Exchange Research Papers Samples For Students

(A case for a parent firm in a net oil exporting country with subsidiaries in a net importing country that has free market economy, politically stable, positive currency speculation and possibility of government defaulting on its debt)

Oil Prices and Exchange Rate

Oil price dynamics have a bearing on the ability of multinational to precisely model the future exchange rates. In most instances, in order to manage the foreign exchange rate risk that the firm is exposed in the international business arena, most multinational will hedge against the risks that are associated with exchange rate fluctuations. As a result, these multinationals minimize the possible ...

Modeling Exchange Rates

Oil price dynamics will have a bearing on the ability of multinational to precisely model the future exchange rates of the foreign exchange in the countries that they operate. In most instances, in order to manage the risk that the firm is exposed in the international business arena, especially on the foreign exchange rate, most multinational will hedge against the risks that are associated with fluctuations in the exchange rate thus minimizing the possible negative effect that a firm may experience (Jain, 2007). Therefore, in order to take a position in hedging facilities such as currency futures, the firm ...

International Monetary System  

Introduction
The exchange rate has a significant impact on foreign trade of the country, because the competitiveness of country’s products on world markets largely depends on the level of exchange rate. The exchange rate affects the direction of international capital flows. The decision about investing of the national capital in assets of any country is taken on the basis of the expected real return on invested capital, which depends on the interest rate and the expected changes in the exchange rate (Brigham and Houston, 2011).
The currency parity is at the heart rates of convertible currencies. However, the ...

Of the 14 states with state-based marketplace healthcare plans, eight have defined contributions options at present or being planned in the near future. These states include California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Rhode Island and Vermont. Other states have no defined contribution plans and these states include Hawaii, Idaho, Maryland, and New York.

A. STATES WITH DEFINED CONTRIBUTION

California
California allows employers to offer defined contribution health plans to their employees. The use by employers of such type of plan requires compliance with ERISA and HIPAA guidelines. This means giving employees the freedom to choose their respective health insurance plans ...

ITERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEMS

Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to study three main monetary systems: the Gold Standard, the Bretton Woods, and post-Bretton Woods. International monetary system is a set of methods, tools and intergovernmental bodies, with the help of which the mutual payment and settlement turnover function within the global economy.
There existed and succeeded each other three international monetary system. The first one, the Gold standard, was based on gold which was the main form of money. National currencies were pegged to gold, and the gold content of the currencies was correlated with each other at a fixed exchange ...

The exchange rates in the market are bilateral, that is, comparing the values of a currency against the other. However there is a need to compare a currency with that of several counties .Effective Exchange Rate refers to the index describing the strength of a county’s currency in reference to the basket with other currencies. Let’s assume a country has M trading partners denoted by Trade i and Ei representing the trade and the exchange rates with country i. The effective exchange rate will be calculated as:
E effective =E1Trade1Trade+. + EM TradeMTrade

The Effective exchange Rate is divided into two namely: The Nominal Effective Exchange Rate and The Real Effective Exchange Rate.

Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER):
This is the ...

1. Reason for the Agency Securities and Exchange Commission Agency plays an important role in providing regulations which govern securities market functioning as well as protecting investors’ welfare in these markets. Nevertheless, this agency monitors the corporate takeovers in the United States. In general, Securities and Exchange Commission is the U.S overall agency whose main agenda is to enforce laws and regulations related to federal securities, stock and options exchanges. This agency was established by the congress in 1934 following the crash of the stock market crash which saw the American economy decline in 1929 (Graham, 1993). Following its ...

1. Reason for the Agency Securities and Exchange Commission Agency plays an important role in providing regulations which govern securities market functioning as well as protecting investors’ welfare in these markets. Nevertheless, this agency monitors the corporate takeovers in the United States. In general, Securities and Exchange Commission is the U.S overall agency whose main agenda is to enforce laws and regulations related to federal securities, stock and options exchanges. This agency was established by the congress in 1934 following the crash of the stock market crash which saw the American economy decline in 1929 (Graham, 1993). Following its ...

IMF Role and its Determination in Exchange Rate Variation

It is imperative to appreciate that managers need to understand how exchange-rate changes impact on business decisions and the different operations that are carried out in an organization. Moreover, it is also important to appreciate the meaning of exchange rate as the cumulative number of units that one currency is exchanged for another. It is for this significant reason that administrators of any organization need to understand the different issues that are taken into consideration by the government in setting the exchange rate and factors behind the exchange rate variation so as to anticipate effectively for the change. The ...

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

- Trade history of Saudi Arabia:
The coastal people of Saudi Arabia have been well positioned from the trade due to the benefit of Arabian Peninsula. KSA is an old route of the caravan trade that connects the Mediterranean world with south Asia, Arabia, and East Asia (Encyclopedia Britannica). The trade in Saudi Arabia was generated by pilgrims that came to Medina and Makah. In 1938, with the discovery of oil country started trading with other and after World War 2 through the exports of oil reserves country was able to have higher funds (Saudi Embassy, 1-7).
...

Security and exchange commission refer to a government commission that was created by the congress, in order to protect investors, and regulate the markets securities. Additionally, the security and exchange commission has a duty to monitor the corporate takeovers in the United States. The commission is made up of five commissioners that are appointed by the president of the United States. The senate of the United States approves the five commissioners. The positions of the commissioners expire each year. Among the commissioners, three should be from different political parties. The agency has six districts, and five regional offices in the United ...

Alfred Crosby (37) asserts that the Columbian Exchange happened when Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492. This was when there had been a substantial interchange or swapping of goods, animals, dwellers and slaves, as well as infectious diseases between the Old World, which was the Eastern Hemisphere and the New World, which was the Western Hemisphere. Man’s movement to another place, along with illnesses and afflictions is the main doer or stimulant to an outbreak.
In addition, Crosby (31) says that illnesses were transmitted from Europeans to Native Americans and from Native Americans to Europeans. This ...

Health Information Exchange In the U.S.

References 12

Introduction. According to the HIE directory “Health information exchange is the transmission of healthcare-related data among facilities, health information organizations and government agencies, according to national standards for interoperability, security and confidentiality.” After more than two decades of working to achieve effective and efficient health, this goal is still not fully actualized. The utilization of personal health information is still not fully exploited to support optimal care because the creation and storage of data is fragmented since information tends to be isolated within physician practices, hospitals, pharmacies, laboratories, or clinics. In an effort ...

Impact of exchange rates on automobile sector

Management,
We received your request to research the impact of the exchange rates on the automotive sector and we are writing this memo to help you understand the matter both from the point of view of literature evidence and the real scenario of how exchange rates have affected General Motors.
Beginning with the literature evidence, we found a plethora of research work conducted for studying the impact of exchange rate of the automotive sector, however, one of the most recent work was conducted in 2013 as part of which researchers analyzed the impact of exchange rate volatility on the ...

“Dollar rally” has become probably the top news on foreign exchange markets, which can have serious consequences for the US economy (Graph 1, appendix). Stronger dollar is a kind of head wind for American exporters while import from other countries becomes more competitive. Strong currency can theoretically become a stimulus for the Federal Reserve System provoking increase of interest rates. Many companies all over the world borrowed US dollars for investments or development; therefore, dollar strengthening provokes their debts increase. In current situation Central Banks, foreign exchange traders and exporter all over the world keep a close eye on ...

Possible risks of foreign currency exposure for Wal-Mart

Expanding into New Zealand will result in several foreign currency risks for Wal-Mart. The first type of risk that Wal-Mart will be exposed to is the translation exposure. This exposure regards the sensitivity of real domestic currency value of assets and liabilities. These items, which appear in the financial statements of Wal-Mart, will be affected in terms of value due to unanticipated changes in exchange rates. This risk will affect managerial decisions such as performance measurement for bonus plans, hiring and promotion plans (Giddy, 2012). Given that the management of Wal-Mart will be estimating the financial value of these ...

Shown below is an interesting list of companies with equally interesting issues they have faced in the last 10 years from Forbes Magazine ( 2008). What is interesting to find here is the depth of corporate and personal unethical cases involving people of relatively high educational standings and social standing. The alarming frequency and magnitude of these unethical practices are staggering to say the very least, and yet there seems to be a large scandal waiting to be uncovered every day. This century marks the recognition of dealing with complex business and ethical issues as a priority of corporations around the world.
...

An exchange traded fund refers to an investment fund in which assets such as stocks, bonds and commodities are held in its net asset value. The investment fund is managed by a fund manager charged with the trading of the assets in the stock exchange market. On the other hand, an open ended mutual fund is an investment scheme that equally stocks its shares in the stock market. The latter is also managed by a fund manager.
It should be noted that the exchange traded funds are in essence a slight variance of the open ended funds. The former, which is ...

The following paper discusses at length what Foreign exchange market is and how beneficial it is for world economics. The paper also discuses three major world currencies and how their fluctuation is affecting world economy. The current global economic condition requires one to understand the mechanisms of economy and how it affects the daily lives.

International Financial Markets

An institutional and physical structure is provided by the foreign exchange market. Through this procedure, currencies of different countries are exchanged. The final rate of exchange between currencies is calculated, and then the foreign exchange conversions are known to be physically completed.
In ...

Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans was first released in 1929, but the story itself feels as though it has been told time and again through the ages. In this film, a married man meets a woman—a dangerous, beautiful woman—who tries to lure him away from his dutiful wife. What begins seemingly as a crime story evolves into exactly what the title suggests: it is the song of two humans and their relationship to each other over the course of the film (Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans, 1929). It is important to note that Sunrise is ...

The Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of ideas, diseases, foods, crops, populations and animals between the New World and the Old World (Eastern Hemisphere) following Christopher Columbus’s voyage to the Americas in 14921. The exchange brought about massive changes to the plant and animal life of numerous parts of the world since the early explorers carried with them and introduced new species to all the parts that they visited2. There are numerous factors that promoted diet exchange during the Columbian exchange and these factors have implications on modern diet exchange.
One of these factors is the search ...

McDonald’s

The McDonald’s Corporation or how we all are used calling it simply “McDonald’s” has grown into a multinational company, the world’s largest chain of fast food restaurants serving millions of people daily in over 100 countries of the world. So it may be hard to imagine that this “giant” has grown out from a small barbecue restaurant opened by Richard and Maurice McDonald in 1940 in San Bernardino, California. Later in 1948 their business concept was reorganized into a hamburger selling place very much close to what we know it is now. And in 1955 the business was purchased ...

International Finance Trilemma

After 2007-2012 global economy recessions, many nations are striving to sustain their economy stability in the efforts of meeting the respective governments and citizens’ fundamental needs. Primarily, Trilemma of international finance hold that a country or nation cannot concurrently peg the exchange rate, maintain the independent monetary policy and permit free financial flows cross-borders (Feenstra & Taylor, 2008). International finance Trilemma states that under no given scenario that a country will enjoy steady foreign exchange rates, capital mobility and monetary policy that is independent. Based on international finance Trilemma, the central bank is often tasked to ensure that the economy is stable ...

Monetary system in India

Abstract
Banks and central banks have a great role to play in the development of a country’s economy. In essence, banks provide and create money through credit, a scenario that provide a country with the much needed where withal to implement major policies. Banks have emerged as the new fore front of development across the world with institutions and government agencies turning to banks for support and growth. Yet, the banking sector remains prone to external shocks such as business cycles and political turmoil. Furthermore, banks require a secure and flexible legal structure to offer services to people. The control of Central ...

The basic concept addressed in the article, “Eating to Manage Diabetes: The Basic Concept of Carbohydrate Counting and Exchanges” is the issues pertaining to carbohydrates and diabetes. In the article, two possible remedies, referred to as the exchange system and the carbohydrate counting are depicted as efficient systems or methods in the management of diabetes over the years. In light with this, every prospect of carbohydrate is highlighted in the article, and the proficient ways of consuming it is delineated.
Over the years, many people all over the globe have been succumbing to the disease; hence getting an ...

Introduction

A Multinational Corporation is an enterprise that manages goods and services production and delivery to more than one country. The MNCs have their headquarters in one country known as the home country while the other countries where it operates are known as the host countries. There are several Multinational Corporations that exist in several sectors of the economy involved in the production of different commodities. Some Multinational Corporations have huge GDPs that exceed that of most developing countries. Multinational Corporations have been very instrumental in the promotion of globalization. In this research paper we are going to consider General ...

Introduction

Monetary policy and fiscal policies are important aspects of the analysis of the U.S economy, as they have a significant impact on the growth of the economy. Moreover, the two types of policy issues are always in active use in the country although the media offers much attention on various economic indicators. Nonetheless, both monetary and fiscal policies have a significant role in the development of an economy and must work together as they cannot exclusively work on their own. Fiscal policy works using tax and spending changes to impact on an economy in diverse ways. However, for any ...

Accounting Exposure

Accounting exposure also known as translation exposure which refers to the effects of foreign currency fluctuations on the value of assets and liabilities of subsidiary that report in a currency other than the parent company. XYZ, Inc. may face sensitivity if there is any change in the real domestic currency value. If there is any change in the exchange rates it would affect the assets and liabilities of the company which may affect foreign sales in the other countries. XYZ Company may encounter risk in terms of the translation of the subsidiary’s assets if it change through the dominated ...

Economics 15: Research paper

Markets – late 19th Century/early 20th Century
Monopoly, Oligopoly and Trusts
The late 19th - early 20th century was the time of rapid development of American industry. In 1895, the majority of industries were competitive with no dominating companies. As a result of intense competition, many weak and small companies “disappeared”. Large and successful capitalistic associations based primarily on a system of participation got the name of trusts and corporations. One after another, the industries occurred in the hands of small groups of entrepreneurs, who used any methods to achieve complete control over these sectors of the economy. By 1904, ...

Introduction

The gold standard is a monetary system where the typical financial unit of account is/was a set mass of gold. At the time they were in use, there were distinct standards. For instance, the first standard was the gold specie standard, followed by the gold exchange standard, after which came the gold bullion standard.

Reason for collapse

The collapse of the gold standard was majorly because of its failure to support international expansion. It came under international pressure in the 1930s when there were international engagements in competitive devaluations. The commencing of the First World War marked the collapse of the gold standard. There ...

The Effect of the USA Economic Collapse on the Saudi Arabia Economy

Chapter 1
The foundation of the Saudi Arabian national economy is the petroleum market. As early as 1986 Saudi Arabia (SA) linked its riyal to the US dollar (USD) (Sultan 2011, p. 237). The US economy as the leading economy in the world can have a deep impact on the Saudi economy which is a leading oil exporter in the world. The United States experienced a global financial crisis which caused a domino effect of economic problems throughout the world.
The crisis spread to the world’s economy; having a special effect on the Saudi Arabian economy. Affects on the Saudi banking ...

Research Paper about Finance

The current paper is devoted to the derivatives markets issues. When conducting this research I gave definitions to derivatives, examined their use, learned theories and concepts related derivatives application, analyzed existing derivatives regulation policies, proposed several ideas and concepts concerning innovative derivatives markets regulation, developed innovative derivatives products. I examined several arbitrage strategies and made appropriate conclusions with regard to this research.
1. Part 1.
1.1 Question 1.
Derivative is a kind of security which price is derived from one or several types of underlying assets. The most common underlying assets are: bonds, currencies, stocks, market indexes, ...

About the paper

The paper is commissioned to discuss the short-term debt scenario, foreign exchange risk management process and trends in the financial ratios of Arrow Electronics Limited. In order to achieve a desired outcome in the paper, we will comprehensively analyze the financial statements and accompanying notes provided in the latest annual report of the company, so released on 5th February, 2015.

Advantages and Disadvantages of sources of short-term finance

i) Bank Loans

Advantages:

No dilution of ownership
Tax advantages because of interest deductibility
No interference in managerial decisions
Option to opt for fixed or adjustable interest rate loans
Disadvantages:
High cost of debt
Obligation to pay timely interest and ...

Iran Economics Analysis

Introduction and Data Presentation
Iran's economy is one of the richest countries in Asia - the 18th in the world by volume of national production (according to the CIA, 2010) and the largest among the countries of Western Asia, the Middle East and OPEC. Iran in terms of GDP is the largest economy in the Islamic world after Turkey. The volume of GDP in 2011, $ 928.9 billion, GDP growth - 2.5%.
At competitive occupies 23 place on innovation - 27, the index of the knowledge economy - 34th place among the other nations of the world. Iran ...

1.0 Introduction
In the 1980s, serious corporate scandals were witnessed forcing scholars, researchers and other stakeholders to wonder whether the existing regulations were adequate to maintain the stability of companies. The need to reconsider the manner in which companies are regulated was further enhanced by an increase in the number of corporate scandals between 2001 and 2002. Due to corporate scandals involving highly esteemed companies like Enron and Arthur Andersen made regulatory agencies among other stakeholders to come up with regulations that would be affective in curbing such scandals. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was signed in 2002, and the ...

When people think of money, the main thoughts are usually how to get more, how to protect what one already has, and how to make good decisions about its use. Money is something that is at least a secondary thought to many of the decisions that we make in life.
Money is a “medium of exchange.” It is one of the greatest philosophical concepts in history. The use of money enables the exchange of goods and services that cannot occur with bartering to occur. When money changes hands, the premise behind the exchange is that it is voluntary and for ...

Huffman Trucking Organization has three options available for expansion. It may opt to go public through an IPO, acquire another organization in the same industry, or merge with another organization. Before making a decision as to which option to go for, the management should consider factors such as the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, the opportunities that come with each option and the detrimental effects or threats of each option. Equally important are the effects of globalization on the financial decision made. Mitigating exchange risk and the factors that contribute to exchange rate risks should also be taken into ...

Introduction

The monetary policy of Colombia has undergone numerous changes from 1994 to 2014. The primary purpose for doing so is to target inflation and stabilize the financial status of the country. For this object, state agencies and other monitoring authorities had occasionally evaluated the response of such policy in relation to various financial variables. Although there is not any specific and explicit target regarding real or nominal exchange rates and the monetary policy has to rely upon mainly on the variation of short-term exchange rates. Therefore, in an open economy like Colombia, exchange rates are considered as the most ...

Abstract

The Great American Interchange lasted for about two million years between North America and South America. The objective of the essay is to look at the symmetrical results of the great American interchange in the beginning and how the interchange became asymmetrical after time progressed. The unbalanced nature of the interchange offers a model to explain the asymmetrical results of the land-mammal interchange between the two Americas. Both Geological and biological data are looked into the get insights the past and present distributions of fauna.

Introduction

The Great American Interchange is a crucial paleo zoogeographic event that occurred between North America and ...

Interest rates are amounts charged by lenders to borrowers as fees on borrowed assets. The interest rate is the price an individual pays for the use of money they have borrowed; it can be thought of as an economic rent. When a person deposits money in a bank, they receive interest as a percentage of the total amount deposited. Similarly, when an individual borrows money, they pay interest to the lender as a percentage of the total money they owe the lender. The percentage of the principal amount paid as a fee over a given period is the interest rate. Interest rates are macroeconomic variables ...

Effect of dimensions of international finance on the corporation

The multinational corporation that has been selected for this study is Wal-Mart. The country that this corporation should expand to is New Zealand. One major aspect of international finance that may affect the expansion of Wal-Mart to this country is the foreign exchange risk and also the political risk. For the foreign exchange risk, Wal-Mart will be dealing with the exchange rate between two currencies - the New Zealand Dollar and also the US Dollar. Given that this currency pair is traded in major forex platforms in Europe and the US, its value will be based on market forces. ...

1.0 Pivotal response therapy (PRT)
Pivotal response therapy/treatment/training is one of the early behavioral intervention techniques developed for management of autism. This techniques is built on the premise that autism interferes with “pivotal behaviors” that ultimately underlie other behaviors are deficient in autistic children. The pivotal behaviors/areas are initiating activities, motivation, self-management, feelings and responding to multiple/complicated cues (signals). PRT therefore aims at increasing pivotal behaviors, particularly motivation, which would in turn enhance generalization. The autistic child chooses the activity and is rewarded (positive reinforcement) for every correct responses or attempt. As such, PRT trains the child to ...

Introduction

The US Dollar is the authorized currency of the United States and other foreign countries. In different countries, it is used as the official currency. Therefore, it value is very crucial both to the United States as well as to other nations in the globe. Being the most favorable form of currency in the world, the US Dollar is used as a mark for the value of other currencies. One of the most competitive upcoming currencies is the China Yuan. This is the official currency for the China Republic. Following the rapid economic growth of China, this currency is appreciating ...

Introduction

The exchange rate is a very significant economic variable that all markets keep a close watch. Exchange rates are influenced by multiple factors both political and economic. A variation in exchange rates implies that the reference currency has become weaker or stronger against the underlying currency. The Japanese Yen has experienced numerous stability swings against other currencies over the past here decades. The worst point in the era experienced by the Yen was in the early 1980’s when the Yen weakened to trade at as low as between 200 – 270 yens per dollar. This condition persisted until after ...

The beginning of Stock market in America.

Trading in the stock exchange markets has a definite origin. Ideally, the American Stock Exchange represented by the acronym (AMEX). Historically, the trading in the stock market commenced in the 1800s periods. This transition was referred to as the curb exchange. Historically, the origin shows that the stock exchange in the United States was established with the intention to develop a stable economic power. This was the primary disquiet of the United States economic stimulus policy. According to the historical records, this occurred during the times of Alexander Hamilton, the first secretary of the treasury at that time. This executive secretary ...

Abstract

Aims: To evaluate the outcomes of NIV versus invasive mechanical ventilation in COPD patients.
Data Source: Relevant articles were identified from the following journals CHEST, Respiratory Care, European Respiratory Journal, Annals of Internal Medicine, and AHC Media.
Study selection: The articles identified consisted reports of two randomized controlled trials and three review articles which investigated the outcomes of NIV versus mechanical ventilation in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD, weaning of COPD patients on mechanical ventilation, and nocturnal management of COPD.
Data extraction: The study reviewed meta-analytic reviews, prospective randomized control trials, and retrospective observational studies. ...

Abstract

Trade patterns and foreign investments volume has increased dramatically as a result of improved economic conditions, legislation reforms and privatization efforts in Argentina especially after the crisis of 2001. Subsequent to Brazil, the US and China embody the most significant trade partner for Argentina. China happens to be a big market for Soy beans and Argentina the largest exporter. There are enormous prospect in separate industries as well as food, automotive, mining, chemicals, petroleum and natural gas, and services. This paper will try to outline trade in Argentina while proving the thesis that Argentina experienced trade surplus in different parts of ...

Research paper

Permanent control over the work of local network, which is a fundamental of any corporate network, is needed to maintain it in working condition. Control - a necessary first step that must be done in the management of the network. Given the importance of this function, it is often separated from other functions of management systems and implemented by special means. Such division of control functions and actually management is useful for small and medium-sized networks, for which the installation of the integrated management system is not economically sensible. The use of autonomous means of control helps the network administrator to ...

Financial institutions the world over have evolved depending on the economic policies of the government of the day as well as other economic imperatives. This has been accompanied by ideological and philosophical differences in banking policy. In this paper, I shall seek to examine the evolution of these financial institutions in Burma in three epochal periods namely- the colonial era, parliamentary democracy era and the era of military rule.

Colonial era

During this period there were hardly any indigenous banks in Burma. Those that were existent were western banks mainly British banks that served the elite class. The exchange banks mainly ...

Introduction

The turn of the century has witnessed massive changes in the business environment. Multinational Corporations have emerged and are doing business in vast locations of the globe. These multinational corporations have taken advantage of globalization and liberalized economies to expand their operations beyond continental and cultural borders. India, Malaysia, Singapore, China and similar emerging economies, commonly referred to as ‘Tiger’ economies, present excellent business locations for such globalized expansion. While such businesses appear to record massive growth, several challenges have come into play. For instance stiff competition, political influence, government regulation, cultural differences and dissimilar consumer behavior in different ...

Issue with the Justice System

Law Enforcement
Introduction
The terms law enforcement pertains to a government agency that assumes the responsibility of maintaining public order including public safety and enforcement of the law. There are several branches of law enforcement both local and federal that assume the said responsibility. The local police department, the FBI, Sherriff’s department, special jurisdiction police, and among others are inclusive of the term law enforcement because their key function involves, detection, deterrence, and apprehension of criminal activities. The discussion will highlight the key functions and purpose of law enforcement and the current issues facing this branch of the ...

1.0 Introduction
`According to Barbone et al. (2009) all members States of the European Union are also members of the Economic and monetary Union (EMU). Barbone et al. (2009) further states that the member states coordinate their policy-making in support for the economic objectives of the European Union (EU). Nonetheless, there are some member states that have gone further to adopting a single currency (Euro) (Barbone et al., 2009). They are the member states that comprise of the Euro area. Euro, according to Bekaert (2010) is a single currency that has been adopted by 19 European states that make up ...

Ghana and Nigeria are two adjoining African states, which have achieved so much based on economic growth. There are great similarities between the economies of these two countries. This is so because they are the primary producer at about the same stage of development based on per capita income. In both countries, agriculture accounts the greatest percentage in the GDP because they depend significantly on the export of agriculture products. Therefore, external trade plays an equally important part of the economies of the two countries. However, the political stability and proper governance have been the key driver of economic ...

Nowadays, information of healthcare institutions, providers, and patients are usually communicated via mail or fax. However, this method of communication of information is slow, less secure, and costly. These drawbacks are solved by the Direct Project, a set of standards and services aimed at improving the transport of health information, for a faster, more secure, and less expensive way of exchange of information between healthcare-giving entities.
The Direct Project emphasizes on technical standards and services (and not the actual content exchanged) to facilitate easy and reliable method of communication with an aim for more advanced levels of interoperability than simple ...

Gross Domestic Product per Capita

This economic term refers to the overall national output of a country divided by the total number of people in the country. This is expressed in US dollars for every person for the year for which the data used is published. The gross national product per capita of Egypt has increased exponentially over the years since 1990. The graph below shows the data for gross domestic product per capita since the year 2004.

Economic growth

The economic growth of a country is measured through the consideration of many factors. The economy of a country also takes many forms inspired by the ideals of political ...

The banking sector in Taiwan has continued to perform well despite the effects of the Asian crisis which rocked the Asian region in 1997 (Chiu 295). This crisis caused violent fluctuation of interest rates, share prices and exchange rates. However, the effect of the crisis was not extensive in Taiwan as compared to other countries like South Korea and the rest of Asia. Taiwan’s strong foundations on economic fundamentals that have a flexible capital market reduced the financial crisis on this country. Furthermore, the conservative financial policies in Taiwan have strengthened the financial system of Taiwan against crisis.
In ...

An Overview of the Standard-Setting Industry And Its History

Introduction
Accounting Standards have been in existence since the beginning of the recorded history. Some of these standards were set up by rulers or reigning kings. However, as the world developed, States started coming up with bodies aimed at controlling the quality and standards of products and services in the accounting sector. In the ancient world, the man used to come up with standards with a desire of harmonizing his activities with important changes in the environment. Some standards were also set in response to a rise in needs in the society. The standard setting body in America was ...

Introduction

Multinational corporations across the world usually consolidate and present their operational results in financial and non-financial terms at the end of every term, usually a year. The financial aspect of reporting is supposed to comply with a clearly prescribed set of regulatory standards. The adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards and GAAPs was meant to ensure that all compliant firms across the world produce financial statements that conform to the industry specific reporting frameworks and thus achieve a degree of uniformity in reporting. Different firms in operating in multiple locations operate under the strict guidelines of the specific ...

Long-term influence of monetary policy

Monetary policy can either be contractionary or expansionary, and both policies impact nominal variables differently in the long-run.
Price levels
A contractionary policy results in a decrease in equity prices because the income stream is discounted at a relatively higher rate. Also, the price levels of equity can drop since high-interest rates and low supply of money lead to reduced demand for equity. In this case, bonds can be an attractive investment since they pay high interests (Meltzer, 1995). Nevertheless, an increase in interest rates does not always result in fall of share prices. People may interpret the high-interest ...

Over the last two decades, corporate social responsibility has gained deep interest from accountants and auditors. It happens because substantial amounts of financial resources are invested in corporate social responsibility; yet there are not explicit accounting policies and standards to report on corporate social responsibility financials and activities (The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2016). Owing to this, there has been varied views and discourses on the conduct of corporate social reporting with many commentators focusing majorly on the triple bottom line reporting as a prelude to corporate social reporting. The current paper presents a detailed review of the ongoing ...