Disease Research Papers Samples For Students

1.A. Penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics in structure. The remodeling process takes place in the bacterial cell walls due to the presence of a layer called peptidoglycan layer, which includes the breakdown of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine and cross-linking peptide chains . Cross-linking peptide chains provide rigidity to the fluid cell wall. Transpeptidase, an enzyme used in the breaking of peptide chains also reforms the peptide bonds after the restructuring of the cell wall. The penicillin inhibits the enzyme transpeptidase, which prevents the peptide bonds from reforming. Thus, penicillin makes the cell walls weaker, which results ...

A descriptive theory would be a good approach in addressing the acute Cholecystitis medical condition. This theory would be of great significance due to the approach it takes in addressing the problem. This would be achieved through using a quantitative method. This is because the method looks into all the relevant details that may need to be changed in order to acquire the desired results. Through this theory, medical practitioners are in a position to carry out a survey to establish the number of cases that are being recorded in relation to acute Cholecystitis. This would help in laying the foundation to develop ...

Obesity causes a number of health problems for those who suffer from it. And there are a significant number of people across the United States that suffer from obesity. In fact, we often hear that obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. The condition of obesity that many Americans suffer from has now been categorized as a disease by the American Medical Association. However, three recent studies appearing in the journal Psychological Science show that labeling obesity a disease may have psychological costs to those who suffer from it. Throughout this paper, I will discuss the findings of studies that show ...

Multiple sclerosis, which is abbreviated MS, is an inflammatory disease that involves the damage of the fatty myelin sheath surrounding brain axons, as well as the spinal cord. The damage results to the demyelination of the axon scarring including a wide range of symptoms. The disease is also referred to as encephalomyelitis disseminate or disseminated sclerosis (Compston and Coles). The first instance of the disease was reported by Jean-Martin Charcot in 1868. The onset of the disease is mainly seen young adults and is mainly common in women. MS has a prevalence of between 2 to 150 people in a population of ...

The Bubonic Plague is a grim but at the same time impressive page in the European history. This event triggered serious changes in society and economy. Naturally art and culture could not have left it without noticing and references to the Black Death are to be found in literature, paintings and other art forms.

Today most of the scholars agree that the most probable way by which the Bubonic Plague came into Europe was through trading. As for the trading route which was the main channel of the spread of the disease, the book by Robert Gottfried says the following: ...

Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

Vincent van Gogh was arguably one of the most influential artists in the human history. Through his use of color and imagery, he managed to communicate many different emotions and messages to each viewer of his paintings. He is most infamously known for the incident in which he chopped off his ear, supposedly mailing it to a woman in a box. For this reason, how he grew up and who he was as a person is particularly interesting to the public, as well as psychoanalysts. Regardless of if he was deeply troubled or not, one thing is clear, his life eventually led ...

Abstract

Researchers conduct researches on the basis of an ideology that seems to exist. During the study, researchers formulate a hypothesis, in which they state the existence or non-existence of the phenomena under study. For a good research, the researcher has to state the null and the alternative hypothesis. It is on the basis of these classes of hypothesis, that an error is classified as a type 1 or type 2 error. The type one error is based on the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is a hypothesis that affirms the relationship between phenomena. In the case that a researcher accepts the null hypothesis, he ...

Arthritis

Definition
Arthritis is the inflammation of one or more joints in a human being (Breedveld, & Combe, 2011). This results with the stiffness of the joints and constant pain. The condition is known to worsen with the age of the individual. There are two most common types of arthritis and these are rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis is caused by the wear and tear of the joint of the individuals on a normal scenario. Rheumatoid arthritis on the other hand is an autoimmune disorder. There are also various types of arthritis and these include those caused by uric acid crystals, ...

Introduction

The health status of the American population has continuously been affected by disparities in healthcare distribution. While some populations have dominantly been able to access and acquire quality healthcare, other groups have been sidelined from accessing and acquiring such care. This has been caused majorly by individual and group factors which have at one instance or another affected the distribution, access, provision and acquisition of quality health care. Health disparity refers to the overall difference related to prevalence, incidence, mortality, disease burden as well as other unfavorable health determinants that exist unequally among individuals or populations. These factors are ...

Crohn's Disease (CD): A Historical Background

Crohn’s disease is a persistent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may impact any part of the gastrointestinal path, however, normally impacts the ileum (Yamada, 2009). It usually occurs to individuals of age 21 or under (Wilson et al., 2010). The CD may affect the quality of life (Baumgart & Sandborn, 2007; Morrison et al., 2009). It may need surgery (Pihl-Lesnovska et al., 2010).
There is a steady global rise in the occurrence of Crohn’s Disease and it represents an increased hospitalization (Gibson, 2009; Morrison et al., 2009; Wilson et al., 2010). In 2009, the CD cases in Australia were ...

Management of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic progressive metabolic disease that affects a lot of people worldwide. According to the World Health Organization more than 436 million people worldwide have diabetic mellitus; however that number will likely double by the year 2030 without any intervention. The needs of diabetic patients are not only limited to adequate glycemic control but also correspond with preventing complications, disability limitations and rehabilitation. There are a lot of essential care behaviors in people with diabetic which predict good outcomes such as healthy eating, being active, monitoring blood sugar, compliant with medications, and risk reduction behaviors. Diabetic mellitus is associated ...

Cancer is a term used to define a class of various diseases that entail irregular cell growth resulting in some forms of malignant tumors. When the malignant cells form in one part of the body, they affect the neighboring cells although the diseases can affect tissues far from the place that the cancerous tumor has developed. Recently, cases of cancers have been on the rise, and the reasons behind this could be pollution of the environments, lack of exercises, poor dietary habits, and consumption of carcinogenic substances. Cancer comes in various forms, and if detected early enough most of them are ...

versus silicone Foley catheters in reducing catheter associated urinary
tract infections in hospitalized patients

Introduction

- Construction of PICO question
- Identification of key terms
- Description of the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome of the question.

Description of at least 2 EBP model(s) appropriate for focus area; critique similarities and differences of models.

Identification and description of articles obtained from searching and possible need for further refinement of question.
Conclusion
- Selection of an evidence grading system such as the one cited in the directions above and rate at least four studies, using the EB Review Matrix to record your assessments.
- Describe the relationship between levels of evidence and ...

Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is grouped under movement disorders. This group comprises of disorders that relate to various unusual body movements. In addition, these odd movements are linked to the neurological system. For example, conditions such as ataxia, cerebral palsy and Tourette syndrome fall under this category.
Parkinson’s disease refers to a progressive disorder of the nervous system which influences an individual’s movement, writing and speech (Simuni, 2009). This infection is characterized by symptoms that develop in a gradual manner, and may start as a slight tremor of the hand. The disease is also associated with stiffness of muscles which ...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) as a health condition that makes it difficult to inhale and exhale which has resulted in many deaths as noted by the Center for Disease Control (CDC). As the fourth cause of deaths among Americans resulting from long-term inhalation of pollutants, it is imperative to develop a long term management plan, establish standards and best practices that can lead to effective and efficient managing of the situation, and establish clinical standards based on evidence-based practice regarding the management of the health challenge

Developing overall case management plan

In developing the overall case management plan, it is relevant to factor in some ...

Introduction

Scleroderma is also called systematic sclerosis. A chronic illness comes under the category of autoimmune rheumatic illness. Scleroderma is the combination of two Greek words that mean “hard skin.” Even though the symptoms of Scleroderma are very vast, hardening of the skin is the most visible symptom of this disease.
Scleroderma is a combination of rare diseases affects the skin and its connective tissue. In extreme cases, it affects the body’s framework way beyond the skin. The blood vessels, organs, and digestive system are affected.

Etiology/Onset

According to research, Scleroderma is caused by the production of collagen in the ...

The Guttmacher Institute has been providing research and policy analysis in the areas of sexual and reproductive health since the late 1960s. A major area of the organization’s research is in HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections. The Institute’s research is diverse and focuses on such disparate issues as education, sociology, and economics that interplay in cases of sexually transmitted diseases. Analyzing international and local attitudes towards sexual health, The Guttmacher Institute paints a comprehensive picture of the AIDS epidemic and how it is affecting the world.
There are many viruses, bacteria, and other parasites that can cause ...

Introduction

King Tutankhamun also known as King Tut or Tutankhamen was an Egyptian pharaoh who ruled between the period of 1336 and 1327 BC. He is believed to the 12th ruler of the 18th Dynasty of Egyptian history (Carter and Romer 2008). His precious mummy discovered in 1922, in the Valley of Kings by Howard Carter and George Herbert first brought king Tutankhamun to light.. It is the discovery of Tutankhamun’s mummy that first made Tutankhamun and his lineage a subject of public interest worldwide. A lot of facts have been uncovered about him ever since, and all these facts ...

The movie A Beautiful Mind is about Nobel laureate John Nash, who suffered from paranoid schizophrenia. In this movie, directed by Ron Howard, the viewer follows the life of a brilliant mathematician and economist. The movie shows many symptoms of this condition, especially the positive ones. On display are also the difficulties that this illness represents both at a personal and at a social level, including for the family. Last, one may see possible treatments for this disease, including electroshock therapy and disability management techniques and their effects. This film, while entertaining and being aesthetically pleasing, also shows the symptoms of paranoid ...

The gastrointestinal tract, which spans from the mouth to the anus, is a durable yet sensitive system that is susceptible to a variety of disorders that can bring an individual great pain and distress. There are a myriad of gastrointestinal disorders that fall under the category of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), including Ulcerative Colitis, Irritable Bowel Disease (IBD), and Crohn’s disease. Many of these gastrointestinal disorders have similar characteristics, but they are each distinct disorder and should be treated as such.

Etiology of Crohn’s Disease

According to a breadth of research into gastrointestinal disease, Crohn’s disease appears to be one of the more complex in ...

Introduction

Over the years, research has been uncovering more and more rare diseases, especially genetic disorders. Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) is one of such rare disorders of the blood that causes a disfiguring swelling of a part of the body, particularly the face, larynx, extremities, abdomen, and genitalia. It may range from a simple painful swelling of an extremity to asphyxiation from laryngeal involvement. Diagnosis and prognosis of this condition depends on a heightened sense of awareness of the symptoms of the disease by the managing clinician and the availability of effective interventions.
HAE is known to occur in people with a deficiency of a particular ...

Vaccinations

Part 1: Vaccinations are mandatory for most babies and school-aged children as they build the body’s immune response. What are some pros and cons of vaccines?
Despite some reported risks of vaccines, for many medical professionals, these risks outweigh the benefits children get from them. Vaccines are believed to be responsible for the decline and prevention of infectious childhood diseases. However, vaccines do not guarantee 100% protection from illnesses. If a child contracts (who has been vaccinated) a particular disease, he or she experiences milder symptoms and complications (“Pro & Con Arguments,”2014), making it a lot easier to treat and ...

Shingles is a viral disease caused by varicella-zoster virus. It can occur on any part of the body and causes a painful rash. However, this disease or infection is found on the torso. Vaccinations are used to reduce the chances of infection as well as reducing severe complications of this infection. It is important to note that this infection cannot be classified as life threatening condition.
Gillian M.Keating in his article “Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Vaccine (Zostavax): A Review of Its Use in the Prevention of Herpes Zoster and Post-herpetic Neuralgia in Adults Aged ≥50 Years”, analyses the use of ...

Abstract

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic problem with major infections to lungs, pancres, intestine and liver. The main characteristic of the disease is abnormal transport of chloride, and sodium in the epithelium leading to thick secretions.
It usually results from mutation in the gene for a protein known as cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR). This is a hormone which is usually involved in various body excretion processes. The main method of transmission of the disease is through genes. However, research has proved that it can be still transferred among people with no DNA connection
The disease is ...

Description of the communicable disease (causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment) and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence)
Tumberculosis (TB) is a communicable chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects lungs; it may affect any organ or tissue of the body. Typically, the centres of tubercular granulomas undergo caseous necrosis. It is “spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person”. Typically, its symptoms include; persistent cough for more than three weeks, in which the phlegm maybe bloody; weight loss; night sweats; high temperature; tiredness and fatigue; ...

Introduction

As a nursing practitioner, it is necessary to understand the nuances of antimicrobial therapy, as well as the differences between viral and bacterial infections. In the following, the differing categories of antimicrobial agents will be stated and defined. Furthermore, the vital differences between viral and bacterial infections will be elucidated. Finally, the importance of differentiating between viral and bacterial infections in an antimicrobial agent prescription will be explained. The ability to treat viral and bacterial infections is greatly increased with the help of antimicrobial agents, but it is crucial to properly identify the type of infection before prescribing treatment.

Categories of Antimicrobial Agents

There ...

INTRODUCTION

Disease and illness are a source of great fear for many young and old. There are any numbers of diseases that can limit one’s mobility, ability to function, and even strip them of their five senses. However, there are no conditions more frightening to many in the public as those that affect and compromise one’s mind. As we age it is not uncommon for people to forget things here and there, but when it goes beyond minor forgetfulness, but strips a person memories and ability to recognize even their closest loved-ones, it becomes incredibly frightening. Wives and husbands will ...

Alzheimer’s:

Symptoms, Care, and Treatment
Growing old is a part of life. For some the ideal is to grow old with their families around them, enjoy grandchildren, and generally enjoy their golden years. For those that suffer from the disease known as Alzheimer’s however, it is a time of great uncertainty.
Alzheimer’s Disease is seen to affect older individuals and is known as an “old person” disease. It has been seen, only rarely, to have an early onset within a span of age 30 to 60. When this occurs it is very likely that the afflicted individual shares the necessary ...

Abstract

The scope of the practice guideline was developed to inform medical personnel and medical institutions about the value of using prophylactic antibiotics in the management of infection rates, among the patients receiving spinal surgery. The recommendations and also conclusions of the study were fashioned through evidence-based evaluation of literatures authored on the topic. The guide-document’s scope is limited to exploration of usefulness of prophylactic antibiotics in managing infection rates, among spinal surgery patients. The purpose of the study was offering medical personnel and institutions with a model for delivering care to spinal surgery patients. The research questions for the ...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a condition that results in changes in the brain and affects the memory of individual as well as other mental abilities. The disease has many effects on the brain of an individual and as it progresses so does its effect on the individual’s life and those around him or her. The historical evaluations of the disease provide a basis for understanding the disease better and the approaches that may help in combating it. This when coupled with current research provides relevant information that can help understand how it affects the brain (Perry, 2013).
Alzheimer’ ...

English

New Jersey should continue to prohibit smoking in public places such as restaurants, clubs, bar and other public places. In fact, studies show that exposure to second-hand smoke can result to psychological distress that may lead to mental illness in healthy adults in the future. It has been proven that second-hand smoke has been associated to several somatic health results. In the study that was conducted in the country London, specifically in Glasgow and Edinburgh, the researchers discovered that there is connection between mental health and second-hand smoke exposure by measuring the using salivary cotinine level of a person (Nursing ...

INTRODUCTION

Autism is one of the most prevalent conditions suffered by many young people. The important question is, does the prevalence represent an epidemic or is it simply been misdiagnosed, under-diagnosed, or over diagnosed? Autism does not manifest in every child the same way and to the same degree; this has earned in the title of a Spectrum disorder, which means that it has a broad range of diagnosis under the umbrella of autism (Web MD 1). In the past people who were perceived as abnormal was simply labeled insane, today we are much clearer at differentiating between different conditions. The numbers ...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or else known as chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD, is a form of obstructive lung disease categorized by persistently reduced airflow and it is typical for this situation to get worse over the years. The key symptoms comprise of shortness of breath, cough, and mucus making . It is not uncommon for individuals with bronchitis to show symptoms of COPD . Smoking is considered one of the main factors in causing COPD along with other important causes including air pollution and genetics. Nowadays, and especially in Third World Countries, insufficient cooking and ways of heating are a key ...

English

Introduction
For this paper, the topic that was chosen is about obesity. The term obesity refers to the accumulation of excess body fat which can be associated to the physical demonstration of chronic energy surplus (Chaput, Doucet & Tremblay 681). In our present environment, obesity has become one of the most challenging problems that the world has to face. This situation has been dubbed as the obesogenic environment, referring to the consumption of energy and is detrimental to the expenditure of energy. Obesity is not just a problem of the adult population since the number of obese children continues to ...

Description and challenges

Hepatitis C is a type of infection that is caused by a virus that attacks the human liver resulting in inflammation. The virus is called Hepatitis C virus (HCV). The infected people show less or no symptoms during its early stages of infection (Michael, 2014, p 1178). Hepatitis C virus is considered the most dangerous of the Hepatitis infections. The virus is transmitted through the contact with contaminated blood, mostly through needles that are shared through the use of illegal drugs.
One challenge with Hepatitis is that, during its early stages, one cannot know if he is infected or not. This ...

Health Care

Health Care Expenditures Attributable to Smoking
In the United States alone, there are about 440,000 individuals who die annually of smoking related diseases (Pubmed). According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, recent studies linked cigarette smoking to a numerous other diseases to include abdominal aortic aneurysm, acute myeloid leukemia, cataract, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, pneumonia, periodontitis, and stomach cancer. “These are in addition to diseases previously known to be caused by smoking, including bladder, esophageal, laryngeal, lung, oral, and throat cancers, chronic lung diseases, coronary heat and cardiovascular diseases, as well as reproductive ...

Introduction

Rheumatic fever (RF), or acute rheumatic fever (ARF), is an autoimmune complication caused by the human-specific bacterial pathogen group A (B-hemolytic) streptococcus (GAS), Streptococcus pyogenes. S. pyogenes is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium that is coccoid or spherical in shape and usually occurs in pairs or chains. It produces hemolysin that forms a clear zone around the colonies when grown on blood agar. It has been designated as part of group A via Lancefield serotyping because it displays the carbohydrate antigen A on its cell wall. It is non acid-fast, non-spore forming, and may or may not have capsules. It has generally ...

Disease Surveillance Requirements in Australia

While much has been hypothesized regarding disease surveillance, it is of the essence to note that this occurs as one of the fundamental components of animal health services. This may be attributed to the fact that disease surveillance offers a comprehensive platform that provides warning on impending disease outbreaks. On a similar note, disease surveillance offers a viable platform that allows for planning, implementation and monitoring of a wider array of disease control programs. In a nutshell, disease surveillance is important for emergency preparedness for any animal disease. A close analysis of the Australian contexts depicts the existence of a robust animal disease surveillance program, ...

LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

INTRODUCTION
SLE and Multiple Sclerosis both being autoimmune conditions, still show lot of diversities in their clinical manifestations. SLE is now also termed as Connective Tissue Disease to avoid confusion with other related diseases. Whereas Multiple Sclerosis is more of an inflammatory disease affecting the Central Nervous System.
*Prevalence of SLE : 30 in 100000 in Caucasians to 200/100000 in Afro-Carribeans
*Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis: 120 in 100000 (in UK)
*Gender Distribution : Both the diseases are commoner in women than in men

ETIOLOGY OF THE DISEASES

Predisposing factors of SLE:
- Genetic predisposition
- Cigarette smoking
...

History

Introduction of Aztec Empire
Aztecs were Nahuatl-speaking people who ruled a large empire in the present central and southern Mexico during the 15th and early 16th centuries. They are called Aztec due to the word Aztlán, which refers to the “White Land”1, probably due to the origin from the northern Mexico. The center of the large Aztec empire, Tenochtitlán, was among the largest cities in the world in 1519. During that time, nearly 38 provinces were working under the rule of Tenochtitlán. Tributes, payments, and human sacrifices were most important events at that time that ...

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental disorder that is characterized by unusual shifts in mood, energy and activity levels.
The term "manic-depressive illness" was coined by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin in the late XIX century and at that time referred to all mood disorders. Ernst Kretschmer, German psychiatrist and the author of temperament typology, concluded that a certain type of people predisposed to this illness, in his classification they are called cyclothymic. These people are really cheerful, sociable, very adaptive and emotionally labile, but they are are susceptible to unreasonable mood swings which under the stress ...

Von Gierke Disease

Introduction
Von Gierke disease or Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1 (GSD-1) belongs to a group of rare metabolic disorders with a reported incidence of 1 case per 100,000 births per year. The clinical condition results from deficiency of key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway resulting in an increase in intermediate metabolites and accumulation of glycogen in the affected tissues. It is a genetic disorder with a natural history of severe developmental abnormalities and long term complications. This paper provides an overview of GSD-1 based on studies published in peer reviewed journals with a focus on its genetic determinants, clinical picture, available therapeutic ...

Ebola epidemic again reminded of itself in March this year in Guinea. Since that time, the virus that swept Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Senegal, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Gabon, concentrated mainly in West Africa. However, there was already recorded case of infection in the United States, in Dallas. The family members of the patient infected with a virus were placed under home quarantine. This paper is dedicated to investigation of the question whether the US government should introduce quarantine in the country and in which way. In particular, it will show why quarantine should not be introduced ...

In the past, individuals demonstrating the symptoms of schizophrenia were thought to be possessed by demons. Banishment, imprisonment, and torture were the only forms of treatment available. Fear of the perceived possession dictated responses to the behavior. The inappropriate ideas, hallucinations, and strange behavior remains as difficult to understand today as it was in medieval times.
The medical profession struggles to address the presence of schizophrenia in society. McGrath, Saha, Chant, and Welham (2008) state the psychopathology affects 1% of the worldwide population and incurs substantial costs to families, society, and the patient. In addition, evidence points to a ...

Abstract

The most widespread causes of seizures are infection. Seizure can occur in all ages and the infection can vary base from age. Toxoplasma occurs in newborns while Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease occurs in elders. Moreover, for some infections like neurocysticercosis, seizures are the only observable symptom. Seizure can be the only indication of global central nervous system dysfunction including rabies and sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis .
This paper focuses on the discussion of seizures, their types and causes, as well as the pre-hospitalization rehabilitation and hospital rehabilitation of seizures.
Seizure is a momentary absence of control usually in the company of unconsciousness, ...

Introduction

Anthrax is an infectious disease that is primarily caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis (spore-forming bacterium). The spores of B. antracis is often associated with gastrointestinal anthrax and inhalation cutaneous. The spores are highly ineffective in most environmental conditions. Inhalation anthrax is considered as a great threat since it is caused by inhalation of anthrax spores and is associated with high fatality rate. However, the rate of person-to-person rate is rarely observed. (Sternbach G. 2003)
In the wild, anthrax is commonly observed (naturally found). The disease is also observed unvaccinated domestic animals. The disease is common among U.S workers ...

Asthma is a complex multifactorial disease that affects millions of people worldwide and can occur across any age or ethnicity. In children, boys are slightly more affected than girls, but in adults, women are more affected than men (Fanta 1002). Asthma affects about 300 million people and accounts for around 250,000 deaths each year worldwide (Lv et al. 105; Ober and Yao 11). Asthma can be atopic or non-atopic. Atopic asthma usually starts in childhood or adolescence and is hypothesized to be influenced by genetic predisposition. Non-atopic asthma usually occurs in adults and can result from bacterial or viral ...

Historical background

Before the 20th century, diabetic conditions were rare in the human population. In early 1900, the problem was known as “honey urine” identified among the rich gluttons. In the late years, many physicians distinguished and identified insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent. The adoption and classification of the disease as type one and type 2 diabetes took place in 1970. Until 1950, diet change was considered the only remedy for the problem. Type 2 diabetes was first identified and seen common among the wealthy people. Improvement in living standards influenced development of this condition among the people lower social class

Description and explanation of the disease

...

Introduction

The topic of occupational stress is important as it helps us coexist with other employees. Also by understanding its causes and effects we can become more productive both in the workplace and at home. This is because stress resulting from poor or unfavorable working conditions is often unknowingly projected by individuals to their families. Severe cases of stress may also trigger coronary heart disease and consequently the individual's family and private life suffer greatly. It is, therefore, important to study the subject of occupational stress to create more awareness in employees.
Occupational stress refers to the physical, emotional ...

The musculoskeletal system is responsible for all body movements. The skeletal component of the muscular system provides a structural framework for the body, which protects the internal organs and provides the shape for the body. It acts as the storage for calcium and phosphorus and plays a part in mineral homeostasis(Davidson, 2002)

Functions of the skeletal system(Haywood, 2008)

The role of the skeletal system can be classified into five categories: protection, structural support, movement, mineral and chemical storage and blood cell production.
- Protection: The strong material that makes up bones protect the internal tissues and organs of the body like the brain, ears, eyes, spine, ...

The subject of patient rights is controversial and ties heavily into human rights. Individuals have the right to autonomous choice provided their choices do no harm to others. Individuals also have the right to live their lives as they see fit within legal and moral boundaries. However, how society defines legal and moral is often up for debate. One such debate is centered on the right of an individual to commit legal suicide when they are faced with certain, painful and lingering death. There are many viewpoints on this topic. One viewpoint shared by many is that an individual ...

Among individuals aged 13 to 17 years, previously non-vaccinated with BCG, and who are in direct contact with TB, is the combination therapy of INH 900mg + Rifapentine 900mg once a week for 3 months as effective when compared to individuals aged 13 to 17 years who are also previously non-vaccinated with BCG and have completed the gold prophylactic standard of INH 300mg daily for 6 months in preventing active tuberculosis?

ARTICLE CITATION:

Sterling TR, Villarino ME, Borisov AS, et al. Three months of rifapentine and isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(23):2155–2166.

CATEGORY: Infectious Diseases

APPRAISAL TYPE: Therapy
...

Introduction

Parkinson’s disease (PD) refers to a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It is the second most predominant neurodegenerative condition after Alzheimer’s disease (Thomas & Beal, 2007). Advanced age increases the risk of disease. It is diagnosed in 1% of individuals with 65 years of age and 5% of the individuals with over 85 years (Weintraub, Comella, & Horn, 2008). However, up to 3% of the cases have been found in people below 50 years. Other risk factors include the male gender and individuals of European ancestry. PD is a chronic disorder that progresses slowly; it may take 15 years from the time ...

Ebola has caused a lot of discussions in world community on the issue whether quarantine should be applied or not. Applying quarantine has both advantages and disadvantages and due to the fact that Ebola is comparably new virus and there is a lack of information about these disease the necessity of quarantine is a matter of dispute.
Applying quarantine in USA became an issue for negotiations all over the world.It all have started when governors of three states: Illinois, New York and New Jersey; applied forced quarantine for all those who contacted infected by Ebola people in the West Africa countries. ...

The complexity of managing hyperthyroidism is largely attributable to the multi systemic effects, a diverse range of symptoms and a wide clinical spectrum ranging from subclinical to severe disease. This work briefly touches on the trends in management of hyperthyroidism and key research findings that have guided clinical approaches over the last 2 decades. Literature review highlighted some niche areas that have predominantly been the focus of research. These include, evaluation of diagnostic criteria, interpretation of laboratory results and prognostic implications of subclinical thyroid disease.

Diagnostics

Thorough clinical assessment of patients continues to be indispensible with serum TSH level being the standard ...

Dementia is a condition caused by brain disease. It is typically chronic or unremitting in nature. It disturbs several functions including memory, thinking, calculation, judgment, language as well as learning capacity. However, consciousness is still clear. The function abnormality comes with worsening in social manners, inspiration or emotional direction. Dementia happens in a great number of disturbing the brain (WHO, 7).
The most common form of dementia is the Alzheimer’s disease that comprises the sixty to seventy percent of dementia cases. Other forms of dementia are vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Dementia also occurs in mixed forms ...

- Timeline of Ebola Outbreaks
The world first came to know about Ebola virus in the late 1970s through a series of hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Congo and Sudan. Since then traditional quarantine methods were employed to control the outbreak from the clinics and hospitals in Africa. Research efforts on Ebola began to diminish upon the report of an isolated case in Tandala and a small outbreak in Sudan. However, ten years later (1989) Ebola virus re-emerged on cynomolgous monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in a research facility in Reston, Virginia in the United States. Such outbreak prompted several laboratory studies to understand ...

Malignant melanoma is a skin disorder, which produces tumors of melanocytes or tumors of cells produced by melanocytes . The disease was uncommon in the past; however, in the recent years, the number of cases of malignant melanoma increased significantly, especially, the number of deaths due to malignant melanoma. The disease develops in radical and vertical phases. In the radical phase, the malignant cells develop in a radical manner within the epidermis, while in the vertical phase; the malignant cells intrude into the dermis cells. The lesions developed by malignant melanoma are thin, moderate or thick depending upon the depth of the ...

Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease characterized by the buildup of sticky and thick mucus inside the body that can potentially damage the organs (US NLM, 2012). The two most common signs of Cystic Fibrosis are damaged respiratory system and chronic digestive problems. The severity varies among the affected individuals. The disease is most common among Caucasian people (1 in every 2,500 newborns) and most rare among the Asians (1 in every 31,000 newborns) (US NLM, 2012).
Cystic Fibrosis produces thick mucus that can block the airways in the lungs, leading to bacterial infection and severe breathing ...

Introduction

Diabetes, which is commonly referred to as diabetes mellitus gives a description of diseases that relates to metabolism. An individual suffering from this disease has very high levels of blood glucose or blood sugars. This is because of inadequate insulin production. The other reason as to why a person may contract diabetes is because insulin may not be functioning properly. Patients suffering from high levels of blood sugar experience frequent urination which is at times known as polyuria. Such patients can at times get thirstier, a condition known as polydipsia, and hungry, which in this case is known as polyphagia.
When ...