Surrogacy Research Papers Samples For Students

Facts and Conclusion

Facts and Conclusion
Before we describe what three-parent in vitro fertilization is, let us first define what in vitro fertilization (I.V.F) is in the first place. In vitro fertilization is a process wherein the man’s sperm and a woman’s egg are fertilized outside the woman’s body (Storck, 2014). Once fertilization occurs and the fertilized egg divides to become an embryo, the embryo is placed in the uterus (womb) of the woman. Pregnancy in this sense happens once the embryo attaches to the lining of the uterus (Storck, 2014).
The process of in vitro fertilization is often ...

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The concept of abortion as a deliberate termination of pregnancy, not as the spontaneous event called miscarriage, is tenuous to define because such definition varies according to its contexts, be it legal, bioethical, religious, or even cultural.
In the legal aspect there are issues on rights, quasi-rights, personhood, and potentiality (International Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2, 4-5). In the moral (as well as bioethical and religious) side (3-4), there is moral right, “at birth” notion of the human person, viability, “first movement” argument, consciousness and ability to feel pain, and unicellular zygote as the ...

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Surrogacy has been a topic for debate from the time it was medically possible up to now in the modern times. Many institutions and groups had voiced out their opinions and the arguments went on and on. However, for us to clearly understand the case at hand, we must first see the topic of surrogacy from both sides and from the eyes of three different people.
In this paper, we examined three critics of surrogacy. First, we look at the article by Katherine B. Lieber (1992) entitled ‘Selling the Womb: Can ...

Abortion can be termed as the ending of pregnancy by expelling or removing a fetus from the embryo or uterus prior to viability. An abortion may take place spontaneously, where it is often termed as a miscarriage, or it may be deliberately induced. The word abortion mostly refers to a human pregnancy’s induced abortion. Following viability, the relevant process is known as a pregnancy termination. In the developed nations, an induced abortion in conformity with the law is regarded as one of the safest medical procedures. Nevertheless, unsafe abortions lead to 5 million hospital admissions and about 47,000 maternal deaths annually ...

English

The public is against surrogacy tourism because many people consider it immoral. Most members of society consider surrogacy tourism as not morally upright. Some people even go as far as comparing surrogacy tourism to prostitution with reference to the level of immorality attached to the concept.
Surrogacy tourism is important in the current world especially in the current social disposition of the world. The world is on a trend of becoming less and less homophobic. This is a situation where same sex relations and even marriages are becoming more acceptable in society. As a result of this social acceptance of same ...

Abstract:

This research aimed at determining the ethical issues that surround surrogacy. Surrogacy being an issue that has elicited much debate is gaining traction because of the many childless couples out there that either suffer from infertility or are involved in same sex marriages (Gunputh & Choong, 2015) It both has the positive and negative which have been explored in this research. The research involved going through already existing information provided in accredited books, journals and websites. The research first explores the information that surrounds the positive side of surrogacy before delving into the negative side of the issue. Further reviews ...

Abstract:

This research was aimed at determining the ethical issues that surround surrogacy. Surrogacy being an issue that has elicited much debate is gaining traction because of the many childless couples out there that either suffer from infertility or are involved in same sex marriages. It both has the positive and negative which have been explored in this research. The research involved going through already existing information provided in accredited books, journals and websites. The research first explores the information that surrounds the positive side of surrogacy before delving into the negative side of the issue.
Further reviews of these ...

Approximately 3 percent to 10 percent of pregnancies within studied populations are affected by gestational diabetes, a condition involving elevated blood sugar levels in women previously not diagnosed with diabetes (Metzger et al., 2007; Moore & et al, 2005; Schneider, 2014). Due to changes in diagnostic criteria, the prevalence of gestational diabetes may occur in as many as 20 percent of pregnancies (Kim, 2010).
Insulin receptors begin to dysfunction secondary to factors related to pregnancy and blood glucose levels rise. There are relatively few symptoms of gestational diabetes and screening of pregnant women is the most effective method of diagnosis. ...

Abstract

Gestational diabetes (GDM) can be defined as a kind of diabetes observed in pregnancy. It can be described as intolerance to glucose or elevated glucose level initiated or recognized in pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester. Gestational diabetes affects almost 5-7% of all pregnancies in the US annually.

Gestational diabetes: pathophysiology, etiology, signs and symptoms, interventions, prognosis, and a nursing approach

Gestational diabetes (GDM) can be defined as intolerance to glucose or elevated glucose level initiated or recognized in pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester. Gestational diabetes affects almost 5-7% of all pregnancies in the US annually. This implies that approximately 200000 women in the US have to deal ...

AIDS, Early pregnancy and Artificial conception are just some of the main issues commonly interrelated with fertility or reproduction, both of which are sensitive topics, that ironically must be given more attention academically.
This paper is divided in two parts. The first part tackles In-Vitro Fertilization and other kinds of artificial conception, and the correlation of AIDS, early pregnancy and prostitution, while the latter part focuses the socio-economic and health impacts of AIDS and prostitution with more emphasis on developing countries.

Emergence of Artificial Conception

Artificial insemination and In-Vitro Fertilization are just two ways of replicating pregnancy through the normal process of ...

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This research paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of breast milk and formula milk for premature babies. Mothers of premature babies, also known as small gestational age infants (SGA), may realize that breast milk can prove more beneficial for the wellbeing of such babies. Breast milk can provide essential nutrients needed to assist the infant in their completer natural development outside their mother's womb. A research supports the notion that premature babies have more of an advantage being fed breast milk as it contains several vital components needed for their growth. Although, some may disapprove the ...

Bioinformatics combines the subjects of biology, mathematics and computer science in to a single field of study. There are various tools available for the biomedical researchers so that they are able to find out the desired biochemical, genomic and medical information. Search programs, data base storage and software programs are some types of bioinformatics tools that help in the analysis of proteomic and genomic data. The web based tutorial of bioinformatics programs will be used in this study to analyze the most important enzyme of fertilization called phospholipase C-gamma. This tutorial will use the bioinformatics tools easily acquired from the ...

INTRODUCTION:

The stem cell research has been debated ever since the birth of it. However, the categorization of the stem cell research has been defined in a wrong manner. Moreover, the media is sensationalizing the topic. This has resulted in a wrong notion that all stem cell research is unethical. This is a wrong notion of the research because there are two types of stem cell research. The adult stem cell research is ethical than the embryonic stem cell research.
Adult stem cell research refers to the usage of matured cells from mature adult human being without killing the host. On the ...

Abstract

All over the world economic challenges have deeply affected the lives of millions of immigrant families and the hardest hit are the children. Skyrocketing economic disadvantages have led to job layoffs and lack of the basic necessities in life and the immigrant children have consequently suffered from immense mental health problems and constant abuse. Low levels of income are inextricably linked with rising levels of homelessness and lack of other basic needs and the immigrant children are particularly affected by these adverse conditions. Thousands of immigrant children have been reported to have a wide variety of mental problems which are ...

Preterm or premature births pertain to births earlier than 38 weeks of gestation. The WHO (2013) estimates that each year around 15 million infants are born before 37 weeks. The preterm birth rate varies across 184 countries but range from 5-18% of all live births. On one hand, estimates show that approximately 75% of preterm mortality can be prevented even without intensive care interventions (WHO, 2013). On the other, prematurity has become the top cause of newborn mortality with over a million deaths every year which accounts for 35% of total newborn mortality (Lawn et al., 2012). Third world or ...

Stem cell research has been termed by several health practitioners and scholars as one of the greatest milestones in medical research. Stem cells can be defined as any cells that have the ability to divide and thus can be specialized into any of the different kinds of cells found in the body . Such specialization and growth of cells into any of the functional cells implies that physicians can use the technology to cure many cell-related diseases. For instance, stem cells can be used to replace damaged cells due to cancer. Other diseases may lead to the damaging and degradation ...

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is the metabolic diseases that result from an increased level of blood sugar. It is divided into three main categories, Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, and the gestational diabetes. The treatment aims at effectively controlling the level of glucose, as well as lipid content in blood. The treatment may be in the form of a drug, pancreas replacement, herbal drug or dietary therapy. The most effective way of managing diabetes is through dietary therapy, as well as lifestyle management. The use of dietary therapy in the management of diabetes is a safe and a very effective means of improving ...

Diabetes is a group of metabolic conditions that are similar in terms of disorder development, symptoms, and potential complications. Three main groups of diabetes include type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and gestational diabetes. All types of diabetes are characterized by similar symptoms, such as polyuria and hyperglycemia, but the causes of diabetes are often different and require a personalized approach to drug therapy and lifestyle management.
The onset of type 2 diabetes usually occurs because adipose tissue and muscle cells lose insulin sensitivity or because the pancreas loses the ability to produce enough insulin (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). ...

Abstract

Diabetes can be referred to as a complex condition that can affect the entire body of a person and it causes high levels of glucose in the body. There are three types of diabetes that can affect a people such as diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus and gestational diabetes (American Diabetes Association 35). Just like any other disease, diabetes also has symptoms associated with people living with it. Some of the notable symptoms include; severe thirst due to losing of fluids from excessive urination, weight loss, fatigue as well as blurred vision. Diabetes has numerous risk factors associated with it ...

Embryonic stem cells are produced from embryos, human or other animal embryos

.most of such cells have developed from embryos that develop from eggs which have been
fertilized in vitro fertilization clinics. Such embryos have been donated for the purpose of
research with the informed consent of the donors, and they are certainly not developed from
eggs fertilised in a woman’s body. (Bethesda, 2015)

At the outset it has to be accepted that the embryonic stem cell research is a modern

day scientific marvel which can change the ways the various presently day incurable human
ailments, are treated in the future. Diseases like cancer, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s,
premature aging, stunted growth may altogether be eliminated in the distant future.

Moral and Ethical issues of Stem cell Research

However, there are moral and ethical issues ...

Diabetes is characterized in two types: Type I and II. In the type I diabetes, the immune system abort the function of pancreatic cells and it stops making insulin hormone. In type II diabetes, alterations in insulin secretion occur, and body cannot utilize the insulin effectively because of increased resistance against insulin. If not treated and monitored properly, it can turn up into life threatening disease (Webmd.com, 2014; Rubin, 2011).
I. Diabetes Monitoring and Treatment

A. Glucose meters

Using a glucose meter for monitoring blood sugar on a daily basis has become a habit of millions of Americans. Glucose meters are small battery-operated devices ...

Diabetes Facts

What is diabetes? It is a chronic condition, characterized by excessive amounts of blood sugar or glucose. Its full name is diabetes mellitus, although for the remainder of this paper the commonly used name diabetes will be used. When there is too much glucose in the blood – a condition known as hyperglycemia – glucose finds its way into the urine, which gave rise to the term “sweet urine.” (Stöppler and Shiel (Ed.), 2012).
Glucose – in addition to being a simple sugar contained in various foods – is also a nutrient essential to the normal functioning of cells in the body. Carbohydrates in food ...

Embryonic stem cell is a crucial factor in the developmental process of a multicellular organism. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived at early stages during development and eventually give rise to all type of tissues and organs in an animal. The ES cell lines have three properties consisting of self-renewal, primary chimera formation and pluripotency [1]. Pluripotency, a key feature of ESCs, refers to the capacity of a cell to differentiate into several different types of tissues [2]. An array of cellular factors play important role in maintaining pluripotency and determining cell fate in the developmental pathway. Negative effects on these factors may ...

Analysis of a Public or Community Health Problem

A community health problem, being a well being issue affecting a large population of the community, has a widespread impact on the community. Diabetes has plagued the population of New York State for over a decade now. Many surveys carried out in the state to assess the prevalence of the condition report increased incidence rates too. Due to the high prevalence rates and the fact that the condition is widespread in the state, this paper will analyze diabetes as a community health problem in New York State and make recommendations on plausible solutions.

Description of the problem

Diabetes is a chronic health condition where the body either produces insufficient ...

ABSTRACT

A mother's touch or her reaction to her infant's crying will affect how the way her child will bond or attach to her and the child's future relationship with others. Making this kind of determination enables authorities to come up with interventions and allow mothers to change their behavior and thus, become closer to their children and contribute to their positive development as adults.

Certainly man cannot live in milk alone,'' and so says developmental psychologist Harry Harlow in summing up the findings of his experiments that eventually changed the way people think about how mothers should care ...

Introduction

Restorative justice occurs when the offender accepts accountability, and the victim agrees to enter into a reconciliation process. This research paper analyzes the efficiency of restorative justice in Canada.

Values and principles in the society

The restorative justice in Canada is based on four primary principles. The Encounter is the first value, which aims at creating an opportunity for the victim, offender, and the society to meet and discuss the crime (Restorative Justice, 2011). The encounter also aims at creating a forum whereby the parties can examine the consequences of the offense. The second one is Amends, and offers a chance to the offender to ...

Introduction

Diabetes impacts the body’s capacity to secrete or utilize insulin, a hormone that regulates the level of sugars in the blood. Possible complications that occur due to diabetes include heart attack, cardiovascular disease, and kidneys failure. This research paper analyzes how diabetes impacts the human body.

Circulatory system

Diabetes contributes to the disposition of fats in the blood vessels over time. The fat deposits may inhibit blood circulation and result in hardening the blood vessels, a condition known as atherosclerosis. Baoge and Tao (2015) assert that atherosclerosis is a vital pathologic cause of cardiovascular disease. Also, inhibited blood circulation may ...

Organization:

The human body is home to a variety of organisms ranging from the minute bacteria to eukaryotic mites. Demodex folliculorum is a small arthropod that lives in human hair follicles and sebaceous glands. D. folliculorum and the closely related D. brevis live in a commensal relationship on humans and are harmless in the normal course of events. Demodex was first discovered by Henle in 1841 and described by Simon Akbulatova in 1842. The existence of the mite in cadavers was established by Stcherbatchoff in 1903 and later by Gmeiner in 1908. Riechers and Kopf in 1969 showed that maximum ...

Introduction

Environmental adaptation is essential to the survival of any animal. In fact, this attribute helps organisms obtain nutrients, build homes, withstand extreme weather conditions, attach mates and enhance their safety (Nelson et al. 2008). With this in mind, it is worth appreciating the fact that polar and grizzly bears have different physical and behavioral characteristics due to environmental adaptation in spite of their species similarities. The polar bear is specially adapted to survive in the cold pole regions. Its body structure and genetic composition have substantially evolved to accommodate the low temperatures and harsh environmental conditions. Its behavioral attributes ...

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Preeclampsia is a common condition among pregnant women noted by an elevated blood pressure and the presence of significant amount of protein in the urine . In a survey conducted by the World Health Organization, it was reported that in 2011 pre-eclampsia affects approximately 2-8% of the population from a global perspective . Nevertheless, the prevalence may be insignificant but the impact of preeclampsia may be fatal for both the mother and her unborn child. In lieu with this, the proponent of this research would like to conduct a study that would establish the significant impact of prenatal vitamin ...

The article titled ‘Early Predictors of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk’ was authored by Sera Lindberg, Alexandra Adams and Ronald Prince, who are affiliated to the University of Wisconsin-Madison. It was published on the 9th issue of the Maternal & Child Health Journal in 2012. The article contains the details of the research conducted to investigate early predictors of obesity in American Indian children between the ages of 5 and 8. American Indians have the highest obesity prevalence rate in US. According to Leadership and Healthy Communities (2010), about 39% of American Indian and Alaska Native children between the ages of ...

Description and challenges

Hepatitis C is a type of infection that is caused by a virus that attacks the human liver resulting in inflammation. The virus is called Hepatitis C virus (HCV). The infected people show less or no symptoms during its early stages of infection (Michael, 2014, p 1178). Hepatitis C virus is considered the most dangerous of the Hepatitis infections. The virus is transmitted through the contact with contaminated blood, mostly through needles that are shared through the use of illegal drugs.
One challenge with Hepatitis is that, during its early stages, one cannot know if he is infected or not. This ...

Abstract

This paper describes and discusses the various types of human stem cells, including those in early-stage embryos (the blastocyst) and those present in adult tissue, explaining the practical uses of the various types in the medical field, where stem cells can be used to repair damaged tissue and organs. Although the adult stem cell types offer fewer possibilities for medical applications than the embryonic type, their use is less ethically controversial because it does not require destruction of a living albeit very early stage embryo. Research into stem cell applications is finding improved techniques. These include the treatment of acute ...

The advancement of technology has precipitated a revolution in scientific understanding over the last several decades. Advancements in research tools has led to new insights into every facet of scientific discovery within the realms of chemistry, physics, and biology and all the sub-disciplines forming their constitution. Increased discovery has brought with it opportunities for cross discipline cooperation which has resulted in the formation of new disciplines and has galvanized scientists to press the boundaries of research and application as has never been seen in human history. One such field testing those limits is genetics. Today’s geneticists have expanded beyond ...

Adanois Gonzalez

DBRN 112L
Deborah Franco
Abstract
This paper presents the condition of placenta abruptio, or premature separation of the placenta from the uterus, from a nursing perspective. It includes description of the condition including the pathophysiology of maternal vessel rupture and intrauterine blood accumulation, the uncertain etiology and known risk factors. Signs and symptoms such as abdominal pain, shock symptoms and uterine rigidity are described. Specific medical interventions such as aggressive monitoring and blood transfusions and surgical treatments including emergency caesarian section are reviewed. The paper also describes diagnostic studies for this condition including blood testing and fetal ...

Introduction

Throughout history, eugenics has been enshrouded in controversy. As an applied science that started out as a biosocial movement, eugenics advocates for the improvement of the genetic composition of the human population, though the concept can also be applied to other populations. As a social philosophy, eugenics advocates for the improvement of the human hereditary characteristics by promoting higher procreation of more desired traits and people and reducing the procreation of people with less desired traits. Eugenics gained its greatest popularity in early 20th century. However, it was still being practiced in the late decades of the 19th century. In the ...

Cloning has been a particularly intriguing experiment over the years, involving acutely essential milestones and crucial researches. Many hypotheses have been generated; some accepted and others refuted. On 5 July 1996, a domestic ewe, Dolly was born by lan Wilmut and his colleagues. Dolly was the first animal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell (McLaren, 1775). Initially, people, inclusive of scientist, did not believe that somatic cell from an adult individual, could be used to generate a new individual through cloning. However, with the emergence of Dolly, the ideology was disapproved, and, it was with clear conscious that genes could ...

Q. 6.

In Kenya, the mortality rate of Rift Valley Fever (RFV) was reported to be 23 % between 30th November, 2006 and March 12, 2007. This percentage is a representative of the overall 684 cases reported and the 155 deaths reported. North Eastern province led with a total of 333 cases while Rift Valley had 183 cases reported. On the other hand, 141 cases were reported in Coast Province while 14 cases were reported in the Central region. The North Eastern part of Kenya had the least number of casualties reported; 13 cases. Out of the 684 cases described, only 234 cases were ...

Movie Review: THX-1138

THX-1138, the main character in the film THX-1138, works as a magnum operator in cell 94107. He was literally created to manipulate the magnum along with other people in his society. In general, the THX-1138 movie is one of the best films that the creator of Star Wars, George Lucas, has ever scripted and directed. In 1976, Lucas produced Electronic Labyrinth: THX-113: 4EB, a short film that won various awards and introduced Lucas to movie fans globally (“George Lucas Biography”). The success of Electronic Labyrinth impressed the director of The Godfather, Frances Coppela, who urged Warner Brothers to provide ...

Trisomy

Chromosomes are marvelous things! They carry in their genes the entire genetic code required to build a human being. Comprised of nucleic acid (DNA) and proteins, twenty-three pairs of chromosomes located in the cell nucleus are needed for the normal development of a human embryo. However, sometimes things go wrong. This paper will discuss some of the consequences of faulty chromosome separation during fertilization, resulting in Trisomy.
Trisomy is a chromosomal condition which occurs when three chromosomes, instead of the normal two are produced during cell division. This happens due to the failure of human chromosome pairs to separate ...

This research is about radiation exposure to pregnant females. Pregnant females are often exposed to radiation from medical equipment such as X-Ray machines, security scanners, hazards from nuclear facilities, and other equipment in the workplace. There has been raising concerns as to whether radiation has any impact on pregnant females. While some argue radiation is harmful, some people believe radiation has no impact. This paper will review evidence gathered from previous investigations. The paper will discuss radiation and its impacts on the pregnant females. The paper will conclude with a summary of the findings.
Radiation can be classified as ...

Lis Rodriguez

Lab 1
ASA College
Abstract
Patau’s syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that involves trisomy 13. The condition is characterised by either an extra copy of the autosomal chromosome number 13 or a translocation to chromosome 13 from another chromosome. There are severe symptoms observed in the unborn and newborn children having this defect. Polydactyly, cleft lips, physical retardation, mental retardation, heart defects are few of the many symptoms. The disease can be diagnosed during gestation via screening methods followed by several analytical procedures like FISH, karyotyping and microarray on samples of blood and serum from the pregnant ...

Introduction

Positive psychology is an alternative approach within the study of psychology. Psychology tends to focus on dysfunction throughout society. Positive psychology, on the other hand, focuses on the happiness within an individual. Positive psychology believes that positive emotions are the underlying cause of happiness. Attachment theory also touches on the happiness of the individual. Attachment theory state that positive emotions are the result of emotional support within an individual. Both theories focus on how certain aspects in life effect the future well-being of the individual. The following discusses the benefits of positive psychology and how incorporating it into attachment ...

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent diseases affecting the population of the world. The rate of Americans living with all types of diabetes has rapidly grown over the last century. Currently, over 20 million adults in the United States have diabetes, which constitutes roughly ten percent of the population (Nguyen et al., 2010, p. 351). The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has estimated that one in three of all of the American children born in the year 2000 will grow up to have some type of diabetes (Gallivan et al., 2007, p. 1394). There is no cure for ...

Introduction

The role of a professional code of ethics and personal values can cause difficulty in the counseling profession. Counselors need to clearly define their own personal values and be aware of how these values could possibly affect their treatment of patients who may have differing values. The Code of Ethics that is provided by the American Counseling Association (2014) provides the professional framework for the collective morals of the counseling profession. The code even addresses the role of values within the code. The framework for practice, research, supervision and record keeping are all provided in the code of ethics. The ...

Introduction

Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in which the level of blood glucose in patients increases drastically after caloric intake. The main cause of the disease is either the insulin production in the body is non-sufficient or the body cells do not respond to the insulin, or both. Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are the symptoms of the diabetic patients i.e. frequent urination, high thirst, and high hunger. Moreover, pre-diabetes is a condition in which the blood glucose level of the patients remains normally high but not high enough that it is ranked as diabetic. There are three types of diabetes:

Type 1 – insulin independent

...

Introduction

Diabetes, which is commonly referred to as diabetes mellitus gives a description of diseases that relates to metabolism. An individual suffering from this disease has very high levels of blood glucose or blood sugars. This is because of inadequate insulin production. The other reason as to why a person may contract diabetes is because insulin may not be functioning properly. Patients suffering from high levels of blood sugar experience frequent urination which is at times known as polyuria. Such patients can at times get thirstier, a condition known as polydipsia, and hungry, which in this case is known as polyphagia.
When ...

Participants

The population that was sampled in this study was all mothers that gave birth to infants with a birth weight of less than 2500g at Tuanku Jakaar Hospital over a five-month period. This population was highly relevant to the study. The study employed random sampling to choose the respondents1. The study of all births taking place on the same day, with no exceptions, gave a proper representativeness of the population. Random sampling ensured that the respondents were a representative of the population in Malaysia. Taking into account all the races in the diverse Malaysian population, the study avoided a recruitment bias that would have ...

Introduction

Abortion entails ending of a pregnancy. It is done through the expulsion or removal an embryo or fetus from the uterus. It can take place naturally or it can be deliberately induced. At times, it is by the reason of the fetus’ natural death that abortion occurs. However, the word abortion generally pertains to the induced method (Hinman, 2013). Some groups of people perceive such method as immoral, while others believe otherwise. The rate of its recurrence, related legal, religious and cultural issues are different for any place; that is why, it is a very controversial topic. There are two prestigious ...

Company Mission and Critique

Dunkin Brands Group Inc. is among the world’s top franchisors of the fast service restaurants that serve baked goods, cold and hot coffee, and hard serve ice cream. The Company’s brand groups include Baskin- Robbins, Dunkin’ Donuts, and Togo’s that are among the best loved names within the restaurant industry. Among the three brand groups, Dunkin’ Donuts is the biggest baked goods and coffee chain in the world, whereas Baskin Robbins is the leading ice cream franchise in the world. Togo’s is a fast growing and youngest of all the chains. It serves approximately164, 000 sandwiches ...

Abstract

The theory of interpersonal relationships was forwarded by Hildegard. E. Peplau and is known as Peplau’s theory. The theory of interpersonal communications was influenced by Harry Stack Sullivan's theory. Researchers have also named Peplau’s theory as psychodynamic nursing. The term psychodynamic nursing is associated with the understanding of one’s behavior. Peplau’s theory describes the different roles a nurse would play in a healthcare setting. Leader, counsellor, teacher, resource person, stranger, and surrogate are the different roles of a nurse described by Peplau’s theory. Orientation, identification, exploitation and resolution are the 4 phases of interpersonal relationship. The paper ...

Hormone Variations During Pregnancy

Hormone Variations During Pregnancy

Introduction

Pregnancy is regarded is one of the most important phase of a women’s life cycle. In addition, pregnancy also encompasses hormonal and physiological changes that are unique in the women’s life cycle. In pregnancy, women experience sudden changes, which includes progesterone and estrogen increases. This also leads to dramatic changes on hormonal functions that affects mood and creates a “glow” among pregnant women. More importantly, hormonal changes during pregnancy poses a significant effect fetal development that also manifests in the changes in physical activities. Having to mention the progesterone and estrogen, medical studies suggests that women ...

Introduction

A person with diabetes (also known as Diabetes mellitus) is considered to have high blood sugar levels. Diabetes is considered to be a metabolic disease with the number of new cases increasing every year. Common symptoms of diabetes are increased hunger, urination and increased thirst. These symptoms are caused due to abnormal levels of blood sugar in the body. If diabetes is untreated at early stages, complications in health are observed.
Non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma and diabetic ketoacidosis are some of the acute complications that arise when diabetes is untreated. Long term complications include kidney failure, retinopathy and cardiovascular disease.
...

References: (p 338-358)

Summary: Henrietta Lacks, known by scientists as Hela was a poor southern tobacco farmer. The cells from this farmer were taken without her knowledge and became the most essential tool in medicine. These were the first ‘immortal’ cells known in mankind and are still alive today though Henrietta has been dead for more than 60 years. These cells have been very important in developing vaccine for polio and have also led to fertilization, cloning and gene mapping which have been bought and sold by billions. All this happens while Henrietta is buried in an unmarked grave her family did not ...

Birth Problems and their Long Term Implications

In every couple’s life – may they be married or living together – having a child is a monumental step in their life together. The child is seen as the anchor that binds the family together, and the joy that brings life to the home. Having a child is also seen as a privilege for many couples as not all families are privileged to be able to have a child due to medical complications. However, there are some instances for those who could have children report birth problems or birth defects in one or two of their children. There are many possibilities on why birth ...

The literary world was not ready for Mary Shelley and her novel, Frankenstein. Mary Shelley, the product of a feminist mother, speaks her mind freely about the stereotypic issues that are imbedded in her culture and distinguish between men and women.
When the novel, Frankenstein, was published, society was aghast, how could such a young girl write something so gothic? During the early ninetieth century an independent woman was not encouraged; her place was behind her husband. She was suppose to be a paragon of virtue and the patriarch of the family; someone on whom husbands look down, and the children ...

Drug Development Slides

What are some of the major responsibilities of the US Food and Drug Administration?
The FDA is responsible for protecting public security by ensuring all foods sold meet hygiene and safety standards.
How long does the drug patent usually last? Can you gain an extension?
The drug patent lasts for 17 years and one can get a patent if they apply.
What are the basic sections of a US IND?
- Toxicology and effectiveness during pre-clinic trials
- Clinical work that will be carried out in Phase 1 and 2
- Manufacturing and chemistry ...

Innovative Research Views on Onset and Treatments

Schizophrenia:Innovative Research Views on Onset and Treatments
The term “schizophrenia” was coined by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler to describe a splitting of psychic functions (Crespi, Sted & Elliot 2010, p. 1736). Schizophrenia is an extremely serious and devastating illness affecting 1% of the American population, causing symptoms that disrupt thought patterns, behavior, and emotions of individuals (Richard & Brahm 2012, p. 757; “Schizophrenia: What” 2012, p. 1). While some sources refer to schizophrenia as a “mental illness,” others refer to it as a “brain disorder” (“Schizophrenia: What” 2012, p. 1; “Schizophrenia” n.d.). Indeed, schizophrenia is a difficult disorder to characterize because its primary symptoms, ...

This technology has been in existence for some time in science. Genetic engineering is the alteration of the genes of an organism to obtain an offspring whose genetic make-up is more superior to that of the parent organisms. In its crude form, it comprises of selective breeding that resulted in more productive cattle breeds, in the recent past. Genetic engineering utilizes modern techniques to improve an organism’s characteristics. These include deletion or change of the genes within an organism, transfer of genes, and construction of new genes. In crops and animals, genetic engineering is aimed at improving the ...

Summary

Organic beef production is still a new concept in the field of beef production. However, it has developed so fast and has become widely accepted all over the world. Organic beef production is somewhat similar to natural beef production but it involves additional steps of inspection and verification before the beef is sent to the organic market. The process of producing organic beef involves using natural feeds without any trace of inorganic components. Such livestock are also not exposed to any kind of growth stimulating hormones or the use of antibiotics. This research is mainly going to cover the process ...