Criminology Research Papers Samples For Students

Term Month and Year

Criminology is the study of the nature, level, organization, control, concerns and prevention of any form of behavior deemed criminal either from an individual or from the society as a whole. Criminology is essentially categorized as a behavioral science that seeks to act on the research carried out by scholars of the law, sociologists, psychologists, psychiatrists and even social anthropologists. Crime is viewed as an act that has violated the basic belied system and the values that governs a particular society. Each society has a set of laws and regulations that they have agreed upon. Once these regulations are not adhered to then ...

Abstract.

The paper seeks to expound on criminology as the science that involves studying the economic, cultural and political forces that interact with the law. The essay will explain crime and the societal reaction to it. Through the different theories of criminology, the essay will illustrate on how criminology shows the humanity the way to combat and prevent crime. It represents overviews of the legal systems, part of law in understanding legal systems forms of criminal behavior. The use of the criminology data that has been collected over time to formulate policies that are aimed at curbing crime by adopting ...

There are numerous expressions of crime in the United States. However, throughout the jurisprudence a categorization of felonies and misdemeanors is general. Under this categorization, the former is usually reserved for serious crimes while the latter often refers to petty crimes. According to the Uniform Crime Reports, there is a prevalence of some felonies across the US most notably drug abuse violations, property crimes, driving while intoxicated, larceny and assaults.
Many theories have been advanced in the area of criminology in an attempt to understand the compelling factors of criminality and its existence. But one grain seems to be common ...

Criminal Law

Introduction
Exploring the underlying principles of criminality encompasses a close examination of the theoretical models in three main areas of study such as sociological, bioloigcal, and psychological. Criminal behavior and the factors that contributes to its development can be attributed to the tenets of causation where some of the initiated crime prevention programmes were based. The discussion will highlight the principles of the various theories that defines the cause of criminal behavior beginning from the broad classifications down to the more specific predominant theories. Selecting the theory to discuss takes consideration of its place in the academic field of ...

Crime statistics remains an essential component in the field of criminology that helps in formulating effective criminal justice policy. For over four decades, the Uniform Crime Reporting System (UCR), the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), and its predecessor National Crime Survey (NCS) has been used in the United States to gather crime statistics. These methods have been used at the national level to estimate the crime and changes in the crime rates in the United States. Such data has helped the policymakers to develop sound policies that help to mitigate the problem of crime in the United States' societies ( ...

Abstract

The Age Graded Theory explain why people with propensity to commit crimes at early stages of their lives desist from offending later on in life while others do not. It was was advanced by Robert J Sampson and John H Laub in 1993. This paper critically analyses the Age Graded Theory. It looks into its historical background, the strengths and flaws associated with it with a view of establishing why its proponents thought that desistance could best be explained by the theory. To this end, it explores the three-fold limbs of the theory. Besides, it examines how its salient ...

Abstract

Criminology is one of the fields that rely on research to answer some phenomena. There are different data collection approaches, which criminology researchers could use to evaluate the performance or to understand a specific concept. Field observation is one of these methods. The method entails the collection of data from their natural setting. Investigative experts must adhere to specific elements and procedures when conducting data using the technique. The steps include answering questions that would guide the acceptance and the use of the technique to collect data. The subsequent step would be the determination of the type of field ...

Every one yearns to have a clear understanding of the world around him. This quest is achievable using theories. Theories tend to explain the reality concerning an issue and not how something should be. Theories are developed with varied reasons, some of which may be good or bad. Theories must be sensible so that they can be executed and serve the purpose they are aimed at (Briggs 2013). They also should be concise and correct hence with these basic characteristics the theory will be globally applicable to the context it is developed for.
It is has always remained a big ...

“In 1969 Travis Hirschi had come up with the theory of social control and social bond theory” . His theories were implemented into criminology studies over the years. Some theorists have argued his theories, and debated on the positivity and worthiness of them. Even though other theorists have tried to discard the theories Hirschi had brought forth into criminology; he is still a leading individual theorist for over 40 years.
Hirschi had grew up in Utah and obtained his undergraduate degree in Sociology. He then decided to take his education to San Francisco California to obtain his graduate degree. The ...

Personality of the offender - a set of socio-psychological characteristics and qualities, which are the causes and conditions for committing crimes. Criminal’s personality is different from the personality of law-abiding person by public danger, it is characterized by criminal needs and motivation, emotional and volitional deformation and negative social interests. The problem of offender’s personality is one of the central problems for sciences, which are connected with criminology. Criminology examines the socio-demographic and moral-psychological characteristics of offender. In addition, crucial for this topic and for criminology as a whole is a question of what the nature of ...

Initiation of substance abuse by schoolchildren

How does the behavioral influence of peers influence substance abuse in schoolchildren? The first experience of an individual on active interactions with society begins at school. The initial relationships forged in school often determine a child’s confidence and self-esteem. No relationship is more important in the social circles of a school than peer acceptance. This acceptance often comes at a cost. The criterion for peer acceptance involves participation in all of the group’s activities. In due course, this participation leads to initiating substance abuse. There are numerous studies on this subject with a variety of recommendations from ...

Introduction

The Rational Choice Theory is one of the most common and widely accepted theories in criminology. This theory is useful to deter criminal activity by changing the environment that might invite the attention of criminal elements. This theory has a crime displacement application. Most of the initiatives for crime prevention use the Rational Choice Theory. This theory proves that criminals make a rational choice when selecting targets by weighing the pros and cons (Akers, 1990).

Origins of the theory

The history of this theory traces back to the inspiration of Cesare Bonesana-Beccaria’s book, On Crimes and Punishment. Beccaria contended that people decided ...

(Institute/University)

Introduction

Deviance and criminal conduct can be perceived as the “outcome of rational choices based on efforts, rewards, and costs involved,” citing Cornish and Clarke (1998). Moreover, Wang (2005, p. 105) posits that offenders are logical in their thinking patterns and will opt for choices that will reward them. This factor emphasizes the fact that even the most incorrigible and dangerous criminals and offenders will evince a reasonable thinking pattern. This is particularly true for serial criminals who exhibit intelligence to avoid capture.
Over time, offenders will be to enhance their decision-making processes. Offenders will look to optimize opportunities ...

1. What is the purpose or hypothesis of this research?
The goal of the study conducted by Falco and Martin in 2012 was to understand how students who may potentially work in the criminal justice system see the use and application of punishment should be. In other words, do these potential criminal justice employees believed that punishment should be used more or less? The importance of knowing this, according to the authors, is that such perception can impact on how they see offenders and how or up to what extent the latter should be punished.
2. What ...

Introduction:

Criminological theories attempt to define crime and shed light on the criminal justice system. Moreover, the theories further shed light into the intrinsic nature of the crime and its offender, and thus enhancing the rationale in devising the preventive measures (Tibet & Craig 107).
Theories envelop the making and the contravention of the law, criminal and deviant conduct, and criminal activity patterns. The principal sociological crime theories consider the immediate social environment, such as the family unit, local community, peer groups, and learning institutions. The theories explain why some individuals have higher inclination to crime unlike others (Black 89).
...

Prepared and submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the:

The subject of death penalty unnerves us as we recall the tragic Colorado shooting. In this movie theater shooting, the criminal, James Holmes, killed many people without impunity. He killed twelve innocent, moviegoers and wounded more than 50 (Ferguson, p. 1). Mr. Holmes may be psychologically ill or a social deviant but this does not justify the killings and the social trauma it caused the nation. The more we try to understand why people kill innocent people, the more we begin to justify a severe punishment. Is the death penalty the answer to such violent incidents?
Strong public support for ...

Section 1: Proposal

Within the major profession of criminology, one recurring problem is the explanation of criminal behavior patterns and their relationship to crime, involving the subtopics of the sociological legal and psychiatric aspects of crime which contribute to defining and elaborating on criminal behavior.

Section 2: Body Sections

Casey, Sharon. "Elements of Psychological Maturity and Its Influence on Antisocial and
Criminal Behavior." The open criminology journal 4.Suppl 1-M1 (2011): 32-39.
This article by Casey explores the concept of psychological maturity in adolescents and how it relates to teen violence. The author explores the background information currently existing in the field of developmental ...

Introduction

Environmental concerns have created significant interests from various stakeholders with criminologists playing a critical role in responding to environmental harms. Environmental criminology applies to wide range of environments comprising of air, water, and land, and major issues such as overexploitation of natural resources and the emission of high volumes of toxic wastes in air, water, and soil. Multidisciplinary approaches have been adopted to help in curbing such environmental crimes whereby ecological, legal, economic, and social implications of the crimes have been analyzed by various stakeholders. Interventions have also led to extensive methods including monitoring, assessing the damage, enforcing legal ...

Inductive Thematic Analysis

Introduction
Drug crimes are increasingly becoming a major concern on both local and global fronts. Current research (Braun and Clarke, 2012) suggests that the thematic analysis of important data sources such as sentencing remarks would facilitate the efficacy of available strategies in these crimes. The purpose of this assignment is to analyse the themes that comprise the societal understanding of the occurrence and penalties of drug-related crime. The researcher uses information from seven courtroom sentencing remarks from Adelaide, Southern Australia. This inductive thematic analysis identifies overarching themes that are evident across all seven documents. The themes include “gender and ...

Abstract

This paper addresses itself to the life of one, Gerard John Schaefer. It critically analyses his childhood experiences with a view of determining the nexus between his early experiences and his delinquent disposition during his adolescent stage of development through to his adulthood. To this end, it is premised on the hypothesis that there is a causal relationship between Schaefer’s childhood experiences and his delinquent tendencies later in life. As a result, this paper critically looks into his early life and various crimes committed by him both in his childhood through to his adulthood with lenses of Psychodynamic ...

Abstract

A good program for crime prevention must incorporate measures to stop the repetition of the cycle of unsuccessful adaptation by the frequent offenders. This paper will incorporate the many challenges often faced by the ex-prisoners in the course of their adaptation after release from confinement. These challenges may deter their aspirations of becoming law abiding members of the society. The paper will majorly target the aspects concerning the high risk prisoners who have a long track record of criminal involvement. The paper will also address successful crime prevention mechanisms through the consideration of the social reintegration of ex-inmates back into ...

Introduction

Travis Hirschi’s social control theory as postulated in his publication; Causes of Delinquency has remained a forceful paradigm in criminology from its introduction to date. As a matter of fact, only a few theories have been able to sustain as much debate and empirical attention. Scholarly interest on this theory has been ongoing for a while, generating heated arguments while being tested for its veracity. Hirschi has also remained relevant in the field of theoretical criminology for decades ranking high among the most cited criminologists. But what would have been the reason for this? Before his time, there had been a few scholars ...

Introduction

Crimes have accompanied mankind since earliest stages of its development. In most general terms, crime is an act of breaking criminal law. Despite the fact that such an easy definition exists, lots of other definitions of crime were developed in terms of criminal legislation of different countries, theory of criminal law and criminology. Criminal legislation of countries all over the world is based on diverse understandings of both crime and punishment. It is also worth mentioning that almost all definitions of crime stem from in-depth studies of essence of crime and its manifestations by theoreticians and practitioners of criminal ...

Abstract

Juvenile Delinquency is considered as a growing a trend in criminology. More young adults aged between 18-24 are being arrested for various crimes from theft and burglary to drug trafficking, rape and murder. Several theories and programs have been published for preventing and understanding the causes of this behaviour.
Most of the studies and theories on crime and causes of delinquent behaviour is associated with the family, background, surroundings and early life experiences of a person. Some more focused theories advocate that the delinquent or criminal behaviour is also provoked by racial or ethnic biasness, education imbalance or cultural factors.
...

The living environment shapes who people are. Naturally, in neighborhoods with a negative criminogenic environment, people often go deviant, and, when they do, it often is at a relatively young age. Researchers have gone to great lengths to study the underlying causes of delinquent behavior of young residents. Poverty appears to be one of the principal driving forces of offenders long with income disproportion, albeit to a far lesser extent. The blockade of opportunities or the means to achieve culturally acceptable norms in the society is also an important motivation. While race is not universally found to cause delinquency, ...

Abstract

Rehabilitation refers to a series of activities and systematic efforts to restore a person into a useful state. Apparently, rehabilitation has the purpose of making a person that has deviated from the expectations of society become productive and acceptable in the community. Looking at the concept from the narrower definition of correctional rehabilitation, some aspects are added to the definition. Whether or not such efforts are effectual has been a topic of deliberation in the circles of criminology and correctional studies. The fact that rehabilitation has taken center stage in American corrections is the reason as to why rehabilitation has become such a weighty topic ...

In the recent times, the issue of crime and deviance has become one of the most talked about within the society. Deviance is made up of two categories: legally deviant behavior and illegally deviant behavior. For example, to understand legally deviant behavior, we can refer to this situation. Jonathan walked through his local library while listening to loud music from her mobile phone. This can be termed legally deviant since she is not breaking any law, but her acts are socially unacceptable. Moreover, illegally deviant takes place in a different approach. For instance, Kelvin hit a pregnant face on ...

Travis Hirshci had went to college and received an undergraduate degree in sociology. Once he moved to a more prominent city to attend graduate school he had observed behavior. He reviewed how people’s social interactions affected their personal choices and behaviors. This led him to researching criminal behavior and the connection to social bond and control theory. Hirschi’s theories came about back in the late 1960’s when the world was evolving after war, and independence. People were making decisions that were not normally made or accepted in society. The era that Hirschi was experienced had become ...

INTRODUCTION

GOAL STATEMENT: To determine the profile of robbers arrested in the state of Massachusetts.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: a. Gender
b. Ethnicity
c. Age
d. Employment
e. Educational Background

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What gender is more often arrested for robbery in the state of Massachusetts?
What ethnicity is arrested for robbery in Massachusetts?
What age category is arrested for robbery in the state of Massachusetts?
What occupational status is arrested for robbery in the state of Massachusetts?
What educational background is arrested for robbery in the state of Massachusetts?
HYPOTHESES AND THEORIES
H1: ...

Abstract

Crime is a common occurrence in the society. As different people with different ideas and views about life live together in the same setting, they are bound to get into conflicts. The criminal justice system is responsible for handling such cases and ensuring that the rule of law is upheld. It consists of different structures such as the police, whose work is to maintain law and order, the prosecutors, courts and correctional institutions. As the way of life and the world in general changes, crime becomes more rampant and diverse. Criminals are designing new ways of committing their acts without ...

In psychology, there are different psychological theories that have been proposed, researched and augmented by solid research. They provide the theoretical foundation of psychological phenomena. Psychology is anchored on five paradigms namely biogenic, psychoanalytic, behaviorist, humanist and cognitive. In this paper, the psychoanalytic paradigm is the center of focus. In essence, the paper highlights the life of the offender, Dennis Rader through the lenses of psychoanalytic paradigm. Dennis’s criminal behavior is accounted for by psychoanalytic paradigm. Psychology’s principal goal is to have a clear comprehension of individuals and groups, and the explanation of different phenomena.
Psychological principles ...

Instruments Used to Measure Crime in the United States

Abstract
Different agencies across the world employ different methodologies to analyze organized crime, and these evaluations help the law enforcement managements to make rational analysis. The objective of the paper is to look at the various instruments used to measure crime in the United States that assist in making decisions about organized crime. This essay explores how law enforcement agencies assess organized crime-related harm with the help of these tools to measure crime. An accurate crime measurement is necessary to describe the social and spatial distribution of crime as well as for evaluating the efficiency of numerous crime ...

Introduction

The social learning theory seeks to explain the development of antisocial behavior. Akers’ social learning theory is composed of four major concepts. They include differential association, reinforcement, imitation (modeling) and definitions. It postulates that people learn criminal or rather offensive behaviors in the same way they learn noncriminal/offensive behaviors. According to Akers’ theory, reinforcement learning involves getting rewards or punishments for criminal behaviors over time. As far as pro-criminal definitions are concerned, it posits that people who have definitions that favor crime or any other antisocial behavior have a high probability of getting involved in the crime(s) or antisocial ...

Like any other discipline, ethical research for Criminal Justice or Security Management ensures the credibility and reliability of the activities involved in the process. Codes of Ethics ensure that the system is fair, legal, and protective of civil rights, especially of the more vulnerable subjects of research and investigation.
Considering the precariousness and hazards of the nature of this type of research, crucial areas of concern are contented by ethical principles as fundamental to the practice, as they are likely to be encountered most often. Paramount of these areas are the concerns of neutrality, integrity, confidentiality, and competence, ...

Rape can be defined as type of sexual assault in which one or more persons initiate sexual intercourse with another without that persons consent. These situations of enforcing sex maybe done either by using force, abuse of authority of by having sex with someone who is not able to provide such consent. Rape is defined as so in criminology so as to have a clear direction on how courts would handle such cases. Persons who perpetrate such an act is referred to as a rapists and this definition is also applied under the sexual offenders’ registry as used in the United ...

Introduction

The New York police department exists to ensure that the constitutional rights of all residents in New York are guaranteed by preserving a safe environment that reduces fear, ensures that laws are protected and that peace is observed in the city (Stanislas 22). Regardless of their ranking, all officers are obligated to protect life and property. The New York police department conducts patrols, collects evidence, testifies in court, arrests suspects, enforces laws, completes paperwork, issues citations, and collects evidence (Crank and John 21). The objective of this paper is to detail the process that is followed to become a ...

Quantitative Research Project

Introduction
When considering the characteristics of the crime as relatively independent phenomena one can understand this phenomenon as socially dangerous one. At the same time, crime is only an element of the public events. Existing and functioning in society, it permeates all different areas and various public attitudes. From this perspective, crime is a social phenomenon, which could be discussed qualitatively. Consequently, this assignment is aimed at analysis of the teaching dataset of British Crime Survey 2007-2008.

Literature Review

Crime is a social phenomenon, which is not only ontological, but epistemological. It generated all of the conditions of social life. This ...

Introduction

One of the major occupations of students studying crimes is to understand how criminal behaviors come about and why individuals are induced in engaging in deviant or criminal behaviors. Theories on crime and delinquency primarily explores this question to get a better understanding of individuals and society at large. Theorists drew from different fields of sciences such as sociology, psychology and biology, to find answers in uncovering individual motivations and structural inducement.
One such theory that draws not only from sociology, but also from psychology, is the strain theory of Agnew. This paper provides a detailed discussion on the ...

Introduction

Social control theories emerged in the early 1900s which questioned why not all humans commit crimes. Unlike the criminology theories that examine why an individual commits criminal activity, the social control theories focus on how certain individuals refrain from it. There were several notable sociologists who expressed their ideas on how the society and its traditions can ensure that an individual will conform to a law-abiding lifestyle. They identified two types of controls in their theories. Informal and formal control. The informal control mechanisms are family, friends, or their individual social circles. The formal control is from the Government ...

The United States of America criminal justice system remains in state of continual change. Often, the system is ready to adopt reforms aimed at addressing pertinent issues. The overall objective, however, remains that of delivery of justice. It is on that context that this paper shall discuss the place of victimology in the American criminal justice system. It must not be lost of us that the resolution of crime entails three cardinal players. These are the victim, the state and the criminal. While the law has over the past concentrated on the latter two, it has had little time ...

There has been an ineffective penal system for punishing criminals. The government should aim at getting tough on criminal activities to ensure that the society becomes safe and comfortable in a criminal free environment. However, there has been conflicting influences in the penal system that has proved to be inefficient in protecting people from crime. Law makers have tried to raise issues to solve the problems within the penal system but with less success because the criminals have always been given less punishments. For a penal system to be effective, it should focus on reasonable principles and should serve the purpose ...

Crime is a significant issue in America as well as other countries. In order to try to lessen the rate of crime in America, the causes of crime are often studied. Records are keep of those who commit crimes in order to determine the underlying factors which led to these offenses in an effort to decrease their occurrence. An entire field of study, criminology is dedicated to the study of crime in society. The field of criminology encompasses not only the causes of crime and theories behind why people commit crimes, it also studies the detailed of rates of crime ...

Abstract

Social control theory obtained popularity across the 1960s which sociologists had different notions about crime. During the period, Travis Hirschi presented forth the innovative control theory rendering. This was a theory based on the existing social control concepts. The intent of this paper is to establish the links between school, family and other social aspects serve as ways of diminishing an individual’s propensity in deviant behavior.

Introduction

The social control theory maintains that crime happens when these bonds encounter weaknesses or lack sufficient establishment. The control theorists are for the fact that without the bonds, crime becomes an inevitable result ( ...

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM 2

Introduction
Structural Functionalism
The contemporary grand theory of Structural Functionalism is deeply rooted within the field of Sociology. This theory laid the foundation for many of the social theories studied today. To begin, the theory of Structural Functionalism focuses on societal structures and the functions they serve (Ritzer, 2010). There have been numerous Sociologists that have contributed to our understanding of Functionalism; Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, Robert Merton, and Davis and Moore (Ritzer, 2010). Perhaps one of the most noteworthy Sociologists to contribute to Functionalism, Talcott Parsons, examined these functions and their effects on structures and systems. ...

Crime can be defined in a multidimensional perspective. It simply refers to an act of commission or omission, which results into an offense that is punishable by law. Those acts that are unlawful and cause harm to the government and the society are criminal activities and are punishable by the state. Therefore, it is the responsibility of every government to defend and indorse the rights of its citizens by ensuring maximum security. Each government plays a role in ensuring the safety of its people by implementing laws and consequences that serve to deter citizens from engaging in crime. In addition, each ...

Antisocial personality disorder and criminality

Societal expectations from rational humans are often viewed as demanding, but high tolerance is exercised on the situations that depict some form of deviations, which do not last for long. When the variance from the expected norm is extreme and last for relatively long, the affected individuals are said to be suffering from antisocial personality disorder. A psychiatric condition characterized by adamant behaviors, which tend to exploit, manipulate and violate the liberties of humans, animals and other societal elements, antisocial personality disorder is one of the factors that motivate the engagement of vices in the society. Persistent disregard to ...

Abstract

Introduction
According to Thomas (2005), the crime rate in 2003 was almost the same as it was in 1973, but the number of people in prisons grew sevenfold. This is a real public policy puzzle because if the number of offenders did not change over the period, it would be appropriate to question the cause of the number of inmates to rise from 300,000 to nearly 2.3 million. The increase media attention in the late 1980s and early 1990s of high profile cases, and law and order demagoguery by politicians all played a part, of course. Nevertheless, the main ...

Introduction

Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California is a book that is authored by Ruth Gilmore. The content in the book is as a result of research that was done in California Prisons (Gilmore 34-45). The author takes an ironic reproach to the conservative politicians and self-proclaimed criminologists who argue that prisonisation is the rational process to end crime rates and dispel fear from the streets. She takes a sharp critique at the unprecedented prison expansion in the United States.
California is nicknamed ‘the Golden State’ since it houses natural beauty within rectangular borders. The power of the ...

The death penalty also known professionally as capital punishment is where one is put to death by the state after being found guilty of a heinous crime. Its existence can be traced back to the eighteenth century in the code of King Hammurabi (Strieb 24). During the colonial times, the death penalty was approved in most constitutions. The common methods used included hanging or mutilation of the head. These methods were thought of as slower, torturous and ineffective. Consequently and with industrialisation, these methods were improvised to include electrocution and the use of lethal drugs.
The main aim of a ...

Socialization is the process in which a person interacts with people in the society and forms relationships with them. Criminological and sociological theories, including the social strain theory, explain crime in terms of a person's social relationships. What sets Robert Agnew’s strain theory apart is that it specifically focuses on negative social relationships, in which people are not treated as they want to be treated, thus promoting and leading to criminal and deviant behavior. According to strain theory, people adopt criminal and deviant behavior when others prevent them from achieving positively valued goals/stimuli. The focus of the strain theory was ...

Introduction

The United States has a Judiciary arm which is bound and guided by the United States Constitution. Although independent, the Judiciary professionals are guided by the code of conduct clearly stated in the constitution of the United States during their roles in dealing with crime. Part I:a) Parts of the Constitution of the United States most relevant to the ethical standards of professionals in the judiciary
In the united states Constitution, Section I, Article III , It states how Judicial power extends to every case, in Law and Equity occurring under the Constitution, United States Laws and Treaties completed or ...

Criminology and public policy

Relation to juvenile status offenders
According to the biological theory, criminals are born with less advanced biological features as compared to other normal law abiding citizens. In that vein, juveniles with less advanced features such as hairy bodies, broad chins, and shapeless ears are likely to indulge in crime. According to this theory, the tendency to commit crime is inherent as early as at birth. On the other hand, the psychoanalytic theory attributes crime to the nature of upbringing accorded to a child during the period of his or her childhood. In that breath, juveniles who went through tough ...

CRIMINOLOGY IN THE FUTURE

Crime fighting, also referred to as criminal justice, is used to describe a system of institutions and practices laid forth by the government so as to deter, mitigate and control crime, and also to sanction and rehabilitate those who commit criminal offenses. There are various sub-branches in criminal justice and one of these is criminology. This sub-branch involves scientifically studying the extent, control, causes and nature of criminal behavior in both the society and the individual. This sub-branch is an interdisciplinary field that is based on research conducted in sociology, social anthropology, and psychology. Since research is a progressive activity, changes ...

The aim of this paper is to discuss the fraud that took place in the Bayou Hedge Fund Group and its impact on the organization’s investors and creditors. The organization was established in 1996 as Samuel Israel III and a gathering of foundations and hedge funds were united as the originator encouraged them to in the long run bring $450 million up with the expectation that the fund would develop to more than $7 billion in a ten year time span. The way that the organizer utilized a portion of the cash for individual use alongside critical exchanging ...

Research Paper

Abstract
The youth is the most at-risk group in terms of gang membership nowadays. It has been found in several studies that gang involvement largely appeal to adolescents, especially those living in poor neighborhoods, estranged or alienated in schools, and in conflict with police authorities or the larger criminal justice system. Researchers reported that the youth turns to gangs to compensate for their lack of adequate and proper socialization. Large communities, or areas with sizable populations, have serious gang-related problems. This paper discusses existing empirical studies on gang formation, membership, and violence. There is a considerable dearth of studies ...

As with any cyber phenomenon, hacking is a relatively recent phenomenon invented slightly over 5 decades ago. The period since then and up to this point saw new ways of hacking into different systems developed, deterrent acts enforced, and abusers arrested. The present state of the illicit occupation shows the great heights hacking, unfortunately, has achieved, as seen in it being applied for enjoying free phone calls or transferring bank funds. The occupation looks very developed, worse still, it is predicted to develop in the time to come. The human factor, unprotected systems, and technology development will keep feeding ...

Executive summary

There is a general trend in US – regardless the dislocation point of its citizens – either heartland or suburban neighborhood, people are vulnerable to gun violence. This violence may be represented in the set of the following forms: gang crime, suicide, or a gun accident. In all cases, all the gun violence acts break the law and that is why, there is a need for development of the appropriate policies and other social-oriented solutions, which have potential of stopping such form of abuse and violence. In accordance with the statistical data, the total number of people, who have died because ...

Research Approach

There are three different research approaches for this research paper. They are descriptive, explanatory, and application research. The first theme titled ‘PTSD in correctional facilities’ will use the descriptive research approach. This section will determine the scope of PTSD among correctional officers. The second theme titled ‘Dealing with PTSD among correctional officers’ will use the explanatory research approach. This theme will explore the prevalence of PTSD and look for ways to eradicate the problem. The third theme titled ‘Analysis of Stress Levels in correctional facilities’ will use actual data from the correctional staff and use it to determine whether ...

INTRODUCTION

The American criminal justice system is a very complex entity that most people hope to have little interaction with. Most people will tell you that it can also be incredibly confusing. People become most invested in court proceedings when they are high profile cases that garner a great deal of media attention; some that many are familiar with include Amy Fisher, Casey Anthony and, certainly, the O.J. Simpson trial. Another case that became the center of media attention is the trial of Jodi Arias. Jodi Arias is a 32-year-old woman who is currently serving a life sentence, without the ...

Children and youth in correctional institutions are extremely vulnerable. They come most often from disadvantaged families, and in many cases, they have experienced trauma or victimization before reaching the correctional institutions. The official role of the correctional institutions is to rehabilitate young delinquents (Davidson-Arad, Benbenisthy & Golan, 2009). Once in the care of the state, they should be protected from further victimization, and helped to overcome their traumas, so as to be reintegrated into the society successfully, and to become healthy and active members of their communities. However, in many cases, correctional institutions become the settings for new forms of ...