Membrane Research Papers Samples For Students

Betta Splendens: Aggression levels in males in the presence of a female stimulus

Abstract
The aggression is one of the behaviors that have been studied in the Betta splendens. In this study, the male Betta splendens behavior is affected by the presence of different stimuli such as female presence. They interact differently aggressively with the other males when the female are present. Three stimuli were tested where each of them has a different effect on different behaviors.

Introduction

Betta splendens has a normal name Siamese fighting fish and is a popular species among the freshwater aquarium fish. The genus name for this fish is derived from ikan bettah, which is a local dialect of Malay (Luna, ...

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body not only to regulate and coordinate the body’s biochemical pathways but also to keep the cells healthy. This particular systematic removal of cells occurs through a selective mechanism called cell death or apoptosis process. Apoptosis is not a new concept in the understanding of the biological workings of the body. This homeostatic death of body cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many [1]. However, new discoveries have unearthed the existence of a different concept ...

Eukaryotes are organisms that made up of cells that have a have a nucleus that is bound by a membrane. They also have membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles.

Similarities

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA as their genetic composition or material. Secondly, both cells are membrane bound. They both have ribosomes. They have nearly the same basic metabolism. Both cells have vacuoles. Lastly, the two cells both have vesicles.

Differences

Eukaryote cells have a nucleus while the prokaryote cells lack a nucleus. Eukaryotes have a true membrane binding the nucleus in the cell, while the prokaryote ...

The regeneration of nerves throughout the human body has been a subject of much interest in biology recently. The unique characteristics of both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide insights into the mechanisms occurring after once damage occurs. A good understanding of tThe differences between these mechanisms also may lead to new therapies for nerve-damaged patients, including stroke patients. Following injury, the nerves in the CNS of an adult mammal will not regenerate, while the PNS will. These differences appear in every stage of axon regeneration.
Within hours of axotomy, the PNS begins ...

Introduction

The term lipids is used to refer to a group of organic compounds that are naturally occurring and that are all soluble in non-organic solvents such as benzene , chloroform, acetone and ether but not soluble in water. The later characteristic means that lipids can also be defined as amphiphilic or hydrophobic small modules. This amphophilic nature of lipids essentially allows them to be able to form structures such as liposome’s, vesicles or membranes when subjected to aqueous environments. The biological lipids mainly originate from two major build-blocks or biochemical sub-units: isoprene and ketoacyl groups. Another distinct characteristic of lipids ...

Detailed Anatomy of the Hip Joint

A joint is described as a place where two bones meet. The body has many joints. However, this paper will focus on the hip joint. The hip joint supports the whole body. It is regarded as a ball and socket joint. The hip joint is formed when the femur meets with the bones of the pelvis. These bones are ilium, ischium and pubis. The ilium, ischium and pubis are located at the rear, lower front and above respectively. The thighbone is the one that forms the ball. The hip joint comprises of several structures that assist it to function properly; that ...

The respiratory system of humans comprises of a complex set of tissues and organs, which gets oxygen from the surrounding and carry it to the lungs. The basic role of the respiratory system is to provide the blood with oxygen so that the blood can convey oxygen to every body part. The respiratory system achieves this through inhalation and exhalation. When one breathes, oxygen is inhaled while carbon dioxide is exhaled. This gaseous exchange is the means of the respiratory system to get oxygen to the blood. The tissues and organs, which constitute the respiratory system of humans, are the ...

Muscular dystrophy is an inherited disease where the different genes that control muscular function are defective (Emery, 2008). It has been found that many forms of dystrophy are caused by a deficiency in dystrophin, which is a muscle protein (Emery, 2008).
This disease is not infectious and cannot be acquired from any activity. It is characterized by muscle weakness and wasting where the specific muscles affected vary for different types of dystrophy (Emery, 2008).

Among the various types of muscular dystrophy, the Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most prevalent, with an occurrence of twenty to thirty cases for every one ...

Immunogenic Cell Death: The Role of RAGE

Introduction
Millions of cells are always being removed in the human bodyin order to regulate biological pathways and keep cells healthy through a particular mechanism called cell death or apoptosis. Through apoptosis, such homeostatic death of cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many years [1]. However, during the past few years, scientists have discovered the occurrence of a different concept of cell death – immunogenic cell death (ICD), where the death of a cell stimulates a response from the immune system against antigens of a dead cell, and this mechanism of cell death may ...

Investigating how light intensity will affect the rate of photosynthesis, with the help of DCPIP, in Spinach leaves.

The aim of this experiment is to find out how the rate of change of light intensity affect the photosynthesis in spinach leaves.
Successful farming of food crops is very essential for both the nutritional and financial health of a nation. Governments of almost every nation invest land and labour to crop farming, as much as is possible, keeping in mind the other needs of a country. But, however, due to many reasons the maximum crop yield possible is not always achieved.
For the production of a healthy crop certain conditions are necessary. The primary among these conditions are ...

Research Report on Remediation Methods for Arsenic

Introduction
Arsenic contamination of groundwater used for potable water supply is one of the serious problems plaguing the world today. Worldwide, a large number of people are unknowingly exposed to drinking water that has arsenic content higher than the safety level. A study conducted in 2007 reveals that more than 137 million people in over 70 countries are potentially affected by arsenic contamination of drinking water resources (USA Today, 2007). Though arsenic contamination is found in all the waters in the world, some of the places where the problem is a matter of concern is Bangladesh, Argentina, China, India, Chile, ...

Abstract

Bones are formed through a process known as osteogenesis from three different lineages. This process takes place through two different methods, which are intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. A large increment in bone mass takes place in childhood, as well as puberty, through the formation of endochondral bone. At this point, growth hormones are known to play a role. This paper will focus on the process of cartilage and bone formation and the stimulation of bone formation by the growth hormone. There are a number of factors that regulate the formation of bone, while growth hormone affects a number of factors related to ...

Anatomy deals with the study of forms and body structures (both internal and external) along different levels of organization such as molecules, cells, tissues, organs and organ system. These forms and body structures performs a corresponding function which is responsible for the growth and development of an organism. The study that deals “with the patterns and processes through which the body functions in its environment” is known as physiology (Starr, Evers and Starr, 2008). Physiology is essential in understanding how anatomical structures perform individual and group task related to the activities of the body. For instance, one segment of the ...

Bioinformatics combines the subjects of biology, mathematics and computer science in to a single field of study. There are various tools available for the biomedical researchers so that they are able to find out the desired biochemical, genomic and medical information. Search programs, data base storage and software programs are some types of bioinformatics tools that help in the analysis of proteomic and genomic data. The web based tutorial of bioinformatics programs will be used in this study to analyze the most important enzyme of fertilization called phospholipase C-gamma. This tutorial will use the bioinformatics tools easily acquired from the ...

Stem Cell Research

Stem cells are possess the ability to develop into different cell types in the body. They can also serve as a repair mechanism, dividing several times to replenish damage tissue. Stem cells are unspecialized cells, which can renew themselves through cell division, sometimes, even after a long period of inactivity. Stem cells can also be induced, under physiologic or experimental conditions to produce tissue specific or organ specific cells (News Medical, 2012).
Embryonic stem cells are stem cells derived from the early stage of division of human embryos shortly after fertilization. They are isolated from the inner cell mass of ...

Introduction

Platelets comprise of a very important component in the blood. They prevent blood loss in the body. This is enhanced by formation of an entangled mesh made of fibrinogen which is activated by calcium ions and the von Willbrand factor. A complex physiology ensues within the first few minutes of exposure of the tissue underlying the epithelial tissue in the skin (Hoffman 2009, p.123). Platelets also play a very important role in ensuring the pathogenic organisms are prevented from entering the body through the exposed tissue on the skin. This paper comprise of various components which are intended to illustrate the ...

Introduction

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most prevalent genetic disorder in the Caucasian population, with an incidence of 1 in 2500 births. CF is a disease that affects many organs including the upper and lower respiratory tracts, pancreas, intestines and reproductive system. Over the past 20 years, our understanding of the manifestation and management of the disease has progressed dramatically. CF was once considered a condition of childhood and there was very little expectation that children would enter adult life. However, CF has become a multisystem adult disease with the increased survival attributable to advancements in standardized treatment, introduction of ...

It is not a secret to anyone that our body and the systems it consists of are controlled by a number of things. Naturally, everyone thinks of our brain as a control organ, when it comes to sending order within our body, however, not everyone knows that there are also hormones that shape our entire life. There are two regulatory systems by which the body adjusts to changes in the environment, circumstances and our daily routine. The first one is our central nervous system, with our brain as a major organ in that system, quickly transmitting a signal (in pulses) via a network of nerves ...

Background

Early scientists and nutritionists believed that the most vital nutrient in living organisms, for building and maintaining the body was the protein. The role of proteins as enzymes came into existence several years later. This was around 1926 when experiments showed that enzymes were proteins. Insulin was the first protein to be sequenced. Hemoglobin was the first structure of proteins to be resolved. Myoglobin was then resolved later.

X-ray diffraction analysis (X-ray crystallography) led to the determination of the structure of the proteins (three-dimensional structure). The purification of proteins can be made possible from cellular compounds. Several methods have ...

Introduction

Cells are independent units of life. However, when a cell becomes part of an organism, it becomes part of a tissue and organ system. Cells in a tissue are joined to each other and to the extracellular matrix (ECM) by cell junctions. There are three kinds of cell junctions: Occluding junctions, anchoring junctions and communication junctions. Occluding junctions occur in the epithelium where the adjacent cells are so tightly sealed together that even small molecules cannot pass. Communicating junctions allow the exchange of chemical and electrical signals between cells. Anchoring junctions are the ones which attach a cell either to its neighbor or ...

The Ozark big-eared bat, (Corynorhinus townsendii ingens) can be found in limited numbers in the southern central U.S. Although these bats were once found in Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, they are no longer in Missouri due to destruction of the surrounding environment and disturbance of their caves. In Oklahoma they are found in Adair County and adjacent parts of Cherokee and Delaware counties. The habitat for the Ozark Big-eared Bats are limestone caves in wooded areas of the Ozark Highlands. The associated biome is temperate deciduous forest. They are not migratory and usually prefer oak and oak-hickory woodlands. This bat ...

The Flu is Heading to the Zoo

The bird flu in China has raised a growing concern to medical researchers who are attempting to study the genetic behavior and sequences of the H7N9 virus together with other H7 strains and avian influenzas. Three people have been killed with approximately 10 others infected raising speculations and questions of the spread of the virus between humans to humans and birds to humans and the consequent risk of a global epidemic. Certain researchers are however worried especially since the virus has been reported to have genetic markers that will aid a faster spread within the human populations amidst claims that the virus ...

The bird flu in China has raised a growing concern to medical researchers who are attempting to study the genetic behavior and sequences of the H7N9 virus together with other H7 strains and avian influenzas. Three people have been killed with approximately 10 others infected raising speculations and questions of the spread of the virus between humans to humans and birds to humans and the consequent risk of a global epidemic. Certain researchers are however worried especially since the virus has been reported to have genetic markers that will aid a faster spread within the human populations amidst claims that the virus ...

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a set of steps beginning with an observation and collection of information about something. From this information a tentative explanation or hypothesis is generated to explain what is observed. A prediction is then made and the hypothesis is tested by constructing an experiment with a control and variable group. The data is then collected and analyzed. From the data, a conclusion will be drawn (Have Fun Teaching, n.d.)
Although this song only covers the basics of the scientific method, it is very helpful in learning the steps of the scientific method. People often remember lyrics of songs easier ...

Marburg Virus

Introduction
Marburg virus refers to virus of the genus marbugvirus. The virus usually causes the Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever. The virus is said to have originated from Africa and specifically Central and East Africa. The virus got its name from the place where the first outbreak was discovered, Marburg in German. The virus infects both human beings and other animals, especially nonhuman primates.
The virus usually lives in the animals hosts, and human being can easily contact the virus from the animals. After the initial transmission of the virus to human beings, the virus can be transmitted among ...

Eukaryotes are a class of cells whose cellular contents are enclosed within a nuclear membrane. This is as opposed to the prokaryotes whose cellular contents are not enclosed within a nuclear membrane. The main difference between the eukaryotes and the prokaryotes is the existence of a nuclear membrane surrounding the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell while it is prominently absent. For a long time now there has been raging debate among scientists about the origin of the eukaryotes about 2.5 billion years ago. Due to these differences that have existed in opinion, several scientists have come up with theses that have tried to prove ...

Introduction

Anthrax is an infectious disease that is primarily caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis (spore-forming bacterium). The spores of B. antracis is often associated with gastrointestinal anthrax and inhalation cutaneous. The spores are highly ineffective in most environmental conditions. Inhalation anthrax is considered as a great threat since it is caused by inhalation of anthrax spores and is associated with high fatality rate. However, the rate of person-to-person rate is rarely observed. (Sternbach G. 2003)
In the wild, anthrax is commonly observed (naturally found). The disease is also observed unvaccinated domestic animals. The disease is common among U.S workers ...

Cancer is the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of cells in an abnormal tissue incongruent with the growth pattern of normal cells that persists even after the stimuli that evoked the change is withdrawn. The cell cycle check points at G1, G2 and at the end of metaphase that prevent transmission of genetically damaged DNA fail to occur. Transmission of faulty DNA results in either an abnormal rate of cell division and multiplication or abnormally constituted daughter cells.
The genes affected are the normal regulatory genes including growth promoting proto-oncogenes-normal genes that are prone to becoming cancerous on mutation ...

George Emil Palade was a highly esteemed and a well renowned cell biologist of Romanian origin. He was born in 1912, in Moldavia, Romania. In 1974, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his pioneering work in Molecular biology. He shares this award along with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve. He was referred to as the "father of modern biology" and "the most influential cell biologist ever" for his innovative contribution to the field of cell biology.
While he was a medical student, he was invited by Albert Claude, the noble-winning biologist from the Rockfeller University who ...

The regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis in the body occurs thorough an endocrine pathway called the renin angiotensin (RAS) pathway. This is a multistep pathway in which two step conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I by rennin and subsequent conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) occurs (Fig 1a). The RAS involves a number of peptides, receptors and enzymes partake in this highly regulated system. The angiotensin II, however, is the key biological player of this pathway. Uncontrolled activation and improper regulation of the RAS pathway leads to hypertension, organ failure and eventually death. ...

The blood vessels that are involved in carrying oxygenated blood are referred to as arteries. The arteries are involved in carrying the oxygenated blood all through the body starting from the heart. In healthy conditions, the arteries have smooth inner walls and their blood flow through them with ease. There are incidents where the occlusion of the arteries occur, narrowing the artery. The main cause of the artery clogging is a thrombus and atherosclerosis. This is due to the formation of plaques from the various substances that circulate in the blood such as the fat, calcium, fibrin, and cellular waste. ...

Arteries are those vessels in the body that carry blood that is rich in oxygen. The healthy arteries are those that have smooth inner walls and flowing of the blood in the arteries is easy. However, some people have clogged arteries as a result of the buildup of plaques on the inner side of the arteries. The arterial plaques may result in the reduced blood flow. Heart disease refers to the disease that affects the heart and the blood vessel most of which have a relationship with atherosclerosis process. The disease is also known as cardiovascular disease. The atherosclerosis process refers ...

Introduction

The Ebola virus has existed for centuries. Like all life forms and viruses, it has been changing and adapting since the beginning of time to survive. Despite this the disease did not make itself known until the twentieth century. However, once the virus revealed itself only three major outbreaks have occurred. There were two in 1976 and one which took started in 2014 (CDC, 2015). The latest outbreak has been the longest and worst, effecting numerous countries such as, Mali, Nigeria, Liberia and Senegal in West Africa (CDC, 2015). This paper will look at the scientific aspects of the ...

Gene replacement refers to a technique which utilizes homologous recombination (Carter & Shieh, 2010, p. 265), to make alterations by either adding a gene, deleting a gene or including point mutations. Gene replacement attempts to cure most of the genetic diseases at molecular level. A successful gene replacement prevents a protein from causing harm, giving new functions to proteins, and recovering or enhancing the normal function of a protein. This technique is commonly used to prevent, treat or improve animals. This is a permanent process that is very beneficial to animals. The process of animal gene replacement involves several processes ...

(6 points) Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis (include at least 3 comparisons and 3 differences).

Both mitosis and meiosis are usually associated the cytokinesis
In both processes, end result is usually production of daughter cells from the parent cell
The fundamentals in both processes are the same in that there is breakdown of nuclear membrane, genetic material separation into two groups, cell division and eventually the nuclear membrane in the cells reform

Differences

In meiosis, there are two rounds involved in genetic separation while in mitosis there is only one round.
In meiosis, there is separation of homologous chromosomes ...

Specific Aims

Alpha Amylace (-Amylase) which is the most abundant enzyme in human saliva contributes to the formation of plaque (film of bacteria and mucus deposited on teeth that encourages the formation of dental caries). The alpha-amylase does this by acting as an ion or a molecule for the binding of Amylace-Binding Streptococci (ABS) to teeth.
The aim of this project is to address the association of ABS on dental plaque which can be applied in future studies and clinical applications. The association will use quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to determine the amount of ABS relative to the total bacteria in ...

ABSTRACT

Muscular dystrophy disorders are hereditary neuromuscular disorders in which the skeletal muscles deteriorate progressively due to loss of the functional protein dystrophin encoded by the DMD gene. There are many types of muscular dystrophy and they are classified based on the genetic mechanisms involved. Muscular dystrophy symptoms are usually caused by mutations in the link between cytoskeletal and basal lamina proteins since dystrophin is a sarcolemmal membrane protein (Meregalli M, 2013). Loss of ambulation is also an important clinical milestone in the clinical diagnosis of muscular dystrophy. Respiratory muscles, particularly the intercostal and diaphragm muscles are also affected by muscular ...

Debra Dutton

BIO 201
Pollution and the Human Body
The human body has an incredible defense and healing system. It uses the various senses like smell, sight and taste to filter the food, air and water as they get into the body. The skin safeguards the body tissues and internal organs from environmental hazards. The skin also senses the variations in environmental temperatures and acts as the body’s stimuli in controlling the body temperature. The brain and the nervous system are part of the complex response and flight mechanism that responds to emergencies and dangers. An army of ...

Abstract

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic problem with major infections to lungs, pancres, intestine and liver. The main characteristic of the disease is abnormal transport of chloride, and sodium in the epithelium leading to thick secretions.
It usually results from mutation in the gene for a protein known as cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR). This is a hormone which is usually involved in various body excretion processes. The main method of transmission of the disease is through genes. However, research has proved that it can be still transferred among people with no DNA connection
The disease is ...

Immunology Disorders

The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from various parasites, bacteria, virus etc. that try to destabilize the homeostasis. Naturally, the immune system is considered one of the most important mechanisms that help us recuperate from diseases. When the immune system malfunctions and starts destroying self-cells, it leads to certain disorders. In other circumstances, the immune system may be suppressed and fail to kill disease causing cells. Here we will discuss a few disorders of the immune system.

HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPE I

Allergy or hypersensitivity type I is also known as allergic reaction or intolerance, in this scenario the immune system creates a ...

Comparison and contrast of Umbilical and Nuchal cord

Introduction
Prolapse in umbilical cord occurs in very rare circumstances. This condition is manifested by removal of umbilical cord from cervix before the delivery of the foetus. This cord serves as a food pipe to the baby for the transfer of nutrients from mother to foetus and also collects the digestive waste products from baby. During prolapse, the cord twins around the baby which complicates the delivery. This disease condition occurs only 1% of pregnancies. Due to the higher risk of foetal fatality, umbilical cord prolapse is considered as a medical emergency during labor pain (Critchlow et al., 1994). There ...

Food items such as eggs, vegetable oil, walnut, fish and milk all vary greatly from each other. Do these items still have anything in common? The answer to this question is ‘Yes’. Lipids are the ones arousing a sense of similarity between them.
Lipids are the group of organic compounds like fats, mono-glycerides, di-glycerides, tri-glycerides, fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and k) and some components of membranes which usually do not react with water but yet they group together. In other words, Lipids may be defined as the molecules containing hydrocarbons and making up the building blocks of ...

Abstract

Kamin blocking is a condition where animals elicit a Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) to a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and fail to associate any other Unconditioned Stimulus (US). This study investigates if the Kamin blocking principle holds true for human subjects. Using food as a conditioned stimulus and Allergic reaction as an unconditioned stimulus, a contingency judgment task experiment was conducted on 683 participants, where they were exposed to a CS in the first stage and a combination of CS, US and a superimposed stimulus in the second stage. In the third stage. Participants asked to predict the probability of the superimposed stimulus eliciting the US and compared ...

Cell Cycle

Introduction
Asymmetric cell division is a situation where a cell divides into parts of two cells that comprise two dissimilar cellular fates. For most part, the term applies and is usually used in referring to cells that are essentially diverse at the point of cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is the term used to describe how the cytoplasm and its organelles divide to form two separate cells. The daughter cell formed contains the same genetic material as the mother cell. This implies that individual daughter cell comprise a diverse physical makeup. This stands to convey the contrast surrounding extrinsically dissimilar cells where individual cell ...

Ethical values and morals have been awarded with a prestige in every society of the world. These set of rules have significant importance since without morals and ethics, human beings cannot dignify themselves from other creatures and do not guaranty success and respect; both in this world and after world. The dawn of modernization had not only brought changes in terms of technology and communication; social values, ethics and norms have been equally affected with its powerful impacts. Some well-known phenomena such as modernity, individualism, feminism and liberalism have been highlighted which brought a wave of sexual emancipation in the society. ...

Geckos are small reptiles classified as lizards. They belong to a classification of lizards called gekkota. Most geckos are found in the warm climate areas all over the world. Geckos are spread all over across the world and have different sizes ranging from 1.6 cm to about two feet long (60 cm). Geckos can be easily identified through their unique vocalizations.

Scientific classification

The geckos are classified under kingdom animalia. The phylum chordata, classified as reptiles and the order reptilian. Furthermore, geckos are classified under a sub-order called squamata and an infra-order named gekkota. Generally, geckos are mistaken for other lizards because of ...

Abstract

The paper articulates the electrolyte and fluid study by describing functions and location of various body fluids and factors that affects variations in fluid compartments. These body fluids involves Body fluids involve blood plasma, mucus and lymphatic fluid, saliva and gastric juice, and other fluids such as tears, sweat, semen and vaginal secretions. The functions, regulation, sources and losses of the main electrolytes in the body are also described. The paper also outlines the basic principles of some of the processes that occur in human body such as osmosis, filtration, active transport and diffusion.
In order to understand ...

Mark Twain once wrote, “I am not interested to know whether Vivisection produces results that are profitable to the human race or doesn't. [] The pains which it inflicts upon unconsenting animals is the basis of my enmity towards it” (Twain 26).
Most people find themselves in a dilemma when confronted with the subject of animal testing in research. Although many people support animal testing for the sake of basic research, and biomedical research, others believe that forcing animals to suffer distress, fear, and pain, regardless of the purpose or the outcome, is unethical. There is evidence that suggests that ...

Abstract

Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a group of autosomal recessive lipid lysosomal storage disorders caused by mutations of the HEXA gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of the enzyme Hexosaminidase A, one of three enzymes responsible for the normal degradation of GM2 ganglioside, a substance found in high concentration in the plasma membrane of neuronal cells. The classic acute infantile form, discussed here, is a neurodegenerative disorder with onset at four to eight months of age in which acquired capabilities are lost and general neurologic deterioration occurs, with death by age two to four years. It occurs with highest frequency in the ...

Hantaviruses

Scientific name of the causative organism: The scientific name depends on the species because the hantavirues have been classified into a number of species for instance Hantavirus sin nombre virus
I. Classification

Superkingdom: Not applicable

Kingdom: Not applicable
Phylum: Not applicable
Order: Not applicable
Family: Bunyaviridiae
Genus: Hantavirus
Species: A number of species have been identified so far, these include the Sin Nombre Virus, Andes Virus, Hantaan Virus, Seoul Virus, Puumala Virus and Dobrava Virus.

Strain: Not applicable

II. Structure and morphology
If viral: Attachment to humans, enveloped or not, size, DNA or RNA, single or double stranded, integrates ...