Scrutiny Research Papers Samples For Students

Obergefell v. Hodges (Obergefell) was the recent groundbreaking Supreme Court case that legalized gay marriage across the entire United States. There is no doubt Obergefell will go down as one of the most widely known decisions the Supreme Court has made, in fact, Obergefell, broke the record for most amicus curiae briefs filed with the court (Record Number Of Amicus Briefs Filed In Same-Sex-Marriage Cases, April 28, 2015). While I think the case was decided correctly, the Court could have done more to protect the rights of LGBT people, but decided against it.
James Obergefell and John Arthur ...

A nonprofit organization is a private corporation that works for the public’s benefit but is separate and independent from government”(Partee, 2001 p 31). Other areas and industries that nonprofit organizations operate and strive to improve the life quality in various communities. One nonprofit organization that existence has continued to be one of political and social uproar is Planned Parenthood. Planned Parenthood was established over 100 years ago by Margaret Sanger and has been providing women with various services to assist in making various decisions related to their fruitfulness. In 1916 despite the adversary, legal ramifications, social scrutiny ...

Executive summary

The incessant emergence of corporate scandals impacts’ tremendously on the holdings of individuals and institutional investors, there is unique aspect projected by the recent number of scandals from the past occurrences. This is stipulated by the fact that the recent occurrences of scandals involve facets of businesses, these ranges from individual firms and corporate companies. This is in contrast with the past scandal aspects which projected associations relating to specific sectors within the market. The current or recent scandals involve corporate officers, the accounting industry and investment banking houses. The large and diversity of the scope of the recent ...

LIFE IN THE LIMELIGHT

Abstract
The media today wields more power in professional and amateur sports than ever. Indeed, the very notion of media has changed drastically in recent years, as players and coaches join fans on social media sites, exchanging the most trivial thoughts and, sometimes, overstepping their bounds with inappropriate comments. Ultimately, social media encourages behavior that distracts athletes from on-field performance, as does the “real-time” criticism of reporters who are no longer restricted to the print medium. This situation is creating a situation in which the difference between players who can cope with, and perform under, such stressful circumstances and ...

On a particular issue of importance to Canadians, do the media present a range of viewpoints or political positions or do they reinforce and reproduce dominant ideologies?
Media play a major role in informing the general public of the current affairs entailing the issues that may directly or indirectly have effects on their daily lives (Carney 2008, p.18). In both the western and eastern world, mass media are recognized as the primary source of news, entertainment, advertisement, sports and recreation in general, and the education channel that aim to reach a large number of audiences. Media are deemed as ...

Abstract

Ethics is an integral part of a corporation’s effort to ensure all its services are accomplished with an act of good faith and acceptable to all the parties. In as much as ethics can be described as an individual’s personal judgment on the right course of action when presented with a specific situation, it is important that we evaluate the effect of every activity we do on others. The convergence of different forms of technological inventions has transformed the world. Sikorsky Aviation Company is evaluated with respect to the effect of their operations and strategies to the public and ...

Law

Introduction
Criticism of present-day medical ethics is seen as fallout of the relationship between stakeholders in theory and practice. While efforts continue to re-establish the relationship, the conflicting interest of the two stakeholders continues to create a perception of increased risk of bias or poor judgment. Again, when it comes to researchers in the healthcare sector, they should have a professional and ethical interest in what they do, but sometimes, these interests are compromised by the lure of financial gains. It is such a case that PharmaCARE has been guilty of.
The aim of the law and the common good ...

Introduction

The Guardian aired a report on the surveillance programs of the National Security Agency over one year ago. The report based on leaked information from one of the agency’s contractors named Edward Snowden. The national opinions from several interested parties concentrates on simplistic debates evaluating the tradeoff between individual privacy and national security. However, it is an important time for the government and other stakeholders to begin weighing the benefits and costs associated with the surveillance more carefully. In spite of the strong defense by intelligence officials in favor of the NSA programs, the officials fail to table any credible ...

Introduction

The plaintiff, Marisa Bailey, respectfully moves for summary judgment. Summary judgment should be granted on count 1, her claim for violation of the Establishment Clause and on count 2, for her right to Free Exercise of Religion under the First Amendment of U.S. Constitution due to the actions of the defendant. Under the applicable constitutional tests, the undisputed facts compel a judgment as a matter of law for both counts.

Statement of Facts

For the purposes of this motion, the following facts are undisputed:
1. Marisa Bailey is a student in her senior year of attending the James River High School overseen by defendant, ...

Developments in State Immigration Laws in Canada

Introduction
Canada has constantly adjusted its immigration regulations with the intention of bettering her relations with other countries. The Canadian government has targeted to minimize restrictions by considering that immigrants into the country create value for the people. The people flowing into the Canadian economy apprehend the country’s developments in the last decade to assert their position into the immigration policy makers (Hum 116). In essence, the immigration laws among the Canadian people have evolved largely over the past decade, with stricter propositions coming up for the immigrants into the country. From the immigration and refugee Act, ...

Introduction

Law enforcement has turned out to be extremely challenging in the contemporary changing social and cultural climate. It has continued to experience a range of challenges that are generated by the existing environment. The law enforcement practices, as well as policies, have received a lot of public scrutiny. Terrorism, large-scale population movements, globalization, and entrenched social problems have made the enforcement of the law, especially by the police, more challenging. The contemporary policing is primarily marked by the uncertainty and broadening of crime deterrence problems. Among the law enforcement officers, the police have been scrutinized heavily by the public. ...

On November 5, 2009, the son of Palestinian immigrants, Army Major Nidal Malik Hasan randomly fired into a crowd at a processing center at Fort Hood, the largest active-duty military post in the country (Army Major kills, n.d.). One would be hard pressed to find a larger military stage to conduct such blatant murder. Despite the Major shouting ‘God is great’ in Arabic, “Allahu Akbar”, just before he opened fire on soldiers who were either returning from deployment, or getting ready to be deployed, there was a denial by the government to officially label the shooting as an act ...

The largest municipal police task force in the country, the New York City Police Department is not only an important element of the national law enforcement system, but also it is a unique depository of academic knowledge for the professional organizational, human resources and organizational culture explorers. The purpose of this work is to identify the key leaders of the organization, who affect its communication. In addition, this research provides a description of organizational performance, its mission, vision and culture. The final section of this report explains the pertinent internal and external audiences, who receive the communication.
First of ...

Abstract

The criminal justice system in the United States provides Constitutional guarantees for all who are subject to the laws of the land. The three most controversial aspects of this system today are Search and Seizure, arrest, and interrogations. While these three aspects are the foundation of police action throughout the nation, there are several unresolved problems in how each of these processes is in use today. The presence of the law is not always the same as upholding it. The cases which made the case for the citizens are moving into obscurity with modern variations of the problems making ...

Literature is the perfect mirror of the world society as the creative artists take resort to their works of art to portray the society and culture. A close scrutiny of the literary works of various authors ranging across time in the history of literature would be helpful in bringing an introspective perspective about the state of women in the society. For the purpose of the scrutiny, one can take into reckoning the short story The Story of an Hour penned by Kate Chopin, the short story, The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck, the seminal article by feminist film critic, Laura ...

Introduction

In the age of technological boom where several devices have come to the forefront providing modes of entertainment and leisure for the masses, listening to the radio like the good old times is something that has been adopted by the young generation. This paper intends to delve deep into the various factors that come in play when it comes to listening to music or news on the radio in the present times. This study is based on the responses of five students regarding the matter who recorded their listening. A close scrutiny of the listening habits and liking for ...

Abstract

This paper examines the case of Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency, a 5-4 Supreme Court decision that combined the substantive, environmental law question of whether the Environmental Protection Agency erred in its initial decision not to regulate greenhouse gas emissions for motor vehicles with the procedural issue of whether states, cities, and environmental organizations had legal standing (defined as the right to use the courts as opposed to Congress to force governmental action) for the environmental claims at issue in the case. This paper begins with a brief overview of the political, legal, and cultural context for assessing the ...

Introduction

Definition of ethical issues
Back ground information on “Volkswagen emission scandal”
Issue of violation notice
Accusations against the company
Discussion
How the problems were addressed by the company leaders
Company denial of manipulation of tests
Company official’s admission of tests manipulation
Recall of vehicles
Announcement of new diesel strategy
Halt of company sales on the affected vehicles
Compensation of VW and Audi owners in the US
Implications of the company decisions
Loss of trust and confidence
Sales reduction
Inconvenience and mistrust
How I would have addressed the issue as an employee of the company
Report the matter
My ...

Abstract

Service Superiority is important in determining the success of any given service providing organization and influences the level of its competitiveness in the market. A bank in the retail market can outdo its competitors through the provision of excellent services. To retain one's consumers; the quality of service provided must be very palatable to the consumers. This study seeks to establish the relationship between service quality and client loyalty in the retail banking sector in the U.K. This will go a long way in assisting bankers to evaluate and improve the quality of customer service to gain their loyalty ...

Introduction

Social control theories emerged in the early 1900s which questioned why not all humans commit crimes. Unlike the criminology theories that examine why an individual commits criminal activity, the social control theories focus on how certain individuals refrain from it. There were several notable sociologists who expressed their ideas on how the society and its traditions can ensure that an individual will conform to a law-abiding lifestyle. They identified two types of controls in their theories. Informal and formal control. The informal control mechanisms are family, friends, or their individual social circles. The formal control is from the Government ...

The Electoral College is an integral part of the current election process of the United States. Created during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the establishment of Electors and electors was developed through debate of the Virginia Plan, which proposed that Congress should elect the president. However, concerns of the president being controlled by Congress and fears over a small group of individuals being able to dictate who would hold office presented the need to change the plan. For this reason, the Electoral College, which attempts to proportionately divide state votes among delegates. While it has been contested that the ...

Introduction

JP Morgan realized huge trading losses in 2012 owing to an investment transaction, which was carried out through its London office. Under the watch of Chief Investment Officer Ina Drew, who later stepped down, there were a series of unscrupulous statements made by this company with intent to induce unsuspecting customers into making investments regardless of considering the financial position of the company. Some of these machinations included credit default swaps (CDS) being entered and represented as part of the bank's "hedging" strategy. A trader, Bruno Iksil, famously known as the London Whale, accumulated many CDS positions in the ...

MEMORANDUM

Re:

Introduction

I have keenly assessed the memo recounting Sylvia Martinez’s current business activities. Sylvia operates a chain of dry cleaning stores within the Houston metro area. She is currently planning to do major renovations to two out of her five locations. Sylvia married Polino who is later employed by the dry cleaning business and pays the cost of Polino’s polo playing. She uses Polino’s polo playing as an opportunity to advertise her dry cleaning business by tagging the business logo on Polino’s polo uniforms and sandles. Sylvia also sells cleaning products alongside dry cleaning services. Sylvia ...

Abstract

There are many churches around the globe which is dedicated to an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary and each varies from their foreign counterparts. The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro is one of these churches and gained both praise and scrutiny from its construction. Praise was given because of its almost perfect similarity to St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome and attention to detail while scrutiny was directed towards its lavish creation and location. This paper will discuss the history, features and criticisms of the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro in Cô ...

Short after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, at the urgings of the Bush administration, Congress passed the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (Patriot Act). The Patriot Act was notable not only for the haste in which it was drafted and enacted but also the comprehensive changes that it made to American criminal procedure, national security and information privacy laws. Originally, many of the provisions of the Patriot Act were set to “sunset” or automatically end if Congress did not reauthorize them. Congress however has consistently ...

The factors underlying the emergence of privacy as a critical legal and psychological factor are evident in the very purposes of the construct in modern society. In psychology, the definition of privacy emphasizes the regulation of, and/or exemption from unwanted access, surveillance, and scrutiny. On the other hand, the legal definition emphasizes decisional privacy i.e. the right to choose one’s involvement in public or private without unreasonable government interference. Effectively, the most important motivation behind the emergency privacy as an important psycho-legal construct is the erosion of private spaces, in part due to the increased power of intrusive technologies, ...

Abstract

The investigator examines ESPN first take and their coverage of black athletes. The intent is to compare the representation of black athletes opposed to their white counterparts. Research on this issue and aspire to extend and expand my findings by focusing primarily on the coverage that is done specifically by ESPN first take and how they use social media as the court of public opinion. Some of the issues that I will share will be similar, and others will be dissimilar, as the goal is to make a correlation in the treatment. Research material will be varied.
(Key terms: ...

Canada is a multicultural area, which has the different sense background, of religious, racial, and cultural festivity. This is notable through the Canadian government adoption of the Multiculturalism policy, in the 1970-80s. This placed the Canadian government, as being the multiculturalism ideology instigator, due to its public prominence on the articulating the social significance of immigration. Therefore, placing the Royal Commission in Canada, dealing with Biculturalism and Bilingualism, often to be referred in multiculturalism as being; the modern political wakefulness derivation.
"Multiculturalism" as a term, has been used by Canadians both descriptively, what is seen as a fact sociologically and prescriptively ...

INTRODUCTION

Pollution entails emission of toxic compounds into the environment. Air pollution is the discharge of toxic gaseous compounds into the atmosphere. Air pollutants are comprised mainly of carbonaceous compounds such smoke from cigars, chimneys, and smoke stacks in industrial settings. Air pollutants contain biological molecules or particulates which pose the danger of diseases and long-term health complications to humans, animals, and plants. This paper focuses on the effects of pollution and explores ethical aspects of pollution.
According to McLean , the main agents of air pollution are commercial industries with large scale applications of fossil fuels. Industrial air pollution ...

Tax Haven is a country or an area where either taxes are not levied at all or are levied at a lower rate as compared to other areas or countries. International taxation may lead to higher tax rate and hence a higher amount of payment, due to this the various entities having subsidiaries may establish themselves in a tax haven. Different countries are a tax haven for different entities and businesses. Such a situation may lead to competition among governments. Various business houses prefer to establish themselves in an area where the tax rates are low. As per a report in 2012, the amount of unreported ...

Arunabha Banerjee

Senior Associate, Corporate & Compliance Solutions, Thomson Reuters
Abstract
With the changing needs of time, forensic analysis of fingerprint in administering criminal justice has undergone a sea change. The process has experience intense digitalization of late with the inception of Automated Fingerprint Information System in an attempt to facilitate speed, efficiency and convenience. However, the automation has been hampered by numerous setbacks, as evident in some recent high profile cases. This article seeks to delve into the nuances of use of digital methods in evidentiary analysis of fingerprints and suggest an effective way forward, which suits the interests of ...

Introduction

With the national average of women’s salaries currently, 77% of men’s salaries for the same position determine that there is discrimination in gender pay in our society that needs to be addressed. Working in the Education/Corrections system, we often see women overlooked for positions that they are as qualified for or even more qualified for in some cases than their male co-workers. I would like to investigate the evaluation process to determine if there is discrimination that may be a factor in the pay difference of gender.
Another research documenting on the gender and double standards through ...

Different individuals or groups have different views about affirmative action. Some of them agree on some portions of affirmative action whereas others do not. There are thus usually pros and cons to this controversial issue. To get to my point across, let me define first what is considered as one of the generally agreed definitions of affirmative action. Affirmative action “involves taking positive steps in job hiring and college admissions to correct certain past injustices against groups such as minorities and women” (Boss, 2011, p. 30). In one of the book sections of Boss (2011), he presented two conflicting ...

1.0 Effect of FVIII mutation on private and public research
The government and the private sector have been extensively involved in the funding and executing research on HA in a bid to unravel the mystery of the disease and particularly to identify effective preventive and treatment of HA. One of the widely known organizations that carry out research on hemophilia is the world federation of hemophilia (WFH) that does epidemiological surveys and monitors the reporting of HA around the world with a broad aim of establishing systems and resources to provide treatment to HA patients. This organization aims at evaluating ...

It is rather difficult for businesspeople to make informed and wise decisions involving the risks, opportunities, and profitability of their ventures unless they have knowledge on the right tools and techniques to utilize. Entrepreneurs and corporations alike need not worry though because they are always take advantage of financial statements whenever they feel the need to examine the performance of their respective enterprises. Through income statements and balance sheets, for instance, businesses can immediately assess their profits, losses, assets, liabilities, and net worth at a given time. Nevertheless, evaluation of companies’ performance should never be limited with these fiscal records ...

(Nigeria vs. Shell)

Abstract

This is a proposal for a research on the topic ‘The Effect of Oil Exploration and Drilling in the Niger Delta (Nigeria vs. Shell)’. It seeks to introduce the reader to the topic of the research in addition to providing a preliminary review of literature. It highlights the proposed methodology and provides a provisional questionnaire for the formed for the purpose of data collection and analysis.
1 Introduction
The topic chosen for this research is ‘The Effect of Oil Exploration and Drilling in the Niger Delta (Nigeria vs. Shell)’. The research aims to provide a more comprehensive, unbiased understanding ...

CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_information_officer
This site provides general information about the role of chief information officer in an organization. The authors are varied, and there are cited and uncited materials. There is no guarantee to indicate that the information in the site is accurate. Since authors are varied, the validity of information is subjected to scrutiny. As a matter of fact, the site administrators have a disclaimer that source for additional information and verification forms the contributors. It also requires clean up as per the Wikipedia’s quality standards.
The site is well organized and updated with the last update being just a ...

Introduction

For over a decade, the government in general has been fighting a war to reduce crime and making every state a better place. Drug traffickers, offenders, organized crime groups and even other negatively charged groups are known to work within our community, of which in most cases their ability to grow is encourages by giving them a blind eye. This paper is focused on offering insight into the most effective ways to investigate the offenders as well as the pros and cons in relation to the topical area and identified problem.

Discussion

Starting from persons in authoritative positions, it is not unheard of to ...

Health Care Organizations

main features, capabilities, and operational benefits
1. Information Management (IM) / Information Technology (IT) Analysis is being incorporated into many types of organizations and healthcare is no different. Hospitals are discovering that with the appropriate implementation and training, comprehensive electronic health record (EHR) systems are coordinating services for more efficient service and shorter patient stays. (Silow-Carroll, Edwards and Rodin, 2012, p. 16) The purpose of installing EHR systems into health care organizations is to integrate and streamline and outpatient and inpatient care. Another purpose is to harmonize the spectrum of services so each patient is appropriately matched with ...

Anxiety disorders are conditions that are characterized by pathological anxiety that has not been caused by physical illness and is not associated with substance use besides not being part of a psychotic illness (Starcevic, 2004, p. 1). The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), anxiety disorders comprise of a group of diagnostic entities. They include panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia), agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, acute stress disorder, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety (social phobia), posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, substance-induced anxiety disorder, general anxiety disorder and ...

US Gun Control Policies Must Be Strengthened

- The Issue
Many would not easily forget the Aurora shooting incident in July, which happened upon the premier night of one of the highly anticipated movies of 2012, the Dark Knight Rises. The movie is noted as the final installment to Christopher Nolan’s interpretation of the iconic superhero that fights in the midst of shadows against criminals such as the Joker, Catwoman and Bane. The suspect, James Holmes, had been noted to have dressed himself as the infamous “Joker” considered as Batman’s arch-nemesis. The suspect had been reported to have used several high caliber pistols ...

Advertising is an aspect that has been embraced in marketing for many decades. This implies that there are numerous advertisements around the world. This puts an extra requirement to companies to identify ways of advertising their services and products to make them shine beyond others. Many companies have resulted to use of celebrities especially popular athletes as the spokespeople to assist in promotion of their products through advertisements. Undeniably, athlete endorsements are a positive way to promote the products of companies through advertisement, which helps companies to achieve competitive advantage in the marketplace. The athletes are taken to have substantial ...

International trade has become part of the global business world. Through international trade, different countries are able to do business with each other. The benefits of international trade by far surpass the disadvantages. This is to say that international trade has been embraced worldwide as a day-to-day practice for successful business. Although international trade puts countries on the same platform, some countries reap much more benefits than other countries. This has led to scholars carrying out research to establish what some countries do differently for them to be successful compared to their rivals. The world is diverse, and different nations ...

Hospitals face a number of challenges regarding security and sharing medical records. On one hand, they are being asked to provide potentially lifesaving data with increasingly short turnaround times. On the other hand, they must preserve the integrity and security of a patient’s medical records. In addition to medical records, hospitals need to secure patient information regarding health insurance, addresses, next of kin, religion, in some cases sexual orientation and other sensitive personal data. In some situations health insurance carriers, lawyers, pharmacists, accountants and courts to release all or part of this information then call upon them. Often patients also ...

I live in Richmond, BC, Canada, where the housing market over the last 10 years has gone from $300,000 to $1.2 million per house. The problem with that is that wages have not increased over that time to accommodate increased living expenses to deal with this issue. As a result, we end up spending more and more in order to maintain the same quality of life that we had before. This phenomenon has spread throughout Canada, as more and more individuals are sinking into deep debt, with little to no way out. I choose to dispute the warning labels ...

Elusive Objectivity: Historical Interpretation and the Reality of Sino-Tibetan Relations

Many of the various histories written about the tumultuous relationship between China and Tibet offer polarized accounts of an international controversy that has come to define the struggle for ethnic identity and political autonomy. Indeed, it is a conflict fought as much in the media and the international consciousness of the global community as it has been contested on the battlefield and behind closed doors between charismatic political leaders like the Dalai Lama and Mao Zedong. The historians and authors who have chronicled a struggle that spanned the 20th century have, in general, seen the matter in terms of Tibetan sovereignty ...

The earliest friend to man is the dog. However the case of dog meat eating has been in existence for a long time. Most of the practice of dog eating has been culturally embraced in the Asian world, more specifically in South Korea and China. Even though this is the case, dog eating has been a practice from the ancient times spanning from several regions like the hinterlands of Western Europe and the Asian peninsulas. The practice has been embraced without much thought about the repercussions and the possible problems associated with the habit. Although the practice is widely acclaimed as ...

The organizational research report and peer-reviewed journal article are concerned with well-conceived and scrupulously followed research methodologies. However, they differ as to purpose. The research report is generally a tool compiled with the intention of securing agreement with, and support for, some specific course of action aimed at aiding the institution. The peer-reviewed article, on the other hand, must be prepared as an authoritatively academic resource aimed at generating ongoing interest as a means of enlightenment and information, and as a useful resource for other academic work.

The most fundamental difference between the peer-reviewed article and organizational/institutional reporting may be summed up ...

Racial Profiling

Racial profiling is a term used to refer to any action taken by the police for reasons of safety, security or simply to protect the public based on race, ethnicity, or nationality of an individual. It includes police stops, searches and coercions of suspects, which are not based on an individual behavior but rather on his or her ethnicity (Shantz, 2010). Police officers should not use ethnicity to determine who to stop and search but can use racial disparity to identify people who match suspect descriptions. Racial profiling is inapplicable in crime scenario involving people of the same race therefore ...

Abstract

Ethics in advertising is of big concern to consumers and businesses alike. While many companies advertise ethically, there are a number of ways in which unethical advertising proliferates, including advertising to children, ads by pharmaceutical companies, and Internet advertisement, to name a few.

Unethical Advertisement

Advertising is everywhere: it is on the television, Internet web pages, E-mail, newspapers, magazines, billboards, at doctors’ offices, on the radio, and in movies. Some companies use unethical advertisement to sell their products and services. They may feel they have a legitimate reason to push the boundaries of ethics, for instance, believing they will have an advantage over competitors ...

Confidentiality and Shield Laws: Branzburg v. Hayes

Paul Branzburg was a news reporter who published stories about drug abuse in Kentucky (Calvert, C & Pember, 2011). The court asked him in 1971 to testify about sources that were obviously breaking the law by handling and trafficking in illegal substances but he declined citing source confidentiality (Calvert, C & Pember). Paul Pappas was a news reporter in Massachusetts who was asked to testify before a grand jury concerning sources within the Black Panthers (Calvert, C & Pember). The third journalist involved was Earl Caldwell who was also asked to testify about the Black Panthers before a Grand Jury (Calvert, C & ...

Abstract

Healthcare reform has of recent become an issue that has attracted public attention globally and is being discussed not only in statehouses but also in public. The major issue with health care reform is the associated cost. The reason for this is that a large percentage of Americans are delaying medical attention and therefore influence medical costs. The postponement of medical treatment means long-term health consequences. Simple conditions gone untreated have turned into chronic to more severe conditions, therefore costing the insurance companies more money to cover these medical treatments. The higher cost in turn are passed on to employers ...