Genetics Research Papers Samples For Students

Late last year an important discovery about Neanderthal was presented to the public. A 130,000-year-old Neanderthal toe fossil discovered in a cave in Siberia, Russia, allowed scientists to sequence a complete Neanderthal genome. This information is important both in terms of studying Neanderthals, and also understanding of what makes the lineage of humans unique. It will allow scientists to how Neanderthals and Humans interacted and the breeding habits between both species.

Nature was the journal that broke finding to the public in their peer-reviewed journal in an article titled, The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. ...

The term genetic enhancement, when used in scientific circles, means the use of genetic engineering skills to modify the characteristics of an individual that are non-pathological in nature. It has come to the fore in the last few decades, thanks to tremendous technological advancements that have been made as far as the human genome is concerned. Of particular importance is the completion of the human genome project which has, now than ever, made it very easy for the scientists to accurately describe the specific gene responsible for certain characteristics in an individual, be it ...

Science has permeated several aspects of people’s lives. Every little thing uses one scientific principle or the other. Therefore, science does not exist in a vacuum. This paper focuses on Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology as one area of science. Apart from exploring how DNA got discovered and how this technology can be applied in the real world, the paper also focuses on the influence philosophy has had on the contextual development of DNA technology. It will be worth noting that DNA technology is quickly taking center stage in various aspects of our lives. As with other modern advances, DNA ...

Introduction

Golden Rice refers to the rice that was developed by scientists for the purposes of supplementing the need for vitamin A. The reasons behind the efforts that were marshaled to push for its discovery were along realms of the urgency and the need to salvage the effects of lack of Vitamin A in most foods (Schulze). As a result of the lack of the vitamin, many children in the world are suffering. Ultimately, several deaths had been reported. At the same time, medical reports dictate that, pregnant women are also greatly affected by the lack of Vitamin A. For these ...

Description

A genetically modified organism refers to organism whose genetic makeup has been intentionally altered (Jumba, 2010). They involve both plants and animals. Genetically modified plants are referred to as transgenic plants whereas genetically modified animals are referred to as transgenic animals. According to Starr, Evers and Starr (2011), the most commonly used genetically modified organisms include yeast and bacteria. This is attributed to the metabolic ability of the cells of these organisms to make complex organic molecules.

Science behind Genetically Modified Organisms

Genetic modification is normally carried out in the laboratory. According to Keefer, two procedures are normally applied in the transformation of the ...

Cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis is a disease relating to the exocrine gland function. It involves multiple organ system as a whole, but there are some specific organ dysfunctions caused by this condition. These are the chronic respiratory infections, and pancreatic enzyme insufficiency. There are also some forms of complications that are usually associated with the untreated patients. Pulmonary issues or involvement is found in 90 percent of patients surviving the neonatal period. It has been noted in recent times that the major cause of death relating to the cystic fibrosis is the end-stage lung disease associated with it.
In the affected individuals, ...

Introduction

Most of the world’s chronic diseases are preventable by long term dietary behavior. Out of the ten major causes of deaths for Americans, diet is a contributing factor to at least five of them. These diseases are such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes. A report by the Joint World Health Organization on diet made in 2003 revealed that, most of the world’s chronic diseases can be prevented by regular physical exercise and maintenance of a healthy weight. This finding is valid up to date. According to this report, a person’s genome determined their susceptibility to disease while external ...

Introduction

Depression is a disease affecting a large part of the population today. Though many people experience sadness from time to time, depression is a much more complex disease. It affects a person’s daily life and often results in physical pain. Unlike the occasional feelings of sadness that fade away, depression lasts longer (NIMH, 2014).
Biopsychology involves the scientific study of the relationship between behavior and biology (Green, 2013). In the study of their relationship, biology and behavior mostly interact in the brain and nervous system. It will also apply to the analysis of depression in relation to the biology; this study ...

ABSTRACT

Muscular dystrophy disorders are hereditary neuromuscular disorders in which the skeletal muscles deteriorate progressively due to loss of the functional protein dystrophin encoded by the DMD gene. There are many types of muscular dystrophy and they are classified based on the genetic mechanisms involved. Muscular dystrophy symptoms are usually caused by mutations in the link between cytoskeletal and basal lamina proteins since dystrophin is a sarcolemmal membrane protein (Meregalli M, 2013). Loss of ambulation is also an important clinical milestone in the clinical diagnosis of muscular dystrophy. Respiratory muscles, particularly the intercostal and diaphragm muscles are also affected by muscular ...

Abstract

The correlation between criminal activity and genetic composition is one of the polarizing issues in criminal justice today. This paper investigates the relevance of using genetic testing in courtrooms for defense and the causation relationships between the genetic composition and criminal behavior. The study conducted a survey on a random sample of 100 participants. The results indicated that most people do not support using genetic testing as defense in criminal procedures. Similarly, many people do not see the causation relationship between the two phenomena. Nevertheless, this research concluded that, following the implications of criminal behavior, and that, most criminal activities such ...

The gastrointestinal tract, which spans from the mouth to the anus, is a durable yet sensitive system that is susceptible to a variety of disorders that can bring an individual great pain and distress. There are a myriad of gastrointestinal disorders that fall under the category of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), including Ulcerative Colitis, Irritable Bowel Disease (IBD), and Crohn’s disease. Many of these gastrointestinal disorders have similar characteristics, but they are each distinct disorder and should be treated as such.

Etiology of Crohn’s Disease

According to a breadth of research into gastrointestinal disease, Crohn’s disease appears to be one of the more complex in ...

Introduction

Over the years, research has been uncovering more and more rare diseases, especially genetic disorders. Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) is one of such rare disorders of the blood that causes a disfiguring swelling of a part of the body, particularly the face, larynx, extremities, abdomen, and genitalia. It may range from a simple painful swelling of an extremity to asphyxiation from laryngeal involvement. Diagnosis and prognosis of this condition depends on a heightened sense of awareness of the symptoms of the disease by the managing clinician and the availability of effective interventions.
HAE is known to occur in people with a deficiency of a particular ...

Psychologists use different kinds of methods to study genetics. These methods include the pedigree analysis, Karyotping, planned experimental breeding, and the twin study methods. The pedigree analysis refers to the pictorial representation of the members of a family with symbols representing the members of the family and lines representing genetic relationships. The Karyotyping method however, detects the number of chromosomes as well as their different abnormality using pictorial representation of the chromosomes. The planned experimental breeding on the other hand uses plant experiment and analysis to pass through generations. The twin study studies the disconcordance and the concordance of the ...

Breast cancer can be referred to as a cancer type that originates from breast tissue, mostly from the milk ducts’ inner lining or the lobules, which supply the ducts with milk (Sariego, 2010). Cancers arising from ducts are called ductal carcinomas, as those from lobules are called lobular carcinomas. Breast cancer affects humans, as well as other mammals. Breast cancer also affects in men.
Breast cancer occurs due to an environmental factor’s interaction with a host that is genetically susceptible. Normal cells undergo division as many times as required and stop. They get attached to other cells where they ...

Introduction

Lung cancer has remained the leading cause of cancer deaths in both men and women in United States. According to International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), approximately 1.35 million new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed across the world each year. There are a wide number of risk factors associated with lung cancer. These are smoking, exposure to asbestos, silica exposure, and diesel exhaust. The most common cause is the exposure to tobacco smoke through either active or passive smoking. Males are at a higher risk of lung cancer than females, a ratio of 7.8 to 5.8 respectively. There are five ...

Genetic counseling is the process that determines the risk an individual has of passing on an inheritable disease to their baby. Genetic counseling involves a health care professional who interprets information about the disorder, identifies families at risk, reviews available options with the family and analyzes patterns of inheritance. Genetic counseling is of paramount importance to pregnant women. Although pregnancy is met with excitement, the pregnancy may take a different turn if the fetus is found to be afflicted with diseases such as Tay-Sachs disease. Tay-Sachs is genetic condition that is common among Jewish descent. Therefore, genetic testing is important as ...

OBSERVATIONS

Since I entered into a formal institution, and we happen to study the evolution, I have always been left amazed and wondered on how living beings came to be. Because it was in my primary level, I always thought of it as just a mere story. I could hear that people were once using their four limbs for movement like the monkeys. I could also read that we evolved from the primate family which consists the likes of the chimpanzees, monkeys, baboons, and we later came to become what we are today. My grandparents could tell me stories of how the ...

- Introduction
It was Sigmund Freud who first suggested that human psychosexual development is heavily influenced by one’s relationship with one’s father or mother (Katz-Wise 2). However, in reality, the development of sexuality is quite different and significantly more complex. Gender identity has become different from sexual identity, and one’s sexual orientation is different still (Katz-Wise 2). Before detailing the prevailing arguments regarding sexual identity and all the issues that go along with it, it is first important to understand the nature of the discussion.
Sexual identity, for the purposes of discussion here, will ...

Abstract

Human XPA is a protein engaged in DNA damage recognition and repair. A mutation in the gene encoding the protein causes an autosomal recessive disorder, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), which renders an individual sensitive to sunlight and causes skin cancer. XPA is a 273 amino acid protein, which is predominantly localized in the nucleus. It is expressed at both high and moderate levels in several tissues. The protein serves as a damage sensor in a nucleotide excision repair mechanism, through which the damage to a DNA strand is verified and repaired by formation of a newly synthesized strand. Besides this primary NER mechanism, XPA in conjunction ...

I employed various avenues of tracking down information concerning my haplogroup and what it meant to be a member of my haplogroup. First, I opened the link given by the Professor to determine the various haplogroups, the HVS-1 motifs, the 73 status and the coding-region mutations. I studied each of the haplogroups and their corresponding HVS-1 motifs, their status and their coding-region mutations. I examined the transitions of the reference sequences basing on the indicated explicit HVS-1 positions. I identified a selection of the given coding-region mutations shown by the RFLP analysis. From my report, I aligned my sequence and recorded ...

In 1997, the public have been shocked about the announcement of the successful mammal cloning. Dolly, the sheep, is the first to be cloned by Ian Wilmut and his co-workers by the process of transferring nuclear genome (Brock 1). There are issues that arise from the public about the morality and ethics of the research method and objective. They are afraid of what should the next thing that could happen after this technological advancement. On the other side, the scientific world have been fascinated and rejoiced about the announcement of Wilmut. There are many scientists that are excited of ...

Von Gierke Disease

Introduction
Von Gierke disease or Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1 (GSD-1) belongs to a group of rare metabolic disorders with a reported incidence of 1 case per 100,000 births per year. The clinical condition results from deficiency of key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway resulting in an increase in intermediate metabolites and accumulation of glycogen in the affected tissues. It is a genetic disorder with a natural history of severe developmental abnormalities and long term complications. This paper provides an overview of GSD-1 based on studies published in peer reviewed journals with a focus on its genetic determinants, clinical picture, available therapeutic ...

Introduction

Genetics is the study of genes and variation in living organisms. Genetics characteristic generally considered the field of biology but it is clear that it does happens frequently with many of the life sciences, strongly discussed, and linked in the study of information systems. The genes structure and function variation and distributions extended in the study of the cell, the organism and within the context of a population. Nature versus nurture is the process of genetics work with the combination process with an organism’s environment, and experiences to influence development and behavior.
The extra-cellular environment includes on switching ...

Introduction

Parkinson’s disease (PD) refers to a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It is the second most predominant neurodegenerative condition after Alzheimer’s disease (Thomas & Beal, 2007). Advanced age increases the risk of disease. It is diagnosed in 1% of individuals with 65 years of age and 5% of the individuals with over 85 years (Weintraub, Comella, & Horn, 2008). However, up to 3% of the cases have been found in people below 50 years. Other risk factors include the male gender and individuals of European ancestry. PD is a chronic disorder that progresses slowly; it may take 15 years from the time ...

Abstract

Neural tube defects are a common occurrence in many pregnancies. Some of them have fairly minimal consequences and in fact, many children born with these defects lead normal lives. Spina bifida is one of these defects and is indeed one of the most common. The defect emanates from the failure of the neural tube to close properly leaving an opening. This paper aims to look at this defect from several perspectives including a brief description of the disorder, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, the usual age of onset and relevant ethnic and cultural risk information. The paper will also look at the genetic ...

The Los Angeles Zoo has a number of primate species. Background information indicates that there are a number of species of monkeys and apes in the zoo. The New World Monkeys are located in the South American section of the zoo and include the Black-handed spider monkey, the crested capuchin monkey, the black-howler monkey and the squirrel monkey. Of the four species of great apes, three that are exhibited at the Zoo include chimpanzees, orangutans, and gorillas. In the “Red Ape Rain Forest”, the orangutans are divided into a couple of groups. An in-depth observation shows that each group centers on a male. ...

Introduction:

In recent times, there has been a rapid growth in the amount of data generated and collected on the human genome project and sequencing projects in other organisms. The rapid growth of biological data has consequently led to increased demand for data analysis and interpretation methods and tools. The evolving science of bioinformatics provides the necessary processes and tools to conduct this data analysis (Bayat, 2002). There are a number of specifically dedicated bioinformatics problem-solving tools and successful applications. However, despite the many existing applications, bioinformatics is still considered as a science in its infancy, and the process of massive integrating it ...

(Author)

Use of Restriction Enzymes in Pharmaceuticals
Restriction enzyme, which is also referred to as restriction endonuclease, is a class of enzyme that is helpful in cutting DNA at restriction sites. Restriction sites are particular recognition nucleotide sequences on double stranded DNA having the length of 4-5 base pairs. Restriction enzymes are also known deoxyribonucleases (DNases). Presently, there are four different types of restriction enzymes:
- Type I enzymes that are “classical” in nature, e.g. EcoKI, EcoBI, and EcoR124;
- Type II enzymes that are “orthodox” in nature, e.g. EcoRI, HindIII, EcoRV;
- Type III enzymes ...

__ November 2014 (date)

Safety of food supply is very important for any country in the world. Every government considers it to be the one of the most important tasks, as safety of food supply influences the health and well-being of the nation. There are many authorities dealing with it in the US, however, the country still faces significant problems with the food supply safety. Nowadays, the US has an important task to protect its people from the threats of the food supply. The task is so difficult that the government might be approaching crisis in this respect. The ...

Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease characterized by the buildup of sticky and thick mucus inside the body that can potentially damage the organs (US NLM, 2012). The two most common signs of Cystic Fibrosis are damaged respiratory system and chronic digestive problems. The severity varies among the affected individuals. The disease is most common among Caucasian people (1 in every 2,500 newborns) and most rare among the Asians (1 in every 31,000 newborns) (US NLM, 2012).
Cystic Fibrosis produces thick mucus that can block the airways in the lungs, leading to bacterial infection and severe breathing ...

Introduction

With the progress of technology comes the progress of man’s over-all way of living. There are new ways of doing things and solving problems. Technology has opened new doors for mankind in all aspects of everyday living. It has created new ways of connecting with people, of documenting personal experiences, and even of creating food. One of the most controversial ways in which modern technology has reinvented the process of food production is through genetically modified crops. The process of modifying the genetic composition of plants and animals has become a contemporary solution to a myriad of food related problems ...

(Author)

Genetically Modified Organisms
Introduction
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are those organisms in which genetic material is changed with the help of genetic engineering and other advanced techniques in laboratory. In GMOs, genomes are precisely changed at the molecular level with the help of techniques such as recombinant genetic technologies. In these organisms, genes from unrelated organisms are added to produce required characteristics, which are not easy to produce through traditional ways of selective breeding. Scientists have successfully modified many organisms including bacteria, yeasts, insects, plants, and mammals. Plants are among those GMOs that have faced much ...

The human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, is among the quickest known evolving entities. It multiplies sloppily, piling up lots of mutations during the process of copying its genetic material. It also multiplies at a high speed where one virus can breed billions of copies in only a single day. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, AIDS, was first acknowledged as a new disease in the year 1981 during which rising numbers of youthful homosexual men died of strange opportunistic infections, as well as unusual malignancies (Greene). A retrovirus, now referred to as human immunodeficiency virus type 1, HIV-1, was later on keyed out as the ...

Abstract

Theory of evolution as proposed by Darwin has for long hinged on the fossil records to prove the process of evolution. However, the prevalent gaps in the fossils led way to the development of the punctuated equilibrium theory that was proposed by Eldredge and Gould as an alternative to Darwin’s phyletic gradualism theory. The punctuated equilibrium postulated that speciation occurs in an isolated peripheral subsect of population as a rapid change after a period of stasis. Unlike the anagenetic speciation of phyletic gradualism, punctuated equilibrium promotes the concept of cladogenetic speciation. However, punctuated equilibrium does consider rapid anagenetic speciation as a ...

Mental disorders presently affect a large proportion of world population. The World Health Organization (2012)conducted a status survey, which found that a significant chunk of the world population suffers from various degrees of a wide assemblage of mental disorders. According to the World Health Organization Report (2012), over 350 million people suffer from depression all over the world. In a conflict between, Nature vs. Nurture, scientific community stands divided on the contribution of genetics on Psychiatric disorders and illness. However through this essay, I will put forward arguments based on scientific findings that showcase the contribution of genetics on mental disorders.
Unlike ...

Variation and Inheritance

Charles Darwin tried to link his theory of acquired traits and use and disuse in describing how characters get inherited. He said that acquired traits get transmitted from the parents to the offspring. Although they lacked scientific proofs, Darwin’s theories led to the belief that character traits in an individual were mainly acquired from the environment in which an organism lives (Roberts, 61). The theories also led to the belief that the characters that come from the environment can be inherited by the offspring. Recent studies and research have shown that what Darwin called gemmules are cells that ...

May I say that, the growing of citrus fruits is pertinent for obtaining one of the most luscious fruits in the world. Citrus, a plant, which originated from south East Asia, has characteristic edible juicy fruit and fragrant flowers. In essence, even when the conditions for growth of the plant is are not ideal, there may be still a citrus for everyone. In the United States, citrus is produced in California, Texas, Arizona and Florida. Of the aforementioned states, Florida is the biggest producer of citrus fruits in America accounting up to 70% of the total U.S production (Halbert, Susan & Manjunath, ...

FREDERICK BANTING

Biography
Fredrick Banting took birth near Alliston, Ontario, Canada on Nov 19, 1891. He completed his schooling from Alliston, and went on to pursue a medical degree from Divinity College and graduated to become a doctor in 1916. In his urge to serve the country during the First World War, he joined Royal Canadian army Medical Corps. In 1941, Banting died in a plane crash .

Contribution

Banting assumed that if the hormonal secretions of Islets of Langerhans (a part of the pancreas) were extractable, it could act as a controlling agent for diabetes.Along with his assistant Charles Best, Banting started his experiments on dogs ...

The Economist. Human Evolution: Darwin’s Children. Print edition Science and technology. 2007. Edited print
The Economist discusses Human Evolution and how it has speeded up over the past 80,000 years. It indicates how this raises awkward question about the concept of “race. Argued from the article, more bad science research has been done on the concept of human race compared to any other field in biology. This bad concept, according to The Economist, is generated from preconceived ideas that there are individuals who are better than others. The concepts are not interested in research and investigation ...

This essay will discuss about Genetically-Modified (GM) Foods or also known as genetically-engineered or transgenic food or Genetically-Modified Organisms (GMO). GMOs are “crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques. These plants have been modified in the laboratory to enhance desired traits such as increased resistance to herbicides or improved nutritional content”. Traditionally, enhancement of organisms’ genes has been done by humans through selective breeding which depends on nature . This selective breeding eventually evolved to systematic hybridization which involves the controlled transfer of genes within species and not between different species. Hybridization though ...

Reason for doing the research

The goal of the paper was to investigate whether pharmacological treatment with the pan- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) agonist bezafibrate would correct a deficiency of PPAR--coactivator 1α (PGC-1 α) and apply beneficial effects in a transgenic mouse having Huntington’s disease (HD). A number of mice with a deficiency of PGC-1 α were fed on a special diet comprising of bezafibrate and another group was left untreated. The mice were examined for a long period and then euthanized with CO2 inhalation. They died after some time and were dissected with several internal parts (brain, muscles, liver etc) being examined.

Hypothesis

The hypotheses was based on the evidence ...

Introduction

Genetically modified organisms also termed as GMOs have their genes altered by genetic engineering techniques. Over the past 10 years, many organisms have been genetically modified/altered for numerous purposes. Some of the micro-organisms that have been altered are yeast, bacteria, plants, fish, insects and mammals. GMOs form the base of genetically modified food and crops. GMOs have been utilized in scientific research for the betterment of human life. GMOs are known for their potential benefit to mankind in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, healthcare and scientific research. (Phillips T. 2008)
GMOs are organisms whose genes are modified or ...

Abstract

Bones are formed through a process known as osteogenesis from three different lineages. This process takes place through two different methods, which are intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. A large increment in bone mass takes place in childhood, as well as puberty, through the formation of endochondral bone. At this point, growth hormones are known to play a role. This paper will focus on the process of cartilage and bone formation and the stimulation of bone formation by the growth hormone. There are a number of factors that regulate the formation of bone, while growth hormone affects a number of factors related to ...

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by unwanted, repetitive, and uncontrollable thoughts. These thought produce apprehension, uneasiness, worry, and fear. It is a disabling and a costly disorder that present in various medical settings, although it is undertreated and under-recognized. Symptoms of this disorder include; excessive cleaning or washing, extreme hoarding, repeated checking, preoccupation with violet, sexual, or religious thoughts, and obsession that are related to relationships. This disorder causes the brain to stick on a particular urge or thought, like a needle getting stuck on an old record. Notably, these symptom can be time-consuming and alienating, more to ...

The Supreme Court of the United States of America recently released the much anticipated judgment in the case of Association Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics case. This case involved the issue of whether it is right for human genes to be patentable. In this case, the Supreme Court was of the opinion that isolating a gene as separating it from the surrounding genetic material was not in itself an act of invention. In the reasoning of the court, this is because the structure of the gene is not new as it already exists in nature. However, the Supreme Court was ...

4 April,2014

Pollination can simply be described as a mechanism that involves the transfer of pollen contribute to the process of reproduction of plants. this process in plants reproduction entails ferterlization and reproduction (Barret). In scientific terms or biological terms, pollination can be described as the movement or transfer of pollen from one flower's anther to the stigma of same or other flower. This process or step is a pre-requisite for the ferterlization because it allows the fusion of the nuclei from one pollen grain with the nuclei of the ovule of the flower of other plant. The whole essence ...

Human behaviour is a complex topic because it is determined by various biological, social, and psychological factors. Depending on the factors influencing behaviour, a human being may act in a certain way without knowing why they had acted in such a manner. In Brain on Trial, David Eagleman explains the relationship that exists between neuroscience and criminal acts, and how this information can be used to build a better society with a justice system that is not ignorant of the facts of advances in brain science (121-123). This information can better equip those in the justice system to understand better why crimes occur and may ...

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A summary

Introduction
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease. It is also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. It is a disease that targets the neurons (nerve cells) that control the voluntary muscles. ALS belongs to a class of neurological diseases known as the motor neuron diseases (MND). Motor neuron diseases involve the steady deterioration and death of motor neurons. Motor neurons function as the communication links between the voluntary muscles of the body and the nervous systems. These neurons are located in the brain and the spinal cord. Transmission of information and messages occurs from the motor neurons of ...

After over a whole decade since the first genetically modified crops were approved an increasingly fiercer debate has emerged as to whether the genetically engineered (GE) crops will promote the sustainability of agriculture. This debate shows no signs of ending with proponents emphasizing on the potential of the robust technology to promote productivity in the agricultural sector with the possibility of decreasing the utilization of the costly and environmentally hazardous inputs, as well as the potentiality of the technology to address the climatic conditions that are very dynamic and unpredictable. Even though the implementation of this technology in the future ...

Embryonic stem cell is a crucial factor in the developmental process of a multicellular organism. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived at early stages during development and eventually give rise to all type of tissues and organs in an animal. The ES cell lines have three properties consisting of self-renewal, primary chimera formation and pluripotency [1]. Pluripotency, a key feature of ESCs, refers to the capacity of a cell to differentiate into several different types of tissues [2]. An array of cellular factors play important role in maintaining pluripotency and determining cell fate in the developmental pathway. Negative effects on these factors may ...

Cloning could be the answer to the pain and suffering of many people around the globe. Human cloning is the asexual reproduction or replication of a human being at any stage of development. It can also be defined as the formation of an identical genetic copy of a human being. Cloning itself is not new as it dates back to the 1970s, where frogs and toads were experimented on. It is principally divided into two types, that is, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning is whereby there is a creation of a child, whereas therapeutic cloning is the creation of stem cells ...

Over the past 10, 000 years, human race has developed under impetuous of applied genetics. Humankind is gaining increasing understanding in heredity variation among living things, the science of genetics. This raises various issues in terms of science and technology that spring from genetics, and potential impacts advancing from such inventions. These are the most progressing areas of the knowledge of humankind in today’s world. There has been genetic modification of plants to make them resilient, profitable and nutritious. This is achieved through genetic engineering, where organisms are manipulated to produce desired trait like drought tolerance or higher ...

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Polymerase chain reaction known as PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983. It is a Molecular Diagnostic technology used for amplification of DNA. A single copy of DNA can be amplified to higher magnitudes with a thousand copies of a single DNA sequence. PCR has now been developed as a Molecular Diagnostic tool for Cancer and mainly to detect the early onset of leukemia or lymphomas. It is widely used as a diagnostic tool in the field of microbiology and is also utilized in detection of infectious micro-organisms y detecting specific disease causing genes. In the year 1993, Mulis was awarded the Noble ...

Genetic diversity refers to the changes that occur in the nucleotides, genes, chromosomes, or in the whole genomes of organisms. It necessitates looking at the genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species which is not in the case of genetic variability, which details the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary. Mutations are the changes that take place in the genetic sequence, and they are the principal cause of diversity among organisms. The changes happen at many different levels. They can have widely differing results or effects. In biological modes that have the ability to reproduce, it is a must ...

Cancer is the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of cells in an abnormal tissue incongruent with the growth pattern of normal cells that persists even after the stimuli that evoked the change is withdrawn. The cell cycle check points at G1, G2 and at the end of metaphase that prevent transmission of genetically damaged DNA fail to occur. Transmission of faulty DNA results in either an abnormal rate of cell division and multiplication or abnormally constituted daughter cells.
The genes affected are the normal regulatory genes including growth promoting proto-oncogenes-normal genes that are prone to becoming cancerous on mutation ...

Introduction

Human Engineering is an applied science that coordinates the design of systems, devices and the working conditions with the requirements and capacities of workers. It can also mean the alteration of human body cells in order to fight genetic and chronic diseases or to improve human intelligence, appearance, memory or some other desirable traits (Baylis & Jason, 24). In this context, human engineering is viewed from the context of genetic modifications of human cells. Genetists who conduct scientific research into human engineering and sports owners advocate for it while purists who advocate for the maintenance of the human species from ...

Cloning has been a subject of great speculation for decades now, with the major breakthrough coming in 1997 after scientist successfully cloned the first mammal, the Dolly sheep. It refers to the process used in the creation of an exact genetic copy of a cell, organism or tissue of an organism. The material, which is genetically a copy of the original cell or tissue, is called a clone. The types of cloning are divided into three; 1) gene cloning in which copies of genes of cell or its DNA are made; 2) reproductive cloning in which a copy of a whole organism is made, and ...

schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is sometimes confused with psychosis. However, it only presents with psychosis as one of its cardinal symptoms. Also, both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in its development. Some genetic markers have been identified that determine if individuals will come down with schizophrenia or not. Certain antipsychotic agents have also been employed in the treatment of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia..
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder that takes a chronic course. It can either be persistent of episodic (Frankenburg, 2013). The hallmarks of the disease include symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disturbance in the ...

The World Health Organization defines genetically modified foods (GMO) as “organisms in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally”. It involves technology often referred to as gene technology, modern biotechnology or genetic engineering. The process allows for selective transfer of genes from one organism to another. The transfer of genes can be done between organisms of the same species or of different species. Genetic engineering has been practiced for many years. We often hear of cases where a specific gene is selected from an animal or plant and introduced into a different organism ...

Parkinson’s disease is a common neurological disorder. It affects approximately 1% of individuals over the age of 60 years. It cases a form of disability which is progressive. However, the disability can be slowed down but not halted by treatment (Hauser, 2013). Neuropathology findings in the disease include the loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons in the region of the substantia nigra pas compacts. There is also the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites (Lee et al, 2009). In most cases of Parkinson’s disease, a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors has been implicated in the evolution of the ...