Placenta Research Papers Samples For Students

Placenta Accreta

Introduction
During pregnancy, the placenta is normally supposed to attach on the surface of uterine wall. There are instances when the placenta attaches itself so deeply on the uterine. Placenta accreta is an abnormal attachment of the placental villi to the uterine in which the placenta is attached unusually deeply into the uterine wall. In placenta accreta, the placenta is attached directly on the myometrium unlike in other variant accounts when it gets attached into the myometrium (hence the name placenta increta) or goes through the myometrium (hence the name placenta percreta). Apparently placenta accreta is the most ...

Adanois Gonzalez

DBRN 112L
Deborah Franco
Abstract
This paper presents the condition of placenta abruptio, or premature separation of the placenta from the uterus, from a nursing perspective. It includes description of the condition including the pathophysiology of maternal vessel rupture and intrauterine blood accumulation, the uncertain etiology and known risk factors. Signs and symptoms such as abdominal pain, shock symptoms and uterine rigidity are described. Specific medical interventions such as aggressive monitoring and blood transfusions and surgical treatments including emergency caesarian section are reviewed. The paper also describes diagnostic studies for this condition including blood testing and fetal ...

Pregnancy and childbirth is the most important period in a woman’s life. In a menstrual cycle that is normal for a person and has the duration of 28 days the release of an egg called ovulation generally takes place in the range between the 12th and 14th days of the cycle. Egg must be fertilized in the fallopian tube not later than 24 hours after that, or it dies and dissolves.
Pregnancy on average lasts for 280 days if we count from the first day of the last menstrual period and 266 days from the time of ovulation. To calculate ...

Postpartum Hemorrhage

Introduction
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a significantly life-threatening complication that can occur after both vaginal and caesarean births (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). Simpson and Creehan (2008) define PPH as the amount of blood loss after vaginal birth, usually more than 500mL, or after a caesarean birth, normally more than 1000mL. However, the definition is arbitrary, attributed to the fact that loss of blood during birth is intuitive and widely inaccurate (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). In line with this, studies have suggested that health care providers consistently underestimate actual blood loss, thus, an objective definition of PPH would be any amount of bleeding ...

Abortion is the removal of fetus or embryo before it can survive outside the uterus. A spontaneous abortion is called a miscarriage. When the procedure is allowed by the law of a country, then it is considered as one of the safest procedures in medical sciences. In the US, it is considered 13 times safer than the childbirth. This procedure should only be performed by a licensed health care professional. It is a personal decision to end a pregnancy and it may need to have a counselling session before going for an abortion. The legal position of abortion is ...

Introduction

Pregnancy is associated with particular risks in women who use alcohol or drugs and this applies to both legal and illegal drugs because the fetus is connected to the blood circulation of a mother. A pregnant woman, who consumes alcohol or drugs, may have premature childbirth, abortion or even if a baby is born then he/she may suffer serious and sometimes life-long damages. Scientifically, it cannot be determined exactly at what amount and frequency of taking various drugs in pregnancy endanger a child. For pregnant women or those who want to be pregnant, there is only one piece of advice to quit ...

Teratogens are genotoxins that can potentially disrupt the genetic makeup of developing cells, resulting in aberrations that can manifest disabling physical and mental abnormalities in a fetus. Teratogens can cross the placenta and reach the fetus, which quashes the popular belief that a fetus is shielded from external harmful influences. This indicates that the placenta is incapable of blocking teratogenic metabolites from reaching the fetus. Teratogenesis can be defined as birth defects or congenital malformations occurring in utero due to exposure to external factors. Such factors could be environmental, chemical or biological in nature. Factors such as the time of exposure, ...

Hormone Variations During Pregnancy

Hormone Variations During Pregnancy

Introduction

Pregnancy is regarded is one of the most important phase of a women’s life cycle. In addition, pregnancy also encompasses hormonal and physiological changes that are unique in the women’s life cycle. In pregnancy, women experience sudden changes, which includes progesterone and estrogen increases. This also leads to dramatic changes on hormonal functions that affects mood and creates a “glow” among pregnant women. More importantly, hormonal changes during pregnancy poses a significant effect fetal development that also manifests in the changes in physical activities. Having to mention the progesterone and estrogen, medical studies suggests that women ...

Abstract

Gestational diabetes (GDM) can be defined as a kind of diabetes observed in pregnancy. It can be described as intolerance to glucose or elevated glucose level initiated or recognized in pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester. Gestational diabetes affects almost 5-7% of all pregnancies in the US annually.

Gestational diabetes: pathophysiology, etiology, signs and symptoms, interventions, prognosis, and a nursing approach

Gestational diabetes (GDM) can be defined as intolerance to glucose or elevated glucose level initiated or recognized in pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester. Gestational diabetes affects almost 5-7% of all pregnancies in the US annually. This implies that approximately 200000 women in the US have to deal ...

Abstract

Alcohol is used by millions of people on a daily basis. The consequences of chronic alcohol abuse on the individual are many such as, memory deficits, neuropathy, heart, and liver damage. However, even minute amounts when drank during pregnancy can have effects on the mother in the long term as well as more dire consequences on the developing fetus that can lead to a lifetime of deficits. Alcohol is a teratogen that crosses the placenta. Doctors cannot determine the exact reason why certain infants of mothers that drink develop dysmorphic and neurobehavioral changes but the fact is, is that fetal alcohol syndrome ...

Introduction

Smoking causes around 40000 premature deaths yearly in USA and 4.9 million deaths per year world or 8.8 percent of all global deaths (burns 2013). 4000 teens try to smoke for the first time each day. 1000 teen become daily smokers. Smoking is equivalent to poisoning. Tobacco is a deadly mix of more than 7000 chemicals (burns 2013). Death due to smoking is highly preventable. The causes and impacts of smoking are known and avoidable. Smoking is not illegal in most countries around the world. However, its effects are even worse than some illegal substances. Given these alarming statistics, researches ...

Innovative Research Views on Onset and Treatments

Schizophrenia:Innovative Research Views on Onset and Treatments
The term “schizophrenia” was coined by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler to describe a splitting of psychic functions (Crespi, Sted & Elliot 2010, p. 1736). Schizophrenia is an extremely serious and devastating illness affecting 1% of the American population, causing symptoms that disrupt thought patterns, behavior, and emotions of individuals (Richard & Brahm 2012, p. 757; “Schizophrenia: What” 2012, p. 1). While some sources refer to schizophrenia as a “mental illness,” others refer to it as a “brain disorder” (“Schizophrenia: What” 2012, p. 1; “Schizophrenia” n.d.). Indeed, schizophrenia is a difficult disorder to characterize because its primary symptoms, ...

Introduction

Last year, more than 200,000 women are imprisoned in the U.S. This figure has multiplied by over 800% in the last thirty years. (Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 2011) More and more women are being incarcerated due to drug-related cases. These female prisoners are also very prone to have histories of sexual or physical abuse prior their imprisonment. (Ibid.) According to researches, female prisoners or women inmates have varied health problems than their male counterparts. Many of them suffer from complex and chronic health conditions as outcomes of their complicated life situations including drug use, poverty, family violence, ...

Introduction

It is common knowledge that there are numerous internal and external factors, which can influence in a negative way development of a fetus. Although it may seem that the future child is well protected, it is not exactly so. The fetus of the pregnant woman can be easily damaged by a variety of teratogenic agents, environment and the surrounding of the future mother.
One of the most urgent questions of our time is reaction of the fetus on maternal cigarette and alcohol exposure. Today a lot of prominent researchers all over the world are examining negative influence of cigarette and alcohol abuse ...