of a proposed national, centralized form of government. In addition, the people were aware of the statements of political analysts that political parties were involved only in committing criminal activities. With the people of the new state suspicious of the central government, the Fathers were faced with a problem of how to elect a president independent ...

Bianzhong is an ancient Chinese musical instrument that consists of a set of bronze bells that are played melodically. The set of bells used to function as polyphonic musical instruments and evidence shows that some of these bells have been dated between two thousand to three thousand six hundred years of age. These set of bronze bells used to be hung in a wooden frame that would be struck with a mallet (Ye et al, 98). The bronze bells were important instruments in China’s ritual and court music in the ancient times along with the chimes known as “bianging”. History gives ...

Fossils are used to refer to the traces or remnants of the past life. They are the remains of the animals, plants, organisms, or things that existed on the earth in the past. The activities of such beings can also be categorized as fossils. The term fossils means something which is obtained by the process of digging. Since fossils provide the remnants of the creatures that existed in the past, they are a good reflection of the life and life forms in the past, and much about the conditions and creatures of the past can be determined by examining the ...

Research Report on Remediation Methods for Arsenic

Introduction
Arsenic contamination of groundwater used for potable water supply is one of the serious problems plaguing the world today. Worldwide, a large number of people are unknowingly exposed to drinking water that has arsenic content higher than the safety level. A study conducted in 2007 reveals that more than 137 million people in over 70 countries are potentially affected by arsenic contamination of drinking water resources (USA Today, 2007). Though arsenic contamination is found in all the waters in the world, some of the places where the problem is a matter of concern is Bangladesh, Argentina, China, India, Chile, ...

Abstract

In our increasingly dependent age, older technologies are slowly but surely being phased out. We stand to forget their use, their evolution as well as their contribution to our own evolution as mankind. One such technology is the printing press. To move forward, we must pause to reflect on the past, appreciate it and ultimately learn from it. The printing press has evolved from a simple, rudimentary letter press in China to the revolutionary Gutenberg’s press that made the Bible the most published book of that time to the modern technology of offset lithography. It has played a fundamental role ...

Plato is a revered classical Greek philosopher whose teachings continue to be applied to this day. He was a student of Socrates and lived from 427 BC to 347 BC. Among his highly regarded teachings is the classical allegory of the cave tale. In the story, Plato applies metaphoric techniques to highlight how human kind view and perceive reality wrongly. Precisely, the allegory’s message is that our senses are deceptive as they are just imperfect reflections of the reality that can only be seen clearly by those who yearn for knowledge in a disciplined manner (Blackburn 33). This paper will give a ...

Introduction

Since its establishment, Disney was known to promote racism through racial messages embedded within their films for several years. Though many people assert that Disney followed the signs of the time, it was against the moral law to be insensitive to other cultures while promoting the interest of another race which was perceived as superior. Dumbo, for example, was a film laced with racists messages. Disney has embraced the word, Crow, to stereotype African Americans as cigar smokers, lazy as well as associated with criminal activities.
Peter Pan film also emphasized the notion of racial discrimination against other cultures. ...

Abstract

The Book of Revelation is a complex text, and it has very complex symbolism that is difficult to parse today. It takes a historical understanding of the life and times of the authors of the Bible to really understand the meaning behind the passages—and even with years of study, there are still arguments that commonly occur about the meaning of different passages. However, it is important to understand that there are lessons within this text too—the Book of Revelations is not merely an apocryphal text, it is a pastoral text as well. Revelations is interpreted a number of different ways based ...

Iron

Iron as a chemical element is referred to by the symbol Fe and has an atomic number 26 on the periodic table. Iron is a metal in the first transition series and is the most abundant element on the outer and inner surface of the earth.

Iron was discovered in 2000 BCE when it replaced bronze in manufacture of tools and weapons and ushered in the Iron Age. Iron was first used in South-Central and South-West Asia. Iron was picked over bronze because when it is blended with carbon, it becomes harder and durable. Iron can also hold a sharp edge better ...

Peace that people enjoy nowadays uninterrupted is, of course, not a new phenomenon. However, what is interesting is that the humanity has lived only several hundred years without warring for whatever reason could bring large armies face-to-face in a lethal confrontation for questionable reasons. Besides soldiers, the brute force of conflicts, the main tools of war have always been weapons indicating the state of technological advancement of nations, being the litmus paper and the benchmarks of progress. Thousands years ago, there was no such concept as a long-lasting peace, and the weaponry was a lot more different than it currently is, being used ...

Introduction

An estimate of 861 billion tons of coal deposits exist worldwide. According to the present rate of production, this amount can last for 112 yrs contrary to the oil and gas reserves that will last for fewer years approximately 45 to 54. Several countries in the world have coal reserves found in the biggest ones are China, Russia, USA and India. To prove recoverable reserves, engineers drill on the ground hence technically and economically extractable.
In contemporary times, reaching peak coal is questionable due to fall in the ratio of reserves to production. The point when there is ...

Recently, television has gained monumental changes in ratings as people now are glued to shows and spiels showing real people in real-life situations and not-faked scenarios. In some cases, these shows present the reality of life which is often hidden from the public like the life of the impoverished sector and flaws of the government. Others see people competing for a cash prize of over a million dollars while surviving on a deserted island, losing as much weight as possible, and even to outperform contenders in a race around the world while their lives as the competition began are recorded for the national ...

No two black leaders stand out during the civil rights movement of the 1960s as much as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr. Whereas the two men were polar opposites in achieving their respective ends – equality for African Americans – they both died much too young as the result of an assassin’s bullet. Malcolm X, best known for his separatist ideology, wanted “black power”, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’s integrationist ideology preached peace, and the brotherhood of all men, regardless of color – conflicting philosophies that yielded both desirable and undesirable results.
Certainly, these two civil rights leaders’ ...

INTRODUCTION

There are very few children who grew up in the 1990s who does not remember watching Disney’s “Aladdin.” They remember the image of endless sand dunes, hidden caverns, flying carpets, a beautiful princess, a handsome hero and, of course, a big blue genie. Disney’s Aladdin garnered a great deal of praise and theatrical success. “Aladdin,” unlike previous Disney animated features, where the characters and stories were in some fictitious worlds and kingdoms, “Aladdin” was going to bring to life elements of a real world location. “Aladdin” takes place in the Arabian Desert. Brining this story to life, ...

Abstract

Black Lives Matter has grown from a hashtag to an activist group. Black Lives Matter is an issue that will be explored in this document from a psychoanalytical perspective. The qualitative instrument that is used will measure several documentations of behaviors of said members of the group, as well as those who consider that their view coincides, or who has participated with the group known as Black Lives Matter. The research model begins with the history of the group itself. In other words, each documentation following the abstract has been assessed as a part of the qualitative research that ...

Point Lobos is an area in Monterey County, California, which encompasses Point Lobos Natural Reserve, Point Lobos State Marine Reserve, and Point Lobos State Marine Conservation Area (). It is currently used as a marine protected area, a recreational scuba diving destination, and for hiking by tourists, but the area has a long cultural history. The coastal area was inhabited by tribes of indigenous people that are known collectively as the Ohlone, who lived in the area until the first European explorers arrived in 1602 (). Since then, Point Lobos has been inhabited by a number of different people until it ...

Introduction

When people live in a society, they are imparted with specific values and norms which shape their understanding of different things. One of the unique understanding that people develop is their notion of how they expect the government to work. They also develop unique belief on what they expect the political system to do for them (Roskin, et al. 106). These beliefs towards the government or the political system that individuals of a given society develop are what are referred to as the political culture of a nation. The political culture varies from one nation to another. There are ...

Abstract

Studies documenting substance abuse have shown that it is deadly. Studies done in these areas have shown a trend in the abuse of substance among the youth. Substances such as marijuana, alcohol and cannabis are continually being abused by the youth. Tobacco consumption by youth is yet to be mitigated. The government, has in some cases, not helped the situation but has served to escalate the crises by making potent substances available to users without regulation. The objectives of this research are to analyze the opinion of researchers I this field and their opinions on the matter at hand. ...

Introduction

Erin Brockovich is a legal clerk in America, who is also an environmental activist, who got the public’s attention when she aided in the building of a case against a firm called Pacific Gas and Electric, despite her limited knowledge in the legal field. A movie was created based on her life story under her name “Erin Brockovich” and was released in 2000. The single mother was depicted by Julia Roberts in the film portraying her defiance as she struggled to bring down the power company for polluting the water system in the city.
This paper seeks to ...

Iwojima Statue by Felix W DeWeldon

Introduction:
The Iwo Jima Statue, also known as the United States Marine Corps War Memorial, was unveiled in 1954, almost ten years after the end of WWII. In describing the piece of art, it is evident that there are a variety of elements that are used in order to establish an organic sense of motion. This motion moves form the Earth to the sky as the soldiers raise up the flag. The creation of the piece seems to have been done in order to elicit an emotional response in the viewer. The artist is successful in his attempt to ...

Iron

Iron has been known since prehistoric times. However, the beginning of its widespread use came much later, because iron rarely occurs in a pure form in nature and its preparation from ores became possible only at a certain level of technology. The importance of iron in modern technology is determined not only by its wide distribution in nature, but rather by a combination of valuable properties. It is plastic, easily forged in cold and hot conditions, amenable to rolling, stamping and drawing processes. Iron has a property to dissolve carbon and other elements – this is the basis for the ...

Video games can improve our lives

Introduction
A popular segment in modern day options for mass communication is in form of audio visual media and video games form a crucial chunk in it. It has often been criticized about video games that they cast a direct impact on mental health of youths. The given notion is extremely biased and non generic for a very small number of video games as major researches in this field has confirmed that video games result in giving optimistic results for well being of the youths. The current day world has enough evidence to ratify the usage of video games ...

Nonverbal communication forms an integral part of the way we communicate everyday. Nonverbal communication is of four types. They are kinesics, paralanguage, proxemics, and chronemics. Nonverbal communication including our gestures, facial expressions, and the eye contact we make with the person we are communicating with conveys important messages. Leaders can derive a number of important meanings from organizational members engaging in nonverbal signals.

- Kinesics

The study of body movements is called kinesics. The body movements considered here include facial expression, touching, gestures, eye contact, and other movements of the body or limbs. Height, weight, hair and skin color and physique, body ...

That fact that the American labor movement has been on a sharp decline is not in question. Statistics released by the US Bureau of Statistics in the year 2013 on the summary of the unionization in the United States, the union membership stood at a paltry 11.3 percent in the year 2012. This was a level lower than in the year 2011 when the union membership was at 11.8 percent. The plummeting of union membership and the labor movement in general in the United States has been phenomenal in the last fifty years when it was at the peak with over 30 ...

Executive Summary

Saddle point approximation implementation and derivations have typically relied on tools such as Edgeworth expansions, exponential tilting, complex integration, Hermite polynomials, and other advanced notions. Saddle point approximations are very important tools used in obtaining accurate expressions for distribution functions and densities. It has been a very valuable tool in asymptotic analysis. Since the seminal paper by Daniels (1954), several techniques of accurate approximations that rely on the saddle point approximation on one way or another have been developed. The saddle point approximations, however, derived its concept from the game theory, which involved two suspected criminals under police investigations. The ...

African Americans in the United States comprise the second largest ethnic group in the United States. The African American history stretches as far back as the 16th century when Africans were captured and sold to the American plantations in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. After the United States of America became independent, African Americans continued to be enslaved. They were mistreated economically, socially and politically. The constitution of United States at independence stated that an African American was three fifths of a person. Anti-miscegenation rules were enacted in various states to prohibit interracial marriages. Interracial sex was also criminalized with harsh ...

Does God Exist

Does God Exist
Wars have been fought in the names of deities, maladies and weather patterns have caused humans to cry out in praise and condemnation of the divine, and through all that has been endured since the beginning of mankind’s reign the presence of a higher power has always been present, if not in deed then in thought. There has always been that burning need to believe in something, to strive for an answer to life that cannot be grasped by human understanding alone, but must instead be taken on faith where reason does not extend. This ...

English

The outsiders is a story that depicts a set of teenagers in a rivalry, which occurs because of the differences in their socioeconomic background. The actual difference in their classes are not what causes the strife, but the idea that one set is better, or higher than the other. The Socs are the socialites, who are from a wealthy background, clean and wear brightly-colored clothing, while the greasers are the opposite and live in less than favorable conditions. They slicked their hairs back on their heads with grease. The book shows how people are judged based on their economic standing and cast aside ...

Introduction

Objectification of women is a trend that is coming up in the entertainment industry especially in movies, music videos, music and television. This development seems to be affecting women more than men. The wave of women stereotypes is dangerous for the society because it is bound to affect how men and women relate to each other and promote unhealthy habits in the masses that are exposed to such incorrect media representation of women. This issue is especially tricky to handle because it is evident that the more the media depicts women as sexual objects, the more viewers seem to be ...

- Introduction
Greek sculpture is often what people think of when they consider the idea of “classical” sculpture. Greek and Roman sculpture has long been considered some of the most influential to the western art world; these pieces, particularly from the High Classical period, are still influential on artists today. This discussion will focus on the High Classical period of Athenian Greek sculpture, notably from the years 449 BCE- 404 BCE.
Earlier Athenian sculpture took many cues from Near Eastern and Egyptian art. Greek artists began, however, to focus more heavily on form and realism as time ...

As documented by Tarbell, discobolus the discus thrower is a statue of a discus thrower that was originally made by a Greek artist called Naucydes Myron between 460-450 BC. His Discobolus statue was called the Discobolus of Myron, and was made of bronze. This original statue is lost, and at the moment, many copies of it have been made of marble by Romans. The initial copy of the original was discovered in 1781 at the property in Rome-Villa Palombara, a property of the Massimo family. It was called the Palombara Discobolus and was discovered by an archaeologist from Italy. A second statue, Townley ...

Univeristy Name

Abstract
This paper extensively reviews the purchase decision differences among various countries that differ in culture. The analytic accoutrement accepting from the plan of abounding acclaimed intercultural consultants, as able as Hofstede, Hall, Kluckholn, Strodtbeck, and Carbaugh. (1983). It should be fatigued that there's bare acclimatized accepting to negotiations. There aboveboard admeasurement alone able and beneath able approaches , and these acclimatize in cast with several address factors. As Bargainers apperceive that their counterparts could as well be seeing things clumsily . Otherwise, they'll be beneath accessible to accomplish abrogating judgments and added accessibly to accomplish advanced in bargaining.
...

Human trafficking by its very definition is synonymous to slavery. In fact, it is commonly known as modern day slavery. However its definition according to the Victims Trafficking Protection Act of 2000, human trafficking is the enrollment, harboring, transporting, distributing, or getting a human being for work through the use of force, con, or intimidation for the purpose of unintentional labor or slavery. It is a major issue that concerns human health and a crime that cross transnational lines. Human trafficking is often confused with human smuggling that is when a smuggler sneaks a group of people across the border on a financial basis. This ...

Planet of the Apes (1968): A Parody of Its Time
The film, Planet of the Apes was released in early 1968, based on the novel of the same title by a French author, Pierre Boulle. Michael Wilson and Rod Serling (who also wrote for Twilight Zone) wrote the film’s screenplay and Franklin J. Schaffner directed it. The film was regarded as notable for its makeup, as these effectively and believably made ape characters from the human actors. It was commercially successful and earned millions of dollars in its lifetime.
Planet of the Apes was a creative discourse ...

Cinematography refers to the technology and the art of photography of motion-picture. It incorporates a couple of techniques such as scene composition, lighting of the location, camera selection, lenses, film stock, filters, movements, angle of the camera; and other special effects. To achieve the effects and images desired by the director, a sizeable crew is deployed to look into the various concerns. The crew is headed by either, a photography director, lighting cameraman, first cameraman or cinematographer and ensures that the desired quality is achieved. Cinematography is marked with major revolutions. It has evolved greatly with the application of the emerging technology. ...

Introduction

‘The Planet of the Apes’ is an American science fiction film released in the year 1968. On the surface, the sci-fi film tells the tale of a post-apocalyptic universe where apes have evolved and essentially taken control of a world seemingly destroyed by human beings. However, a deeper analysis reveals that the film is charged with various political allegories about the social struggles and allegories of the time. The film explores serious issues including violence, race, religion, prejudice as well as the pathologies of power. The film is premised on a classic reversal of the slave-master relations, whereby humans are massively oppressed by ...

The text clearly outlines the history of Buddhism and its spread in Sri Lanka as well as its eventual decrease in influence in both India and Sri Lanka. Buddhism took a turn for the worst in India due to the onset of Islam. A great number of people in India were swept by the Islamic wave thus relegating Buddhism to places such as Sri Lanka and patches of India.
The spread of Buddhism in Sri Lanka was relatively easy. The main fact that boosted the spread of Buddhism in Sri Lanka as the fact that Buddha himself had visited ...

Introduction

The book of Revelation is not the most popular book of the bible and many skip through it claiming it is too hard to understand. Others have said that chapter 20 is too controversial and as such a uniform interpretation will never exist Some theologians have claimed that the book of Revelation was not written in a chronological manner and that Revelation 20:1-6 does not immediately follow Revelation 19:11-21 but rather it deals with the same events albeit from a different angle. While the later has been claimed to speak on the destruction that came upon Jerusalem in 70 AD and the ...

Introduction

The 20th century is the time period from January 1st 1901 to December 31st 2000. It was an era that was wrought with all kinds of discrimination – whether it was of race or sex. Europe in that time had gender roles that they abided by as the society via religion, norms and traditions stated the roles that felt suited men and women. The 20th century Europe was patriarchal as it delegated feminist roles to the women and masculine roles to the men. Women were seen as been unable to handle the same duties as men as they were believed ...

In the United States, the president is elected through a secret ballot by the citizens, and then finally decided by the Electoral College. After voting has been done, the candidates have to win by a popular vote in every state, and then the Electoral College votes determine who wins the presidency. The Electoral College is a body that verifies and determines the winner of the US presidency. It was established in March 1794 by the founding fathers and has been included in Article II section I of the U.S. constitution which states that, a president has to be chosen by a group of electors ...

Ted Bundy was born in a house for unwed mothers to an absent father. So to cover up the shame of this he was raised believing his mother was his older sister and his grandparents were actually his parents.
He was a shy reserved child. When he was four his mother posing as his sister took him to live a new life with a new husband it was only until in his adolescent years he eventually found out his sister was actually his mother.
This is believed to be what affected his ability to form attachments, he didn’t know who ...

For those with the eyes to look far past the Presidency, now in the hands of an African-American man, there is still an impending crisis within the U.S.; that is, an existing movement that continues to use Blaxploitation films as a means to accurately portray representative characterizations of African Americans. Although we are now well into the 21st century, this has been an on-going problem that was first put to society’s attention by Ossie Davis. "Cotton Comes to Harlem" is one such movie that achieved legendary status, when it was released in 1970. By some, it is even considered a ‘ ...

Grace Kelly’s Fashion Style and Influence on Contemporary Fashion

Introduction
Grace Kelly was an actress known for her extensive work in film and stage during the 1950s. Kelly starred in many films and portrayed iconic characters including Lisa Carol Fremont in “Rear Window”, Frances Stevens in “To Catch a Thief”, and Princess Alexandra in “The Swan”. She was born on November 12, 1929 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although Kelly was born to a family of athletes, she showed interest in acting at a young age and joined several plays and presentation in school and the community, and signed up for small modeling projects. Later on, Kelly attended the American Academy of ...

Introduction

The republic of Cuba is an island which comprises one significantly large island and numerous small ones. Cuba boasts and an area of approximately 110,860km2 and can be safely said to be one of the largest states in the Caribbean. Cuba is barely 160km from Florida. In fact, the Straits of Florida separate the country from Florida while the Windward Passage separates the country from Haiti and finally the Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatan Channel separates the country from Mexico. According to the United Nations report of 2005, Cuba has a population of 11,275,000 with an ...

Essay: The Electoral College and 2012 Presidential Candidates

The Constitution Convention of 1787 explored several methods of electing the US President and the Vice President. Among the key methods tabled before this convention included the use of state governors, the Congress, State Legislatures, special group of members of congress or the direct popular vote.
US Electoral College is made up of 538 electors. Candidates are nominated by political parties, groups or individuals in a group (ticket or slate) of elector-candidates that matches the state’s total number of electors. This system is referred to as ‘general ticket’ or ‘winner-take-all’. The number of electors per state depends on ...

There are two aspects of life, one when we are right in front of others, the other one when we are right in. Sometimes our behavior, mentality, wishes, dreams don’t match with others. This doesn’t mean that we can take away their right to live their own life. If under one roof if someone creates a disgusting environment to live in, that is called domestic violence. It may be anywhere in your own home, in your office, in society anywhere.
Some projects and plans are implemented for victims to save their life and to keep this bug ...

Introduction

The media is quite a powerful entity which in the recent times has been viewed with skepticism and also suspicion depending on the context. The media has a right to provide information even on individuals but questions have been raised on how far they can go when it comes to invasion of privacy. On the other hand, in some nations such as Egypt, the media has provided a much needed tool for expression with insights from different parts of the world. This is important given the years of a repressive that the Egyptian people have had to endure. In the recent uprising against ...

Auguste Rodin.

Introduction

Auguste Rodin, born Francois-Auguste-Rene Rodin on 12th November, 1840, was a French sculptor. Although he did not consciously set out to break away from the traditional conventions, he is considered the ‘forefather’ of modern sculpture. (Lampert, 17)
The purpose of this paper, and due to the size, is to briefly look into the life experiences of Auguste Rodin that influenced his works and also, study the elements of his style as seen in any of his works.
The death of his sister Maria, four years later, traumatized him so much that he joined a sacred order. Father ...