Fuel Research Papers Samples For Students

Fuel Efficiency Management rules

When federal regulation on emissions for the commercial trucks was switched to focusing on the greenhouse emissions from focusing on NOx and PM, it meant the need for fuel efficiency for trucks went up. Thus, there is need for the Peregrine to enhance its performance through rules that enhance fuel efficiency and social responsibility (Trucking Info, 2016).

Company overview and current situation: Available resources

Peregrine Transportation Company is an active interstate carrier in the transport business that began operations on May 2011 and whose resources can be summarized to include 13 trucks and Company Drivers 18 (Quick Transport Solutions, 2016).

More efficient and socially conscious trucking equipment with fuel saving possibilities

Equipments:
Tires:  Should buy tires that ...

The Peregrine Trucking Company attempts to maintain a high level of social consciousness and efficiency while meeting or making above the profit margins. Currently, the two largest expense variables showed in the company’s financial report are fuel and labour. None of these expenses can be eliminated from the regular expenditures list; however, an effort can be made to somewhat reduce these expenses.
Being transported analyst at Peregrine Trucking Company, I will the company’s case in this report. The company’s president has assigned the task of evaluating the potential of the company to reduce fuel cost by ...

Alternative Renewable Energy: Solar Panels

The problem on climate change and the rapid depletion of national energy sources have been a standing problem for the world since the 19th century. Current natural energy sources, mainly fossil fuel and coal, are starting to run out due to the increasing human consumption of both developing and developed countries. While it provides electricity and power to various human activities, the usage of these natural energy sources causes severe environmental hazards that are now apparent in society and ecosystem. In response to the growing hazards of continuous use of fossil fuels/coal and its depleting supply, several proposals had been ...

Introduction

These days, after the rise of industrial revolution, almost every economy is dependent on industrial activities which businesses pursue to not only make profits but create value for the society at large. While pursuing such an activity, the manufacturing concerns are also required to take care of the environment as well. This is because the production activities not only involve the release of dangerous wastes but also involve the emission of carbon dioxide gas which is harmful for society, environment and marine life as a whole resulting in a rise of global warming.
Carbon dioxide (having a chemical formula of CO2) ...

Objectives of the paper and model specifications

The main objective of this paper is to carry out a regression analysis of consumer related data for a specific product. The product selected for analysis was sport utility vehicles (SUVs) sales in the United States. The United States Department of Transportation website was the source of the data used from the paper. It contained sales, market share and fuel consumption information. Using this relevant consumer information a linear regression model was developed that sought to investigate the relationship between SUV Sale, market share and fuel consumption. In this case, SUV Sale is the dependent variable and refers to ...

Understanding the working principle of a gasoline-powered vehicle necessitates knowledge not only concerning gasoline, but also knowledge regarding automobile's engine associated systems. Two forms of technology include conventional technology and advanced technology. The backbone of most cars today are conventional technology involves engine structure, combustion, and a combination of interlocked systems. Four main systems of a gasoline-powered include air, fuel, exhaust, and engine.

Working Principle of Gasoline-Powered Engine in Thermodynamic Viewpoint

According to Fisher (2015) findings, the air system conveys a mixture of fuel and air to the engine. The fuel system store gasoline in the automobile conveys gasoline to air intake system, and the mixed gasoline ...

[University]

Introduction

There is no doubt that the world’s energy demand today is far greater since the industrial revolution began in the early 1800’s. With most nations embracing industrialization in an unprecedented scale, the search for energy sources is extensive. Some nations even risk the possibility of war just to secure territories known to have fossil fuel deposits. Like what happened between China, Japan and their neighbors in their scuffle for the possession of Senkaku-Diaoyu, an island wherein geological surveys have revealed massive oil and gas reserves . America, unarguably the largest consumer of petroleum products in the world, ...

Advancements in aircraft reciprocating engines

Introduction
There is a misconception that because modern aircraft engines built by Lycoming, Continental and other companies have similar look to engines used in general aviation aircrafts of the 1970s, there have been no technological advancements in this field. Even though new engines haven’t changed much by outward appearances, aircraft reciprocating engine technologies have advanced dramatically in past two decades. The overall build quality of engine has greatly improved. Advancements in machining technologies and automatic manufacturing processes made it possible for aircraft engine makers to enhance machine’s durability. Many components of piston engines have been significantly improved, ...

Abstract

Crude oil has been refined to make such fuels as diesel and petrol as well as industrial chemicals and lubricants. Transport activity, as a core element of economic development and a precondition of human welfare, is increasing across the globe with the growth of economies. Transport predominantly relies on such fossil resource as petroleum. The literature relevant for this study can be divided into two parts or strands: one that focuses on the demand side and another one that gives analysis to the oil market by focusing on the supply side. This paper absorbs the ideas of both strands ...

Introduction

Significant growth of all sectors of the economy requires the movement of large quantities of cargo and passengers. High maneuverability, mobility and adaptability to work in different conditions makes the car one of the primary means of transportation of goods and passengers. The share of road transport accounts for over 80% of goods transported by all modes of transport combined, and more than 70% of passenger traffic. In recent years, the factories of the automobile industry mastered many samples of upgraded and new automotive vehicles, including those for agriculture, construction, trade, oil, gas and forest industries. Currently, there are ...

Engines that use diesel or gasoline might look similar to an untrained eye. However, diesel engines are much older, and they are mostly used for heavy machinery. On the other hand, gasoline is commonly used in personal vehicles and light machinery. Therefore, both fuels have their own advantages leading us to ask the pertinent question on the best source of fuel. This question arouses different feelings in consumers of diesel and gasoline. The main factors to consider in this case are intended use and price of the type of fuel. In terms of efficiency of function and pricing, diesel ...

The use of gasoline associates with many external costs that bring about many geopolitical and environmental concerns. The economic and security risks associated with automobile production have a lot of implications on climate change and local pollution. Automobile producers must adhere to the policies that govern the manufacture of vehicles under the fuel economy standards. Policies that minimize gasoline consumption are of significance and Corporate Average Fuel (CAFE) has stressed more on the adherence to the standards. CAFE standards provide limit on the average fuel economy of automobile sold by a particular company in each year (National Academy of Sciences 13-17). ...

Abstract

This paper details the extensive review on modern concept of Hybrid Vehicles and their robust penetration in the automotive market. Hybrid vehicle which is actually a hybrid between a conventional engine and electric motor, utilizes both energy sources to start and gear up the vehicle via propulsion from the fuel tank. The use of on-board power units, reduced engine heating, rapid catalyst warm-up, reduced toxic emissions, plug-in hybrids, specific fuel stations, engine mapping, grid modifications and several other engine configurations have been taken into account to make the vehicles more fuel efficient, environment friendly, cost-effective and reliable. This technology is also ...

Abstract

This paper details the extensive review on modern concept of Hybrid Vehicles and their robust penetration in the automotive market. Hybrid vehicle which is actually a hybrid between a conventional engine and electric motor, utilizes both energy sources to start and gear up the vehicle via propulsion from the fuel tank. The use of on-board power units, reduced engine heating, rapid catalyst warm-up, reduced toxic emissions, plug-in hybrids, specific fuel stations, engine mapping, grid modifications and several other engine configurations have been taken into account to make the vehicles more fuel efficient, environment friendly, cost-effective and reliable. This technology is also ...

Today there are two different headlines over the news that seem to give opposite information. One common headline tells us that peak oil has been reached and oil is not going to last forever. The story under the headline usually gives information about living a more environmentally sustainable lifestyle by switching to alternative fuels. On the other hand, there are other headlines declaring that there is plenty of oil because petroleum companies are taking advantage of deep sea drilling and sand tars. Our science courses tell us that there is only so much fossil fuel because the amount depends upon ...

How Fossil Fuels Shaped America and Its Environment

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the United States in mid 18th century, large amounts of fossil fuels were used to provide energy to the industries in the economy and ultimately influenced the wealth of numerous individuals in America. During the American industrial revolutions, fossil fuels were the ideal source of energy that drove the rapid growth of industries in America. Steam locomotives, that were the archetypal machine invention of the industrial revolution, utilized coal energy for the lack of sustainability while using charcoal and firewood energy. Since the beginnings of the industrialization in 19th century, petroleum ...

Introduction

This research paper examines published opinion on the merits of biodiesel as an available alternative fuel, seeking to confirm for those considering the best alternative fuel to use (e.g. fleet operators) why it is indeed the best overall choice of alternative fuels available.

The Research

The first source examined was the U.S. Department of Energy’s Alternative Fuels Data Center. Their published article “Biodiesel Benefits and Considerations” (Jan 2013) defines biodiesel as “a domestically produced, clean-burning, renewable substitute for petroleum diesel.” According to the article, a vehicle fuelled by biodiesel “increases energy security, improves public health and the environment, and provides safety benefits.” ...

Introduction

This case study reviews the loss of Flight TWA 800 a Boeing 747-131, (“Accident Overview”, n.d.), that on 17 July 1996 exploded in midair shortly after takeoff from JFK airport New York on a Paris-bound flight, and resulting in the deaths of all 230 on board. The case study looks at the accident causes, structural and mechanical factors involved, contributory factors, and the Investigation Board findings.

The Research
Causes of the Accident. Cornwell (Jul 2013), in an article published by Reuters, reported that the government investigators were maintaining their opinion that the accident was caused by a spark from defective wiring ...

In Biofuels Data and Social Accounting Matrices Prepared for Policy Assessment Models based on the GTAP 7 Data Base, Xin Zhou and Satoshi Kojima argue that “liquid biofuels have a potential to contribute to a wide range of policy objectives” playing a crucial role in the mitigation of GHG emissions. Their comprehensive economic and environmental report outlines the development of global biofuels benefits in terms of considering the “foreign exchange savings by reducing the volume of” unrenewable imports. While their predictions and purposes offer a constructive overview of eighteen major global biofuels’ production data and consumption figures, this discourse addresses the following areas ...

Energy is one of the most important components of our day to day activities. Gasoline, diesel, kerosene, propane and other products are extracted from fossil fuels through a number of systematic processes and are used to drive automobiles, aircrafts, ships and trains. Despite their importance, these fuels lead to the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and results in global warming, which has been on a steady rise for quite some time. A few Economic Crises have occurred in the recent past due to depletion of oil reserves. The latest brands of hybrid and electric cars are the ...

Introduction

The USA is the largest oil consumer in the world, followed by Europe, Asia and other regions. It consumes an estimated 20 million barrels of oil every day, which is 50% more than the oil consumption of the whole of the European Union with 60% more population density than the USA (Knittel 2012). The oil consumption of the USA is also twice the rate of the same in China. The USA is the largest oil importer in the world, importing more than 13.5 million barrels of oil per day, thereby accounting for more than 63% of the total daily ...

Introduction

The research paper considers the benefits of nuclear power compared with generating energy from fossil fuel sources and discusses the reasons why nuclear power may be the better option, taking into account costs, safety, and – importantly – environmental pollution. Climate change and global warming are of major concern, and pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are significant considerations in the choice of safe energy sources for the future, along with costs and of course the safety aspects. The paper seeks to confirm that in contrast to the fossil-fuel plants used today to generate electricity, nuclear plants cost less to operate, are ...

Introduction

There lacks a safe way of nuclear disposal, despite the harm caused by nuclear waste. Nuclear power generates electricity with little emissions of carbon dioxide and other waste products, most of which are radioactive. These waste products can be harmful to both the environment and human life. Notwithstanding the risks that may be posed by poor nuclear disposal, most governments pay little attention to this issue, during public policy making. As a result, many communities place use of land on nuclear facilities on the top list of locally unwanted land uses (LULUs). Again, these communities do not have confidence on the ...

A clean energy vehicle, popularly known as green vehicle, is a motor vehicle that makes minimum harmful effects to the surrounding environment in comparison to conventional vehicles, which use either gasoline or diesel as fuel for their internal combustion engines. Clean energy vehicle technology focuses on bringing spectacular improvements in vehicle technologies with the intention of reducing the dependence of running vehicles on nonrenewable energy sources like oil and improving the fuel efficiency. The areas in which the technology concentrates are: bio-fuels, energy conversion, clean combustion, electrification of vehicles, advanced batteries, lightweight materials integration of vehicle grid and analysis ...

A Reciprocating Engine is also called as Piston Engine. In this engine pressure is converted into rotating motion with the help of one or more reciprocating pistons. There are various types of Reciprocating Engines, the most common type is the Internal combustion engine which is used in motor vehicles, the steam engine which is used in the industries and the Stirling engine. The compression ignition engine and the Spark-ignition engine are the two types of internal combustion engine. In the compression ignition engine, fuel is injected into the cylinder and the air inside the cylinder is compressed so that ...

Cummins Inc. is a corporation that manufactures, designs, and distributes engines, filtrations and power generation products. It is also known to service engines and related equipments which include controls, air handling, fuel systems, emission control and electrical power general systems. On the other hand, Duramax diesel engine was created when Isuzu teamed up with General Motors back in 1988. In 2000, about 1.5 million duramax engines had been built (Cummins.com). Duramax is an engine with a first high- pressure common rail and direct-injection power plant. The creation of Duramax was an improvement of General Motors’ previous indirect-injection diesel.
Cummins is ...

Externality is a situation in which the activity of one entity affects the welfare of another entity in a way that is outside the existing market (Rosen, 2005, p. 47). Simply put, externalities are the costs or benefits that arise from market transactions which are not reflected in prices. And when we speak of negative externalities, obviously, these are costs to third parties (other than the producer and consumer). Why is there negative externality? I learnt from Economics that under a competitive system, the market price of a good takes into account both the negative and positive effects of using the good. However, ...

Introduction

Alternative energy is a general term that is used to refer to any source of energy that is serviceable and is intended to be used as a substitute for other fuel sources without undergoing any undesired consequences. Hydrogen is therefore ideal alternative fuel energy for Army after Next (AAN) platforms. However, considering the current technology, use of Hydrogen as a form of alternative energy, has two setbacks that hinder its use as substitute energy. One of the setbacks is that, Liquid Hydrogen which is the ideal form of hydrogen needs four times storage space of convectional petroleum –based fuels. The other ...

Pressurized Water Reactors

Primary Systems of A PWR
These water reactors also use steam to turn a turbine and hence generate steam. However, the mode of cooling the steam is different from that of boiling water reactors. Steam is directed to the condenser where cool water is used in the removal of excess heat. This system comprises of two systems: the primary and secondary systems. Primary system comprises of the steam generators, reactor vessel, coolant pumps, pressurizer and connecting piping. The primary system (reactor coolant system) functions to transfer heat to the steam generators from the fuel. It also serves to house ...

Individual Project

Brief description of industry

After World War II, commercial airline industry in the United States has grown dramatically. In 1945 revenue passenger miles (RPM) was already 3,3 billion miles, by 1970s this figure was already reached 130 billion and after 10 years was increased to 330 billion. During deregulation many new companies entered commercial aviation market, new routes were introduces and strict competition began. In 1990s and next decade air ticket prices were most competitive and US passenger airline industry became the biggest among same industries in the whole world. In last five years passenger numbers were increasing ...

Abstract
Stages of fire behaviou from inception to decay have been described. Fire events namely flameover, flashover and backdraft have been described. Their causes and procedures to prevent and protect against them have been discussed.

Stages of Fire Behavior

The development of compartment fires is usually divided into 4 major stages, namely, the incipient or ignition stage, the growth stage, the fully developed stage and the decay stage. The graph in figure 1 represents these stages on a heat release rate vs. time diagram. The descriptions below are mainly as explained in ‘Fire development and fire behavior indicators’.

Figure 1: Stages of development ...

Introduction

This paper examines the present sources and distribution of electrical power in the United Kingdom and looks at the possible / likely changes in the future. Since April 2005, the electricity generating and supply industries of England & Wales and Scotland have been integrated, as a result of the Energy Act 2004.
According to the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) The Current British Electricity Network can be summarized as electricity generators (all sources including renewable sources) connected to a transmission grid, which comprises:

The National Grid (circa 25,000km of high voltage overhead lines, and

Regional Distribution Networks (circa 800,000km of overhead lines and/or underground cabling).
National grid ...

Abstract

The effects of oil drilling towards the environment or any drilling of similar nature such as drilling of natural gas has been extensively discussed. Major stakeholders such as the government, the private sector and common people that are directly influenced by these drilling activities have different views towards this topic, which makes it more controversial. Some idealist stakeholders, for example, believe that oil drilling poses serious environmental threats. For the same reason, they believe that the risk outweighs the advantages and so these drilling activities must be stopped at once. On the other hand, those stakeholders that is benefiting ...

Energy has played an important role in building the world economy today. From enabling man to perform daily activities to enhancing the functioning of many industries, it is sensible to state that energy is of great importance to the world. Due to its importance, fossil fuels such as coal have thus been burnt down to create energy. However, different negative effects are associated with burning such fuels to the environment. For instance, global warming gasses are emitted thus, causing global warming as a result of carbon monoxide, which is emitted while burning coal. Despite their disparities, both developed and ...

Introduction

There has been a growing need worldwide for alternative energy solutions to that of the traditional fossil fuel and mined coal. The need for sustainable renewable power sources can be attributed to the growing concern over the state of the area in which we live. Global warming is fast becoming the modern time's biggest threat to human life. Solar energy is one of the best answers to the energy problem that the world is currently facing. Solar power harnesses the energy from the ultraviolet rays emitted by the sun and converts it into electric energy. The determinants of the ...

Sulphur Dioxide and Our Planet

Sulphur Dioxide is a colourless pungent gas which is highly soluble in water. Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gases contain sulphur. When burnt in motor vehicles, power stations and in other industrial applications, sulphur reacts with oxygen and its compounds in the combustion process to form Sulphur Dioxide. These are the artificial sources of Sulphur Dioxide. Apart from these, Sulphur Dioxide is produced naturally in huge quantities during volcanic eruptions and forest fires. It is the most chemically active compound produced by volcanoes. Apart from natural sources, Sulphur Dioxide is also produced in anthropological activities like ...

Introduction

Shell Oil Company is an energy and petrochemical company that is headquartered in Houston, Texas. The parent company of Shell Oil Company is called Royal Dutch Shell. The Company has investment program as their strategy aimed at realizing profits and delivering sustainable growth. The Company focuses on the exploration of new and gas and oil reserves and the development of major products; this is in the upstream. In the downstream, the company has strategy aimed at achieving sustainable revenue generation from their assets and their selective investment. Shell Oil Company one of the largest energy and petrochemical company in ...

Introduction

The depletion of fossil fuels and the increased levels of vehicular that are being expressed across the world made the automobile companies to look for alternatives to the conventional internal combustible engines that run on petrol and diesel. One of the most important inventions in the field of automobile history is the hybrid engine technology. Hybrid cars combine the conventional petrol powered engines with the electric motors. A small petrol engine that is fit inside a hybrid car operates a dynamo that produces electricity (Barett nd). The electricity that produced will be in turn utilized for running the electric motor which ...

Introduction

Biomass is a biological material obtained from a living organism or a recently living organism. The word biomass is derived from two Greek words; bio meaning life, and maza meaning mass (Demirbas, “Fuels from Biomass” 43). Biomass means non-fossil and bio-decomposable organic matter (originating from plants, animals and microorganisms). The products, byproducts, residues and waste from agricultural processing, all constitute biomass. Bio-waste simply means non-fossil and biodegradable waste that is composed of organic matter. Bio-wastes include food and kitchen wastes, garden and park wastes, and wastes from food processing plants. Bio-waste is therefore an element of biomass.
Non-fossil wastes that are ...

Introduction

Fuel efficiency is basically an imperative factor in the automobile world and global economy. The marketing idea by the automotive company in this case is all about fuel efficiency. Its idea of phasing out large and profitable SUV line of automobiles and focus on the smaller, more fuel-efficient cars will have both financial and non-financial advantages and disadvantages.
One of the financial advantages of this marketing idea is that it will offer personal financial benefits to the customers. Some customers will buy the new vehicles so as to optimize their fuel efficiency and as a result they will save ...

Introduction

Microeconomics can be defined as the analysis of the decisions made by individuals and groups, the factors that affect those decisions, and how those decisions affect others (Moffatt, n.pag.). Unlike macroeconomics that deals with aggregate level activities, microeconomic deals with individual, household and firm level economic activities. It helps in understanding the dynamics of an industry and microeconomic impact of industries. The industry that has been chosen for this study is automotive industry for two reasons. First, automobile industry significantly contributes to global economy. Second, the industry is dynamic and undergoing a lot of changes in the recent past.
...

Abstract

Over the years, we have come to recognize the importance of a healthy environment in our lives. Nature has provided us with valuable resources to have the freedom to breathe fresh air, drink pure water and appreciate the beauty around us. But with all the scientific and technological innovations of man, as well as the luxury and convenience it brings, our environment has suffered deterioration which resulted to poor quality of life and even massive death. As residents of this Earth, our survival largely relies on our environment. It is our responsibility to combat destruction in which the well-being of ...

Abstract
August 21, 2010 was the date set for nuclear fuel to be weighed down to the first reactor at Bushehr. This was an announcement by the Russian Federal Atomic Energy Agency. The action would make the Bushehr resource be approved as a procedural power plant. The transfer of fuel to the facility was approximated to take a week.
Bushehr fissile resource interested a number of controversies the United States inclusive. The reactor was designed with Russian specifications despite an agreement to be the central of a German-designed counter. At Bushehr, two reactors were present; one at its advanced stage of ...

Impact of Automatic Cars in Our Lives

Easiness in the Use of Automatic Cars4
Less Stress with Automatics4
Preferences of Cars..5

More Comfort and Luxury5

High Fuel Consumption6
Expensive Purchasing and Maintenance Cost.6
Pollution7
Political Effect8
Ethical Considerations.8
Conclusion9Peer Evaluation Analysis.9
References..10
Impact of Automatic Cars in Our Lives
Introduction
The use of automatic vehicles is gaining popularity across the world among the new and experienced drivers since they are simpler to operate and more comfortable for long journeys than manual cars. Automatic cars use automatic mode of transmission while manual cars use manual transmission. Automatic mode of transmission was invented by Alfred Munro, a Canadian citizen in 1921 (Jenkins, ...

In the United States, power is generated from various sources. In 2014 alone, 4,093 billion KWh units were produced. The majority of these came from fossil fuels while renewable energy sources accounted for around 17%. The high percentage of fossil fuels used for electric power generation as compared to renewable energy sources leads to a more a pronounced environmental impact. The table below shows the percentage of the total power produced by the four major energy sources in 2014.

Negative effects of power production

Coal power production
Coal is a fossil fuel that is combusted in steam boilers to generate steam for driving steam turbines. ...

Physics is a branch of science concerned with different aspects of the physical world such as energy and matter. Physics encompasses wide scientific subjects such as electricity, heat, magnetism, sound, mechanics, light, and radiation among others. Modern technologies, such as digital devices and nano technologies are based on simple physics concepts. As a result, all engineering disciplines require a profound physics background. In the future, I plan to pursue a career in mechanical engineering in the automotive industry. This is a paper on the importance of physics in mechanical engineering.
As a mechanical engineer, one is required to clearly understand a wide range of topics ...

Introduction

Most advancement in sciences and technology would not be possible without the use and conversion of energy from one form to another. Thus, thermodynamic principles are considered fundamental laws of energy and relevant to the development of the society at large. This study considers thermodynamics as it concerns different forms of energy, their conversion, and usage.

Laws of Thermodynamics

The laws of thermodynamics emphasize on particular phenomena that describe the relation of energy with matter (Kanoglu, Cengel, & Dincer, 2012). Thermodynamics laws define the amount of physical parameters such as temperature, entropy and energy that characterize a thermodynamic system. These laws also refer the ...

Abstract

Aviation is a crucial component of any nation’s economy. It provides transportation and movement of goods and people from all over world, for business, imports, exports, and tourism. However, these economic benefits must be weighed against the local and global environmental impacts of this industry. There has been a remarkable effect on the global carbon emissions, and this trend is feared to multiply as more people travel by air in the modern world. The U.S. transportation system alleges that there has been an increase of up to six-fold in the aircraft mobility for the last 35 years.

Introduction

Air and noise ...

Introduction

A hybrid car is a new innovation in the automotive industry which refers to a vehicle that combines a conventional fuel engine system with a rechargeable energy storage system to move the vehicle (Hantula &Debra, 10) this type of vehicle is developed with a sole aim of attaining a more efficient fuel mileage while causing less environmental damage (Hantula &Debra, 10). Over the past decade, there were hardly any hybrid cars in most societies. The situation has however changed in present day where shopping for these kind of vehicles entail much more than just making a choice of their colors. This indicates an increase in awareness ...

Introduction

Conventional energy sources are commonly non-renewable energy sources these sources are used since long time. Conventional energy sources are used in such extensively way that known reserves are reduced by a great extent. Now it has become more difficult to exploit and discover new deposits of conventional energy sources . It is known that petroleum deposits of our country would be exhausted in few decades while the coal reserves will last for hundred years. The petroleum, natural gas and coal are known conventional energy sources. These three sources account almost 80 percent of total energy sources.

Global energy demand is projected ...

Research Paper Outline

- Introduction
- Research Question
- Technology and The Air Transport
- Advanced Air Traffic Control Systems
- Collision Avoidance and Traffic Alerts Systems
- Online Reservation and Booking Systems
- Social Media
- Technology in the Rail Transport
- Positive Train Control
- Trip Optimizer Technology
- Real-time Train Information System
- Technology and The Maritime Transportation
- Ship Motion Monitoring, Forecasting and Decision Support
- Marine Automation System
- Oil Mist Detection Systems
- Technology and Truck Transportation
- Global Positioning ...

Introduction.

A combustion engine can be defined as any engine that operates through fuel burning. The difference between a combustion engine and steam engine is that the latter uses steam for operation while the former uses gasoline. Combustion engines also use fueled gases such as hydrogen, propane, methane etc which are components of diesel. Combustion engines run on one type of fuel, and may require a series of adaptation to adjust to fuel/air ratio to use other forms of energy (Agrawal, 2006).
The combustion process starts in the gasoline cylinder where a mixture of air and gasoline is sprayed. The mixture is ...

Are they Competitive with Conventional Cars?

Electrical cars are vehicles that work on rechargeable electric power supply that runs the engine instead of gas. Scientists believe that electrical cars are environmentally clean vehicles that do not produce as much poisonous gasses and waste as conventional cars nowadays. There are many kinds of electrical vehicles; some types of electrical vehicles use the energy that is stored in Lithium batteries. Other kind of electric-power cars use a combination of electric power and gas to run their engines called hybrid cars. In the 1800’s there were many initiatives in making an electric motor. Davinport made the first American ...

Introduction

Green energy comprises natural active processes which can be attained with slight pollution. Geothermal power, anaerobic digestion, wind power, small scale hydropower, biomass power, solar energy, wave power, tidal power, and certain forms of atomic power (ones that are capable to burn atomic waste by a process identified as atomic transmutation), and consequently belong to the "Green Energy". Some explanations may similarly include power consequential from the burning of waste. Some individuals, including James Lovelock and George Monbiot have precisely classified atomic power to be green energy. Whereas many others which include Greenpeace disagree while claiming that problems supplementary from ...

The advent of green technology was in response to a variety of circumstances that lead

people to seek alternative forms of energy. Chief of these has been climate change largely the
result of the Industrial Revolution and its aftermath. In particular, the release of historically
unprecedented amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from automobiles and industry
slowly has edged up the Earth’s temperature along with an unprecedented release of methane,
chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. These gases absorb infrared radiation
and then radiate that back to Earth creating the greenhouse effect.

The general scientific consensus from a variety of disciplines is that the result of global
...

Summary

World per capita consumption of fish has steadily been on the rise from 9.9kg in 42 years ago to 16.4kg 7 years ago. This trend is in accordance with food consumption in generally, as there has been an increase in the average global supply of calorie per individual proportional to the quantity of proteins per person. Despite this, there are a high proportion of undernourished people in some regions including sub Saharan Africa, Asia and the pacific. Consumption is highest in Asia, accounting for 66% while only 8.3kg per capita is recorded for Africa, being the lowest figure. In developing ...

0. Introduction
Moto-cars are made from metals. This very common opinion was almost entirely true during almost all the previous century though opposite solitary examples (displayed at images below) are very well known for car likers: wooden bulks, a rubber car, a fiberglass sport car, a car with plastic bulk facias based on soybeans, a concept of a ceramic car, a glass car, and so on.
All those examples are just very rare exceptions. Moreover, the probably refer rather to arts than to industry. However, in the current century, metals lost their monopoly. In the present essay, several material ...

Motivation for the Study

Many automobile manufacturers in car producing countries are taking an interest in the renewable fuels as an alternative energy source for vehicles. This is due to the challenges caused by the difference in demand and supply of conventional energy sources like fossil fuels and the environmental degradation associated with them (Liu, 2015). Renewable fuels are more efficient than the current fuels used to power vehicles and their use will significantly reduce the fuel costs incurred by consumers. Renewable energy sources cause minimal environmental pollution, and its utilization will reduce the world’s pollution levels. The use of renewable fuels ...

Abstract page

One of the most important assets of the industrial application these days is the Fluidized bed reactors. When gasses, solids, and liquids contact simultaneously, a large number of industrial process reactions are involved. All these operations need a multiphase reactor to be carried out. Since a variety of multiphase chemical reactions can be carried out in a Fluidized Bed Reactor, it is interesting to learn about its functioning, various types, application, advantages, and disadvantages. Initially, fluidized bed reactors were built for the petrochemical and oil industries. Now, they are widely used for producing Gasoline and other fuels, plastics, polymers, ...

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Introduction

The reciprocating engine converts pressure into a rotating motion that propels the movements of the parts connected to the shaft. A reciprocating engine would have cylinders, pistons, crankshaft, rods, valves and spark plugs. The up-down motion of the engine transfers the movement or the energy to the propeller through the connected shaft, cam and the rods. This is a basic functioning of a reciprocating engine used in aircraft, and its power is measured in horsepower. One horsepower is equivalent to the power of lifting 33,000 pounds ...