Penicillin Research Papers Samples For Students

Substance that ionizes in aqueous solution to produce hydrogen ion (H+) is defined as acid. It is proton donor and electron pair acceptor. Acid tastes sour, changes litmus from blue to red. Whereas, base releases hydroxyl ion (OH-) in their aqueous solution. It is proton acceptor and electron pair donor. It tastes bitter; changes red (acidified) litmus to blue. Salt is an ionic compound produced from reaction of an acid and a base. It is formed by the incomplete or complete substitution of the hydrogen ion (H+) of an acid by a basic radical.
Three examples of acid used in ...

World Changing Accomplishments

Introduction
As the world grows and matures, it is evident that a lot of discoveries have been made and most of them have had a great impact on mankind. Most of the accomplishments have been brought about as a result of science and in most cases it is clear that science has been able to change the human way of life both negatively and positively. Discovery of things such as atomic bombs has made some people develop certain claims like science is harmful to human life thus forgetting all the good discoveries that it has also brought. In this case we ...

Introduction

Antibiotics are a class of drugs that are mostly used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Uncountable bacteria live in various parts the human body. These include the gut, skin, mouth and throats (Gelband et. al, 2015). Some of these bacteria are harmless. However, there are others that are pathogenic (disease causing) and can cause infections. These infections are known as bacterial infections and doctors prescribe antibiotics as mode of treatment.
Antibiotics were introduced in 1940 and since then they have been significant to modern medicine. The core role of antibiotics was to treat infections caused by bacteria. However, ...

1.A. Penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics in structure. The remodeling process takes place in the bacterial cell walls due to the presence of a layer called peptidoglycan layer, which includes the breakdown of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine and cross-linking peptide chains . Cross-linking peptide chains provide rigidity to the fluid cell wall. Transpeptidase, an enzyme used in the breaking of peptide chains also reforms the peptide bonds after the restructuring of the cell wall. The penicillin inhibits the enzyme transpeptidase, which prevents the peptide bonds from reforming. Thus, penicillin makes the cell walls weaker, which results ...

Introduction

Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease is an inherited blood ailment. Those suffering from Sickle Cell Disease have abnormal S/ sickle hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the protein in the blood that aids in carrying oxygen throughout the body. The ailment takes its appellation from the shape of the red blood cells of a person affected by Sickle Cell Disease, which have the shape of a sickle. They are stiff and adhesive rather than a disk like normal cells. The misshapen cells tend to get trapped in the small blood vessels hindering the movement of ...

In recent years, the issue about animal right has garnered great attention from the society. Whether animal testing should be banned or not is still being debated by many people. Both the advantages and disadvantages of using animals in experiments for inventing medicines for humanity will be discussed in this essay before a reasonable conclusion is drawn.First, the critics of the idea of using animals in testing medicines argue that non-human animals are living organisms like human and also they share the same place to live with humanity, so they should be considered as non-human persons and members of the ...

Health Economics

My View of Medical Practice
Health Policy and Law including other health related legislations are created to address the issues of social health needs and one of them is the view of medical practitioners towards health economics. There are suggested theories regarding the issue. However, the theory stating, “medicine is a science and experts will ultimately discover the best means for treating every illness” (Musgrave, 1995) appears to suit the given issue more appropriately.
It is apparent that history tells us how medicine was revolutionized by several discoveries. One example of that is the discovery of penicillin. In ...

Syphilis is the sexually transmitted disease chosen for this research. It is caused by a spirochete bacterium known as treponema palladium. Other species of treponema palladium are subspecies pertenue which causes yaws. Also, there are caretenum and endomicum. These two organisms are responsible for the associating complications. When the organism enters the body it goes through four stages of development. They are primary, secondary, latent and finally tertiary. The final stage is when death is eminent (Radolf & Lukehart, 2008)
In relation to the United States of America statistics reveal that in 2010; 36,000 cases were discovered. 9,756 ...

The Belmont Report - Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Introduction

Human subjects’ protection system is the protocol used by researchers to enable ethical practices when studies are conducted related to sensitive information regarding health, socio-cultural orientation; socio-economic status; sexual conduct and finances, among some others, which are distinct to certain social structures and circumstances.
Essentially, these are guidelines protecting subjects from exploitation. Also, researchers can eliminate lawsuits if legislated outlines by the Belmont Report are given adherence. However, prior to passage of the National Research Act in 1974, violations to human subjects’ right pertaining to informed consent and misrepresentations of the truth were rampant. (Institutional review board). ...

The Challenge of Antibiotic Resistance: Has our use of Antibiotics Caused more Problems than it has solved?

Antibiotics are medicines which have bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties and used in treatment or prevention of microbial diseases (NPS 2012). Antibiotics a have been in existence for a long time and were initially known as antibiosis which meant against life, and by Jean Paul Vuillemin first used this term. He used the word to describe the properties which were exhibited by the early antibacterial drugs. In 1877 Antibiosis was first described by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch when they observed the inhibition of growth of Bacillus anthracis by an airborne bacillus. In 1928 penicillin was identified by Alexander Fleming. ...

Introduction

Sentinel events occur unexpectedly within the working areas. When this event occurs, they can lead to serious injuries or deaths at a time. The injuries can be physical or psychological depending on the extent of injury (Valentin et al. 2006). However, the Joint Commission defines sentinel event as any unexpected incident in the health care sector, which can end in demise or solemn physical or mental damage to the patient in place. Nevertheless, sentinel events are not in any case related to the natural sickness of the patient neither the illness result into the occurrence of sentinel events.
The ...

Medical professionals are often confronted with issues surrounding malpractice and negligence. Sanbar (2007) defines malpractice as negligence committed by a professional and which results in imposing physical, emotional, mental harm and/or financial losses as a result of his/her actions. This paper will assess three cases affecting nurses in relation to malpractice and negligence.
In a Rhode Island hospital, a baby boy born healthy had a few difficulties during breastfeeding. For this reason, the hospital’s pediatrician ordered for the supplementation of the baby’s feed with formula milk. Unfortunately, this order was not followed and as such the baby ...

Introduction

Sickle Cell Disease is a common term in medical biology, and it refers to the description of red blood cell disorders having an inherited connotation. Individuals suffering from this disease are attributed to have abnormal hemoglobin, which is often referred to as hemoglobin s. This term is also called sickle, thus the name sickle cell disease. Hemoglobin is the red coloring in matter of the blood, and it carries various nutrients, which are either transported or inferred into the body system (Johnson, 2005). This disease thus, ruins the red blood cells making them incapable of carrying out their normal ...

South University

This is a proposed care plan on a case study of a 40-year-old Asian American male, working as a roofer, with complains of low back pain. As such, to have full comprehension of the patient’s case and a comprehensive care plan, I intend to carry out in-depth literature review from the authentic databases and propose suitable evidence based care strategic plans in view of the complaints, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.

Analyzing the Disorder

Low back pain is acute or chronic disorder that is manifested by pains at the lower back (Kantor and Creek, 2015). Patients might have back firmness, diminished development ...

Introduction

Rheumatic fever (RF), or acute rheumatic fever (ARF), is an autoimmune complication caused by the human-specific bacterial pathogen group A (B-hemolytic) streptococcus (GAS), Streptococcus pyogenes. S. pyogenes is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium that is coccoid or spherical in shape and usually occurs in pairs or chains. It produces hemolysin that forms a clear zone around the colonies when grown on blood agar. It has been designated as part of group A via Lancefield serotyping because it displays the carbohydrate antigen A on its cell wall. It is non acid-fast, non-spore forming, and may or may not have capsules. It has generally ...

Innovations during World War II

The outbreak of World War II really impacted on the society. It posed a very great challenge to the wrangling nations which wanted to prove their military prowess by outdoing one another. Thus, it created room for more advanced innovations to help them in coming up with modern technology to use in winning the battle. This necessitated scientists to carry out an extensive research to come up with innovations which address the problems at hand. As a result, there were a lot of innovations which were not only useful during the war period, but are still used today. Some of them are ...

Cloning has been a subject of great speculation for decades now, with the major breakthrough coming in 1997 after scientist successfully cloned the first mammal, the Dolly sheep. It refers to the process used in the creation of an exact genetic copy of a cell, organism or tissue of an organism. The material, which is genetically a copy of the original cell or tissue, is called a clone. The types of cloning are divided into three; 1) gene cloning in which copies of genes of cell or its DNA are made; 2) reproductive cloning in which a copy of a whole organism is made, and ...

Research related to the human subject has been very important since it has helped to solve human problems in one way or the other. This type of research has focused mostly on the preparation of medicines that are important in curing diseases that are perceived to be fatal. Research has become inevitable in the society since it is important in innovating new products that can be used to cure diseases that are difficult to treat. This is the major reason why higher learning institutions have incorporated research institutions to give proper skills to the potential researchers. However, I think ...

1. Prior to administering GTN to Leonard, what are the relevant considerations regarding the following;

- The dose and frequency of administration you would use?

The normal dose for GTN is 300-600 micrograms; I would use about 500 micrograms of GTN on Leonard, as he describes his pain as severe and his history may indicate he has built up a tolerance, requiring a slightly stronger dose. A normal dose for Leonard would be 1 or 2 sprays, with regular sprays at intervals to ensure that his condition remains stable (Hughes and van Tienen, 2010).

- The patient’s vital signs and ...