Lancet Research Papers Samples For Students

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A summary

Introduction
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease. It is also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. It is a disease that targets the neurons (nerve cells) that control the voluntary muscles. ALS belongs to a class of neurological diseases known as the motor neuron diseases (MND). Motor neuron diseases involve the steady deterioration and death of motor neurons. Motor neurons function as the communication links between the voluntary muscles of the body and the nervous systems. These neurons are located in the brain and the spinal cord. Transmission of information and messages occurs from the motor neurons of ...

Introduction

The issue of organ donation is an issue that has elicited sharp reactions from many quarters. However due to lack of proper rules and regulations to govern this process people have resorted to organ trading in the ‘black’ market. Organ transplants arise when one either acquires an injury that destroys his organs or through certain illnesses that destroys some organs in the body and this will require an organ transplant to rectify this mistake. Due to technology and scientific innovations doctors worldwide are able to successfully transfer organs from one patient (donor) to another (recipient) if the doctors find ...

Autism is a neurological disease which impacts the ability of a person to communicate. Autism is known to be a group of several disorders which impacts the communicating and relating ability of the person. It is not a single disease but rather a description for a group of disorders that affect people in similar ways. This condition is also referred as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The origin of autism causes several controversies due to the fact that it’s origin is largely unidentified presently. Autism is possibly caused due to an amalgamation of environmental triggers and genetic factors. Defective immune system is reported to be ...

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Introduction
Cirrhosis is caused by liver injury that results in fibrogenesis and inflammation. These problems result in collapse of liver structures and significant distortion of hepatic vascular structure. This distortion leads to elevated resistance to portal blood flow as well as portal hypertension. Moreover, hepatic synthetic dysfunction is also caused as a result of these problems. Clinically, liver cirrhosis is considered as an end-stage disease that could result in death until liver transplantation is performed (Tsochatzis, Bosch, & Burroughs, 2014).
Liver cirrhosis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in most of the developed countries. In ...

The paper will highlight the research question as it guides the whole paper on how it should be written. It forms the basis and foundation of the answer to the entire paper and acts as a guide to the study.
Hypothesis-it will give the explanation of the government actions based on the level of evidence presented from the primary and secondary sources which will allow the study focus deeply on the further investigation of the topic.
Methodology-this part will address the methods the researcher will use throughout the study to discuss the main body and answer the research question ...

Disease pathophysiology

Definition of breast cancer
Breast cancer is a malignant growth of cells in the breast. This type of cancer arises in the milk-producing glands when cells begin to divide in an uncontrolled way, forming a tumor. The most common neoplasm in breast cancer is the adenocarcinoma of the cells covering the terminal lobular unit (American Cancer Society, 2016; Stephan, 2016).

Prevalence of breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer to affect women in North America, with more than 200,000 new cases each year, and worldwide, counting up more than 1,200,000. It is the second cause of cancer ...

Human life and survival are connected with the environment. With the changes in the environment, human surroundings appear to undergo an adjustment or modification to continue the life. More probably, some climatic changes tend to interfere with the human life from several corners. These could be lethal or life threatening. For example, climate change might modify the occasional examples and plenitude of irritations and illnesses; in turn, this may influence the use of pesticides, herbicides and fungicides. Reactions will vary in the middle of harvests and between geological areas. There are studies that use of these pesticides within the ...

Abstract

Worldwide, ovarian cancer is ovarian cancer is the sixth most diagnosed cancer and is responsible for the most deaths annually than any other disease of the female reproductive system. It has a poor prognosis because the symptoms are vague even into Stage IV of the disease. Epithelial ovarian cancer constitutes about 90% of diagnosed cases. Research has demonstrated that hormone therapy, chronic pelvic inflammation, and BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline pathogenic variants are factors in the etiology of ovarian cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 is also associated with breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, fallopian tube cancer, prostate cancer, and primary peritoneal cancer. ...

Fetal alcohol syndrome is a condition whereby a child is born with a range of physical and mental deformities as a result of alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy. Such deformities are permanent, and the affected children will have to live with them for the rest of their lives. Over the last few decades, the number of infants born with this disease has been steadily rising. Of late this situation has captured the attention of medical practitioners worldwide as the rates are now alarming. For this reason, the medical community is more aware of the conditions and is ...

Anti-social personality disorder is a chronic mental condition that affects the way the patient thinks, perceive situations, and relate with other people around. People ailing from this disorder have no feelings with regards to what is considered right and wrong. They often disregard the rights, feelings, and expectations of the people they interact with. It makes the patients malicious in that they tend to treat other people harshly without caring about the outcome of such unfair treatment. They are in conflicts with others since they try to manipulate and treat people with arrogance. The current paper seeks to describe ...

Crohn's Disease (CD): A Historical Background

Crohn’s disease is a persistent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may impact any part of the gastrointestinal path, however, normally impacts the ileum (Yamada, 2009). It usually occurs to individuals of age 21 or under (Wilson et al., 2010). The CD may affect the quality of life (Baumgart & Sandborn, 2007; Morrison et al., 2009). It may need surgery (Pihl-Lesnovska et al., 2010).
There is a steady global rise in the occurrence of Crohn’s Disease and it represents an increased hospitalization (Gibson, 2009; Morrison et al., 2009; Wilson et al., 2010). In 2009, the CD cases in Australia were ...

ABSTRACT

Muscular dystrophy disorders are hereditary neuromuscular disorders in which the skeletal muscles deteriorate progressively due to loss of the functional protein dystrophin encoded by the DMD gene. There are many types of muscular dystrophy and they are classified based on the genetic mechanisms involved. Muscular dystrophy symptoms are usually caused by mutations in the link between cytoskeletal and basal lamina proteins since dystrophin is a sarcolemmal membrane protein (Meregalli M, 2013). Loss of ambulation is also an important clinical milestone in the clinical diagnosis of muscular dystrophy. Respiratory muscles, particularly the intercostal and diaphragm muscles are also affected by muscular ...

Depression is a medical condition, causing a wide array of physical, as well as psychological symptoms. According to an article entitled “Depression in Adolescence” published in The Lancet, nearly 8 percent of all adolescents will experience depression before they reach their teens . Nearly 4% of them will remain depressed through their teenage years. Unfortunately, many times this mental illness goes undiagnosed because the symptoms can be difficult to recognize in this age group (2012). Regardless of whether it is diagnosed or not, if untreated, it can become a significant problem in the adolescent’s life.
Though the exact cause of depression ...

Methodology

Research design
The schools that will be participating in the study will be randomly assigned either of these statuses: control or intervention which will be marked by a code. Factors such as the availability of physical fitness programs and school diet will be taken into account. Prior to the commencement of the analysis, a consultative meeting will be held. It will bring together parents, teachers and myself as the researcher. A community centered approach known as Stay and Play initiative will be developed in partnership with parents and teachers. The initiative entails engaging the students in physical activity after school ...

Preterm or premature births pertain to births earlier than 38 weeks of gestation. The WHO (2013) estimates that each year around 15 million infants are born before 37 weeks. The preterm birth rate varies across 184 countries but range from 5-18% of all live births. On one hand, estimates show that approximately 75% of preterm mortality can be prevented even without intensive care interventions (WHO, 2013). On the other, prematurity has become the top cause of newborn mortality with over a million deaths every year which accounts for 35% of total newborn mortality (Lawn et al., 2012). Third world or ...

Abstract

Cirrhosis is 12th on the list of leading causes of death in the US. Cirrhosis is characterized by scarring of the liver tissue due to inflammation that could lead to liver failure and death. Some patients develop cancer in due course of the illness. The scarring, which is usually permanent, covers the outer layer with collagen, makes the liver very rigid and limits the exchange of blood between the portal vein and the liver, thereby creating excess pressure in the hepatic portal vein. The scarring renders the removal of toxin such as alcohol difficult due to depletion of hepatocytes. ...

Results: Appropriateness of the data collection methods for the study

The data collection method was observational study. It involved the recording of some baseline measurements and latter on respective changes in weight and height in order to obtain the Body Mass Index (BMIs) of school children who would participate in the study for a period of about two years (Ludwig, Peterson & Gortmaker, 2001. This method of data collection was suitable because, the dependent and the dependent and independent are measurable quantities or aspects. The method also allows for the incorporation of interviews and surveys using questionnaires on the respondents in order to make conclusive observations and measurements. For instance, the ...

Childhood obesity is a growing problem both in the United States and elsewhere around the world. Without careful consideration and new plans for avoiding the problem of childhood obesity, it is likely that the problem will continue to become more and more apparent in years to come. The prevalence of childhood obesity is also linked to adulthood obesity, meaning that children who are overweight are more likely to turn into adults who are overweight (Deckelbaum and Williams 241). Although both adults and children are at significant risk for disease related to obesity, it is very important to address the issue ...

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary disorder that is characterized by an inflammation and hyper-responsiveness of the airways and causes several symptoms, including coughing, shortage of breath, tightness in the chest area, and wheezing. Although asthma is generally diagnosed early in life, all age groups can suffer from asthma and be at risk for acute asthma exacerbation. Asthma is a serious issue because acute exacerbations can lead to high morbidity and mortality rates.
In 2009, more than 3,000 people died because of asthma (American Lung Association, 2012). Only 37 asthma-related deaths per year occur in children, but the risk for ...