Drugs Research Papers Samples For Students

The scenario as set out in the question is one that has to be looked into keenly, critically identifying and isolating the various relevant events that directly or indirectly impact on the relevance and admissibility of evidence discovered and/or obtained at a crime scene. This paper intends to identify the relevant events with regards to the collection and/or obtaining of evidence relevant to the scenario and state whether each piece of evidence obtained is admissible or inadmissible; and backing up the various arguments with the relevant provisions of the United States Constitution, case law and statutory positions on the subject ...

Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors That Explain The Decline And Six That Do Not. Experience by Steven D. Levitt

The entire criminal activities in almost all parts of United States experienced heartening drop in the late 1990’s. According to Levitt experience, the year 1999 witnessed the least rate of reported cases homicide for the past 35 years. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reports highlights that in 1998, property and violent crimes declined by 29% and 34% respectively. Levitt states, “homicide rates fell in nine of the ten years in the decade of ...

Introduction

Drugs may be categorized through the chemical form of the ingredient which is active or even through the method it is utilized to treat specific conditions. It will as a result be realized that each drug may possibly be categorized into several drug classes. By definition, antacids are actually agents which purely neutralize gastric acid as well as raising the pH of gastric. They are in most cases utilized to treat dyspepsia plus peptic ulcer symptomatic relief. Antacids are in fact a form of medication which can possibly control the levels of acid in stomach. It will be documented that they ...

Introduction

The modern world of business is today becoming more tough and competitive as different companies strive to gain a competitive edge over others. In order for a company to become successful and stay successful in a competitive world, it is important for management to take a strategic risk. Following the traditional ways of business and staying safe all the time may cost the company its success since the company may be overcome by other businesses. One of the ways that management can ensure the company becomes and remains successful is through strategic management. Strategic management involves a collection of managerial actions and decisions that ...

There has been an ineffective penal system for punishing criminals. The government should aim at getting tough on criminal activities to ensure that the society becomes safe and comfortable in a criminal free environment. However, there has been conflicting influences in the penal system that has proved to be inefficient in protecting people from crime. Law makers have tried to raise issues to solve the problems within the penal system but with less success because the criminals have always been given less punishments. For a penal system to be effective, it should focus on reasonable principles and should serve the purpose ...

Abstract

The research paper discusses the origin and nature of methadone, including the historical aspect of its development and further commercial and scientific use. The paper also describes the pharmacology of methadone, including the route of administration of the drug, its metabolism and its mechanism of action. Next section of the paper explains the experience in medical use of methadone, as it`s a great alternative to the painkillers based on the opiates, it plays a major role in the therapy of maintaining and replacement and treating the withdrawals syndromes. The positive effects on the pregnant patients are also described here with a ...

Abstract

This paper explores the history of gangs and their relationship with drugs in the United States. The existing literature shows that gangs have been around since 18th century, they have evolved over the time to carry out different atrocities in the cities. Research has shown that violence is a way of life for the gang members because it is their main system of justice. The paper also identifies the measures that state agencies should use to curb the illicit trade and save the society from the terror that is associated with this trade. The research has shown that the drug ...

Sociological causes of drug use & abuse among college students: An Introduction

The college students, particularly those between the age-group of 18 and 24 are normally registered in colleges and universities. They are at increased risk for involving in risk drinking and other substance use than their non-college peers. These students have a tendency to involve in binge drinking and other drugs than other age-groups, whether or not they are registered in college. Normally, this predisposition arises because of:
- Developmental traits of puberty and maturity, consisting of ongoing brain maturity through in the early 20s and the progress towards greater freedom and independence
- Social and cultural standards of ...

Marijuana is a psychoactive drug that is mainly used as an illicit drug and for medicinal purposes. It is said to be the most commonly used drug worldwide today. Its legalization has been a topic of contention among many, with both sides giving strong reasons about their stand. Due to its psychoactive effect, the drug has been illegalized in many nations, except for a few who have legalized it for medicinal purposes. The question is should medicinal marijuana be legalized? Yes, medicinal marijuana should be legalized in order to save lives that are being lost, yet something can be done. In addition, it ...

Introduction

The United Nations (UN) estimates that the number of amphetamine abusers to be between 13-53 million globally and most of them are between 15-64 years old. Amphetamines are a group of psychoactive drugs that induce a stimulant effect on users. However, they are associated with a high level of psychological dependence and potential for both mental and physical toxicity-related problems (Sevak, William, and Rush).
Being body stimulants, amphetamine's abuse has potential for adverse effects on the abuser. Amphetamines elicit both mental and physical symptoms in active users and those on withdrawal/rehabilitation. Some of the side effects of amphetamine abuse include behavioral ...

Introduction

Law enforcement deals with upholding given laws in a particular state under given jurisdiction. The people dealing with law enforcement are specific professionals with the aim of enforcing national laws, managing law breakers by punishing the accordingly and depending on the magnitude of law disobedience. Law enforcement can be divided into two categories depending on the goal aimed to achieve; first being a preventive measure, by the professionals, that seek to prevent any damage that might be translated to another person in the society whereas the second seeks to put the criminals on trial and assign punishments depending on the nature ...

Introduction

Relationship between drug and crime
Drug abuse occurs as a result of maladaptive habits of drug use. It is manifested by recurrent and significant impact associated with repeated intake of the drugs. These problems occur repeatedly during the period of 12 months. The criteria include; harmful impacts of repeated use rather than tolerance and pattern of compulsive use. Drug abuse leads to addiction and drug dependency. The dependency raises the maladaptive pattern of substance abuse, resulting to cluster of behavioral and psychological phenomenon that develops after several drugs intakes. Drug dependency includes a strong urge to take the drug; difficulties in ...

(Course/Major)
(School/University)

Incarceration or Intervention: Costs and Benefits

In the work of leading global research organizations RTI International, by sending substance abusers to community-based programs rather than hauling these people to jail, the United States criminal justice system stands to save billions of dollars, in a study of the RTI International and Temple University. In the study of the groups, almost one half of the prisoners in the Federal and state prison system are incarcerated for drug abuse or substance addicts. However, even with the high rate of drug and substance abusers in the prison, it is estimated that only one out of ten get ...

Introduction

Aspirin is one of the most commonly used drug in the world. The generic name is acetyl salicylic acid and the drug belongs to the group of non- steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, which works by inhibiting the production of compounds in the body that cause pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clots (Koester, 1993). Aspirin is also a member of the salicylate family of compounds as it is synthesized from salicylic acid, which was discovered in Oxford (UK) by Edward stone in 1793 and first synthesized in the laboratory in 1897 by a German scientist, Felix Hoffmann of the Bayer company (Rinsema, 1999). ...

SLIDE 2

Opium is a strong drug, derived from the sun-dried milky juice extracted from the unripe pods of the opium poppy. Contains about 20 alkaloids. In traditional medicine, due to the high content of morphine alkaloids used as a strong painkiller. However, he quickly called drug addiction and is now used only as a raw material for medicines (morphine, codeine, papaverine, and others), as well as for the synthesis of the drug heroin.

SLIDE 3

The first mention of opium was fixed 300th year BC. Opium was used in ancient Greece, its analgesic properties were mentioned by Hippocrates. The use of opium was spread eastwards to India ...

Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is grouped under movement disorders. This group comprises of disorders that relate to various unusual body movements. In addition, these odd movements are linked to the neurological system. For example, conditions such as ataxia, cerebral palsy and Tourette syndrome fall under this category.
Parkinson’s disease refers to a progressive disorder of the nervous system which influences an individual’s movement, writing and speech (Simuni, 2009). This infection is characterized by symptoms that develop in a gradual manner, and may start as a slight tremor of the hand. The disease is also associated with stiffness of muscles which ...

Having an addiction of any kind is dangerous. However, one kind of addiction that involves the most amount of health risk is drug addiction. Drug addiction is an ill that can rear its ugly head no matter who you are, and that is reason enough to take notice of it. Sadly though, despite what many people would like to believe, addiction to drugs is still very much a part of modern society, and the numbers surrounding the addiction are mind boggling to say the least. According to figures provided by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, around 167 ...

Introduction

This research paper examines the evidence that supports a continuance of the existing federal ban on the recreational use of marijuana. While there seems to be a groundswell of public support for legalization of its use – which many claim is the result of strenuous lobbying by pro-marijuana activists – there remains strong scientific evidence in support of a continuing ban on the grounds of public health and safety, especially among the younger generation who would be most affected and most vulnerable to addiction and other problems if it were legalized, thereby making access that much easier.

The Research

The independent and highly influential International Narcotics Control ...

Problem statement overview:

This project aims at establishing the causes and how to manage depression and suicide among the college students. The research topic is the nature of depression and suicide among the college students. The potential causes of suicide and depression causes like relationships and aspects of drug abuse are investigated fully. This research topic is of the essence due to the problems of depression and suicide among the students in the colleges.

Literature review:

The literature review entails information of previous reports on the topic of depression and suicide among the college students. Several authors have written about the topic of depression ...

Drugs and substance abuse have been on the rise world over. In response to this social problem, there are numerous organizations that are dedicated towards alleviation of this problem. Among the many organizations, there is the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Council on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse (CADA). The organizations have varied methods of approach in the attempt to provide solutions to the problem of alcoholism and drug abuse.

Alcoholic Anonymous (AA)

This organization was founded in 1935 as an international fellowship for mutual aid by Dr. Bob Smith and Bill Wilson. The primary goal for the organization was “to stay sober and ...

Use of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) to eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) in urban areas has not been successful due to challenges such as need for prior population registration, limited access to urban dwellers, acquisition of specific parental consent, inadequate programme support, low compliance due to insufficient information, non-uniform need for MDA across different socio-economic strata and inadequately motivated Community Drug Distributors (CDDs) who are few, (Njomo D. W. et al, 2014, p. 2)
Compliance could be improved by ensuring adequate information and education is availed to the targeted community through social mobilization. This is emphasized by Hodges et ...

Benefits of Medical Marijuana

The government should allow the utilization of medical marijuana for hospitalized patients suffering from terminal conditions that cause them to lose appetite and undergo a great deal of pain and suffering. In addition, medical marijuana if administered by health practitioners could be used to manage the symptoms of illnesses like cancer and AIDS whose treatments has adverse effects on the health of the patients.
- Medical marijuana should be permitted to be used in hospice facilities.
- Benefits of medical marijuana treatment illnesses and management of symptoms.
- Medical marijuana is supposed to be synthesized so that ...

Introduction

Halting the spread/progression of HIV/AIDS by the year 2015 is one of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. The United Nations (2013) indicate that tremendous advancements have been made in efforts to reverse the spread of HIV among the world populations. Most regions in the world have reported a reduction in persons newly infected with HIV. However, from a global perspective the awareness and knowledge level of how HIV is transmitted and prevention measures still remain significantly low especially among the young generation. Moreover, adherence and access to HIV treatment still remain a challenge to the control of HIV spread (Bermúdez, ...

Brief History

Controversies regarding the use of methadone have been existent over the past three decades. The use of the drug has received praise and condemnation in equal measure. The controversies have been persistent especially due to misinformation on the part of the various parties concerned; the addicts and their families, sponsors, physicians and ethnic leaders. Staff who are meant to guide addicts need to get the right information on the level of safety.
The recent past has seen an increase in the number of methadone-related deaths. This is especially so in the use of the drug in combination with ...

Ethical Disclaimer:

This paper discusses the psychological aspects of Drew Barrymore in light of etiology of her drug addiction and alcoholism. The contents of this paper are gathered from various resources available online and on print about the life of Drew Barrymore. This paper is a product of research from other first-hand sources already available for public reading. Facts are merely collected and selected to come up with the final output. Thoughts and opinions embedded in this article do not represent the subject, any website or any medical institution. This paper is intended for academic purposes only. Several works are quoted and ...

Marijuana: Decades of Debates

Marijuana is a drug that has many names. Some call it Hashish, others Sinsemilla, and others call it Hemp. The most common name is pot. Other popular names are weed and herb. However, its scientific name is Cannabis Sativa (Merrill, 1999). It is usually smoked in cigarettes. This drug is one of the most addictive drugs existing today. The use of this drug has various effects, especially to those people that are addicted to it. It is estimated that over 4 percent of all Americans are users of pot. Of this 4 percent, 1 percent abuse the drug.
Before ...

MDMA

MDMA, otherwise known as “ecstasy” has been in circulation since for many decades. Once a tool for psychologists it eventually devolved into a street narcotic. Sometimes, if not always, it can be very dangerous to the user. With a variety of side effects that are alluring to the typical miscreant, MDMA/ecstasy has built itself a strong reputation as one of the more fun street drugs, despite its dangers.
In 1912, Anton Kollisch was a Merck chemist and the first person to synthesize MDMA in a lab. Initially, the drug was being developed in an attempt to stop abnormal bleeding. In 1927, Max Oberlin became the ...

Behavioral changes in your 14-year-old and are concerned that he/she may be using drugs or alcohol

Behavioral changes in your 14-year-old and are concerned that he/she may be using drugs or alcohol

Dear JessicaI hope and guess you are doing well in your new area and city, and your recent job is exciting as well. We are doing well here in Washington except for a few issues that have put me into a lot of worry and concern. I believe you do understand the challenges that come with adolescent children and the temptations that they face in life due to the different developments and changes that occur into them, as well as adventurous steps and ideologies that ...

Introduction

It is common knowledge that regular consumption of alcohol to excess can result in becoming addicted and can cause various adverse effects. The wide ranging effects of alcohol over-consumption, which can affect not just the individual’s own health but can also adversely affect the person’s family members and acquaintances, and can – in severe cases – lead to a life of crime and even premature death, are researched in the following paragraphs.

The Research

- Facts about Alcohol and Drug Abuse.
Excessive alcohol consumption is acknowledged to be a recognized disease. “Facts about Alcohol and Drug Abuse” published by the Florida Institute ...

Methamphetamine

In his drug education book, Methamphetamine, journalist Hal Marcovitz (2006) called methamphetamine “the ugliest drug there is”. The section immediately below discusses the drug’s history—its progression to ugliness. Subsequent sections describe the preparation and effects of methamphetamine, legal issues, and recovery from methamphetamine addiction.

History

In 1887, a Japanese chemist extracted ephedrine, the precursor to methamphetamine, from the ephedra plant. Ephedrine was soon found useful in treating respiratory illness, especially asthma. About the same time, a German chemist combined ephedrine with other chemicals and produced amphetamine, which was also used to treat nasal and chest congestion. Due to the expense ...

Introduction

Nebulization is the most effective method for delivering medications to patients suffering from respiratory disease. Nebulizers do not require special inhalation techniques; therefore, hospitals utilize a variety of nebulizer designs for medicinal delivery. One of these devices is called AeroEclipse, which can be operated via one of two different modes. The breath actuation mode generates aerosol only during the patient’s inspiration while the other mode allows for the continuous generation of aerosol particles regardless of the patient’s inspiratory and expiratory efforts. Also, the AeroEclipse has two different patient interfaces: the facemask and the mouthpiece. The hypothesis of this ...

Abstract

U.S. President Richard Nixon declares war on drugs June 17, 1971. Since then, the U.S. has spent on the war more than 1 trillion dollars, and produced more than 45 million arrests. Drug use remained the same. The U.S. population is 4.5 % of the world, and the number of people jailed in the U.S. - 25 % of the total number of prisoners around the world. Over 500,000 are jailed for drugs. 2.7 million Children have a parent behind bars. The probability that they will be behind bars are much higher than those whose parents escaped this fate. In this ...

The job of improving our border protection should be that of the national security to keep away non-desirables and undocumented Individuals from gaining access to the United States. Through the National Security we have the Customs and Border Protection Agency tasked with maintaining security along our borders and ensuring none of the unwanted aliens enter our country.

THE PROBLEM

However, with the increased cases of Terrorism being witnessed in the country and the more drug trafficking cases today, it is the responsibility of every citizen to ensure our borders are safer than before. We are witnessing more issues related to human ...

Social in the broad sense means the society while psychology denotes the scientific study of an individual’s mental behavior and functions. Social psychology therefore involves the study people’s thoughts, feelings and behavior influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. It underlies the spectrum assumption of how human action is the product of free will or determinism, nurture or nature (Cartwright 20). In essence, it defines the way the environment influences the character and socialization of an individual. In an ideal environment where the individuals adhere to the norms of the society, the degree of ...

- Racial discrimination in sentencing, incarceration and policing of black as opposed to white

Criminal Justice Policies and Black Incarceration

- Influence of criminal justice policies in incarceration patterns
- Drug policy and incarceration pattern of the black as opposed to white
- Influence of social inequality on rate of criminality

Policing, Arrest and Conviction Patterns

- Policing, arrest, and conviction patterns of black, white, and Hispanic tend to differ in various states
- Criminal penalties for crack and powder cocaine offenses indicates the disproportional effects criminal justice system on black and Latino
IV) Conclusion
- The mass incarceration of black as opposed to other ...

The state of war and peace in Afghanistan has had a significant impact on the distribution of the foreign aid. Afghanistan is among the developing countries, according to the ISI (International Statistical Institute). It is classified as a developing country on the criterion that it has a GNI (Gross National Income) of less than US $11, 905 per capita a year (ISI, 2014). In order to help Afghanistan (and other developing countries) get through the development process, developed countries and international organizations, channel funds to this country, in the form of foreign. However, given the state of war and peace within the country a ...

Importance of Research and Development

Importance of Research and Development
There are a number of challenges that Pfizer Inc. has been facing for past many years. One of the challenges includes the currency exchange rate that has affected its overall sales. The decrease in the number of sales in the first quarter of 2013 resulted in lower profits for the year of 2014 as well.
In addition, Pfizer Inc. also tried to undertake higher sales in the regions where the sales tax percentage for lesser. In this manner, the tax revenue was lowered for Pfizer Inc. At the same time, SEC published a notice ...

Problem Statement/Introduction:

Prescription pain medication abuse has become an epidemic. The statistics on this form of abuse are increasing and are fatal. Prescription opioid pain medicine are being abused and are leading to more deaths than all other street illicit drugs including cocaine and heroin. Over 86% of OxyContin abusers report that they had not been prescribed the drug for medical purposes. Health care providers wrote 259 million prescriptions for painkillers in 2012, enough for every American to have a bottle of pills. In 2012, of the 41,502 drug overdose deaths in the USA, 22,114 (53%) were related to pharmaceuticals. ...

Illegal drugs are being misused by many people around the globe. Some of this illegal drugs have medicinal value but has addicting characteristics. This is the reason why they are being widely prohibited. In the United States is making a lot of movement to stop the usage and distribution of these substance. The declaration of War on Drugs was more than forty years ago by President Richard Nixon. However, there are many conflicts that weakens the War on Drugs movement of the United States (US). Military, US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), and other US government departments are doing ways to ...

Introduction

Despite efforts of the federal government, schools, and parents in preventing the youth from engaging in vices, the youth still gravitates toward abusing substances such as alcohol, cigarette, and drugs due to the $25 billion worth of advertisements that are shown during the airing of movies and television programs. It seems that advertisers discovered that the media depiction of substance use would be more effective than traditional advertising. This is because in general, media contents are seen as positive; otherwise, they would not be released for public viewing. Moreover, media depictions would not induce criticisms as much as advertising ...

Application of the Criminal Justice System

The criminal justice system operates on a very wide-range perspective. Aside from the scope, the same system also works on a case-to-case standards that requires the arresting officer, the investigator or any criminal justice agents’ capacity to make best and appropriate judgment. In a statistics released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, it suggests that in 2009, the crime rate in the United States is has been decreasing significantly from when the agency has stated recording crime rate in 1980’s. In fact, from 13,403 in 1980 down to 10,639 in 2009, overall crime rate had been reduced (U.S. Census ...

Abstract

This paper aims at building models in an experiment. It determines the use of drugs in social places through incorporating three models. In each of the models, the probability that people take drugs will be established in reflection to different elements and constraints such as laws, availability of drug sellers and the types of clubs or entertainment places where the people go to. Also, the state of minds of the individuals will be fundamental to distinguish whether they are vulnerable to taking drugs or not. These factors will be identified and classified either as dependent or independent variables through ...

Man co-exists with animals and nature on the earth. The animals that share the earth with us too have fears, and are able to feel pain in their bodies. Hence it is illegal and unethical to experiment upon the animals in the name of discovering remedies to various diseases of the mankind. Experimenters and medical researchers intentionally cause damage to different body parts of animals, in addition to artificially inducing conditions like cancer in their bodies. Every year millions of animals, including monkeys, guinea pigs, dogs, rabbits, mice and frogs are tested or killed by researchers and scientists of ...

Introduction

The Phencyclidine is a recreational drug that is also called PCP and Angle dust. According to research, it shows that the drug came to the market as early as the 1950s. It has been stated that it belongs to the dissociative anesthetic. In to the records, it shows that in 1965 the drug was removed from the market because of the effects that it contains. The effects came from the number of reports that was stated by the users of the drugs about what was happening to their bodies. The drug was mainly used for anesthetic purposes in order for ...

Introduction

Depression is a mental disorder characterized by the ‘depressive triad’: 1) depressed mood and loss of the ability to experience the pleasure (anhedonia); 2) impaired thinking (negative judgments, pessimistic view of what is happening, and so on; 3) motor retardation. The depression is characterized by lowered self-esteem, the loss of interest in life and usual activities. In some cases, a person suffering from depression can begin to abuse alcohol or other psychotropic substances (Salmans, 1995).
As a mental disorder, depression is a violation of the affect. Depression can be treated, but now the depression is the most widespread mental disorder. Every ...

Introduction

Eating disorders are largely encountered during teenage and young adulthood even though they sometimes appear in childhood or later in adult life. The diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders is a challenge aggravated by the affected individuals aversive tendency to seek treatment. (Becker et al., 1999) (Steiner & Lock, 1998). Eating disorders are veritable medical illnesses and tend to be frequently overlooked in the face of other coexisting diseases like Anxiety, Depression and substance abuse syndrome. The revisions incorporated in the fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) envisage better classification and characterization of this group ...

Description and challenges

Hepatitis C is a type of infection that is caused by a virus that attacks the human liver resulting in inflammation. The virus is called Hepatitis C virus (HCV). The infected people show less or no symptoms during its early stages of infection (Michael, 2014, p 1178). Hepatitis C virus is considered the most dangerous of the Hepatitis infections. The virus is transmitted through the contact with contaminated blood, mostly through needles that are shared through the use of illegal drugs.
One challenge with Hepatitis is that, during its early stages, one cannot know if he is infected or not. This ...

Law

Introduction
Criticism of present-day medical ethics is seen as fallout of the relationship between stakeholders in theory and practice. While efforts continue to re-establish the relationship, the conflicting interest of the two stakeholders continues to create a perception of increased risk of bias or poor judgment. Again, when it comes to researchers in the healthcare sector, they should have a professional and ethical interest in what they do, but sometimes, these interests are compromised by the lure of financial gains. It is such a case that PharmaCARE has been guilty of.
The aim of the law and the common good ...

Like any fatal ailment, drug abuse is also an epidemic that claims a number of our resources at state and national levels. The drug user impinges on not only himself, but also the people around him and also bears a financial burden on the government. Substance abuse costs the nation more than $484 billion each year as opposed to the cost of diabetes at $131.7 billion and the cost of cancer at 171.6 billion. According to these figures, the tax dollars that we are paying are being expanded more in the drug use problem than any other major disease. What’s ...

In order to understand music inside an historical background we have to begin from an ancient point of view and its 3 main elements: Rhythm; Melody; and Harmony and the significance has to do with the order of their discovery. Rhythm is the first and the oldest element of our earliest understanding of music first played by the cavemen. That could possibly be one man banging a drum. The second one is melody, when probably banging was first accompanied by humming. And finally, harmony was added. From what we know today, music is deeply affected by the special features of ...

Management strategies for adult patients with pain in outpatient clinics

Introduction
The current study describes a framework that applies systems thinking to the issue of under-management of chronic pain in outpatient hospitals. It expands the nursing focus from individual patients to the healthcare system. Consequently, the study investigates the various strategies of chronic pain management and formulates an effective approach for addressing under-management of chronic pain. Subsequently, it discusses the application of the scheme in a Chronic Pain Management Program. The formation of the management program is significant to the advanced nursing practice because it has the potential to ameliorate the care of all patients at a system level. Therefore, system ...

Introduction

The pharmaceutical industry has for a long period developed small molecule drugs such as acetylsalicylic acid. However, the period after 1970, has been characterized by a revolution in biotechnology resulting in the development of biologic medicines. One of the major biotechnological advancement has been mapping of the human genome leading to therapies such as stem cell and gene therapy. There has been a great investment in biologics. In 2009, the most five prescribed pharmaceutical products were large molecule products (Rozek, 2013). In United States, over a hundred different biologic agents have been approved for use (Pharmacy Practice News, 2013).
According to Amgen ( ...

There is an ongoing debate on whether to legalize the use of medicinal marijuana or ban it altogether. Several states in the US have decided to allow its use as a medicinal drug while others are still adamant at banning it. One of the mainly egregious outcomes of marijuana ban is that a lot of sick citizens cannot lawfully access the medication that functions most excellent for them. For lots of gravely ill people, medicinal marijuana is the only drug that relieves their ache and anguish, or treats symptoms of their health state, with no debilitating side effect. Marijuana has been ...

Mandatory minimum sentencing laws are inflexible sentence that courts are forced to hand on a convicted individual. These laws do not factor in culpability and other mitigating elements surrounding the crime committed (Bjerk, 2005). These laws vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. These laws apply mainly in common law jurisdictions as in civil law each crime is prescribed minimum and maximum sentences (Gilpin, 2011). In scenarios where the mandatory minimum sentencing laws prevail, judges have only the core duty to determine whether an individual is guilty or innocent.
The laws were formerly introduced in two countries, the United States, and ...

[Roll number]

Drug legalization means that responsible adults may legally acquire, possess, and use a particular drug, there may be some regulations to it but legal acquiring and using is what drug legalization actually comprises of. Legalization of drugs also means that government sets standards for purity, age limit, controls manufacturing and distribution and forbids its use in certain places and conditions for example while driving, in hospitals etc.
Statistics: People’s support for drug legalization is growing, in 1969 only 10% voted in favor of drug legalization but now support is 52%. Most of the opposing people said ...

Marijuana raises controversial debate from time to time on the significance of its legalization. Although, many people attach massive demerits to the substance, others find exclusive benefits in the substance. The benefits of the drug may range from medical to economical. There are unique medicinal benefits that come with the use of marijuana. The economic benefits of the substance may be attached to the tax revenue that the drug attracts to an economy.
The first medical benefit of marijuana is that it acts as the pain reliever. There are some diseases that cause extensive pain to the patient, ...

Millions of animals undergo distressing scientific procedures, and some of these can be very painful. Does the Legislation of animal experimentation under modern societies make the issue ethically acceptable? The “3Rs” concept focuses on the efforts to replace, reduce and refine the animal testing and experiments. There is a continuing debate going on ethical issues of the use of animal in scientific experiments (Kolar111-22). Animal testing is nothing new in the society, and it has been done since centuries. The animals have been used in different researchers working in the areas of health and food. Earlier, the animals have been ...

Federal v. State Law Marijuana Legalization

Can states legalize marijuana while it remains illegal under federal law? Is medical marijuana a loophole to get around the federal law?
Marijuana is a hemp plant called Cannabis Sativa. It is available in the forms of dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds. The resinous concentrate obtained from the plant is known as Hash Oil. Marijuana is an annual crop plant. It grows from seeds in open areas exposed to sunlight. It germinates within a week and attains its full growth in 4 to 8 months. Marijuana contains medicinally active compounds that act on the brain. The main active compound is ...

Introduction

Pregnancy is associated with particular risks in women who use alcohol or drugs and this applies to both legal and illegal drugs because the fetus is connected to the blood circulation of a mother. A pregnant woman, who consumes alcohol or drugs, may have premature childbirth, abortion or even if a baby is born then he/she may suffer serious and sometimes life-long damages. Scientifically, it cannot be determined exactly at what amount and frequency of taking various drugs in pregnancy endanger a child. For pregnant women or those who want to be pregnant, there is only one piece of advice to quit ...

This paper discusses the issue of whether or not marijuana should be legalized in Pennsylvania for recreational use. The new Governor of Pennsylvania – Tom Wolf – has come out strongly in support of legalizing marijuana for medical use (in line with around 80 percent of the voting population of Pennsylvania), and has also expressed support for a move to decriminalize using small amounts of marijuana for personal consumption (“Medical and Recreational Marijuana Advances on Election Day” 2014). With the Pennsylvania state legislature poised to approve medical marijuana use in the state, it is timely to evaluate the merits of approving recreational ...