Viruses Research Proposals Samples For Students

- INTRODUCTION
- Background Information
- People in gay marriages continue to be discriminated against despite the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
- Thesis statement
- Gay marriages greatly contribute to the increasing prevalence of HIV/AIDS through the act of men having sex with men (MSM).
- Social factors and behavioral aspects raise the vulnerability of MSM to getting HIV infection. The HIV pandemic thus affects MSM disproportionately.
- There is strong pressure from many societies against gay marriages. As a result, many gay men marry women to conceal their real sexual orientation because ...

HIV and AIDS research has come a long way since the world first began to recognize HIV and AIDS as a problem in the 1980s. However, in much of the world, HIV and AIDS are still significant problems for much of the population. In the United States, HIV and AIDS are often associated most heavily with homosexuality and, in particular, homosexual men; however, there are many women infected with HIV.
This research will investigate a number of questions regarding the intersection of gender and HIV-positive status. Because the link between the male homosexual community has been thoroughly studied, this research project ...

Research Plan

Introduction
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems incorporate pervasively in prokaryotic genomes that have also been suggested to perform a role in numerous critical cellular operations (Van, & Bast, 2009). These systems characteristically comprise of a two-gene operon encoding a toxic protein molecule which aims at an important cellular purpose and an antitoxin that connects to and hinders the toxin. Control of toxin action is attained via differential constancy of the stable toxin as well as the unstable antitoxin (Kamada & Hanaoka, 2005). In several occasions, the antitoxin also operates as a transcriptional autorepressor of the operon, whereby the degradation of the antitoxin leads to transcriptional introduction ...

Introduction

Antigen Presentation
Antigen presentation plays a pivotal role in the immune system through which pathogenic antigens are processed and coupled along with major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and presented to T cells for their effector response. Macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells are the primary antigen presenting cells (APC’s). Intracellular antigens generated by viruses, or some cytoplasmic bacterial antigens are digested by the host cells and coupled with MHC Class I by Transporter associated with antigen Processing complex (TAP), which transports them to the cell surface and presents to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (Germain, R 1994). These cells elicit a ...

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease caused by the HIV that infects the body’s immune system. AIDS is among the biggest causes of death in the world today (Gordon 2011). The disease is transmitted through unprotected sex. The disease is also transmitted through other means that enable the mixture of contaminated bodily fluids and blood. They include; contaminated blood transfusions, childbirth, and breastfeeding among many others. Not all bodily fluids transmit the HIV. Fluids such as tears and saliva do not transmit the disease. The virus weakens the body’s immune system and leaves one vulnerable to opportunistic ...

METHODOLOGY

This study is intended to be conducted prospectively in a 375-bedded educational hospital facility. This study will be carried out in a 6 month period running from November 2013 to April 2014. In regard to the methodology for this study, all patients admitted during this period will be examined and included in this research for every day detection of any form of Hospital acquired infection, also referred to as nosocomial infections, which ranges from Surgical site infections (SSI), Pneumonia (PNEU), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), blood stream and Lung infections among many others (Warrell, 2003, p.17). Through a quantitative ...

When preparing a patient for surgery, the preoperative process mostly involves the removal of hair around the surgical site. Numerous studies have shown a direct relationship between surgical site infections and the removal of hair (Herbst, 2006, p9). However, this question is largely debatable on the basis of the most appropriate method of hair removal to be applied. Traditionally, shaving was the most common method of hair removal prior to a surgery (Ancheril, 2004). Conversely, after reviewing various medical journals on what would be the best preoperative method of hair removal that reduces the risk of surgical site infection, I came to a ...

INTRODUCTION

Every year, many lives are usually lost due to the spread of infections in the hospitals. Although all hospitals have infection control procedures and policies, the risk of infections seems to be impossible to completely eliminate. In the course of my clinical nursing experience, I have noted that these infections that are mostly picked up during a patients stay in the hospital mostly ranges from lung infections, urinary tract infections, Methicilin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), and blood stream infections among many others (Amos & Waugh,2010). These are commonly known as hospital-acquired infections (HIA). In this paper, I will expound on the ...

Acupuncture is a traditional alternative medicine of China, being practiced for thousands of years in the country. Recently, many western countries have also started making use of the treatment for various conditions. It is chosen by many since it is known to be less invasive, more natural, and less liable to adverse events as compared to orthodox forms of treatment (Vincent, 2001). However, critics of complementary medicine have criticized it as being dangerous (Vincent, 2001). This has prompted to growing demand for evidence of its efficacy and safety. In addition, there is also some evidence in the literature about adverse ...

Do people who take vitamins recover faster from the flu and produce a more significant immune response?

Flu, also commonly known as influenza or Grippe, is a virus disease that attacks by infecting the respiratory system, nervous or gastrointestinal system (stomach flu). Rarely fatal, it often opens the door to Pneumonia, Eye and Ear infections and Brian inflammation that do threaten life. Common colds are usually confused with Influenza, in view of both these ailments attacking the upper respiratory system and showing similar symptoms. In fact they are both caused by different viruses. The worst catastrophe was a devastating world-wide epidemic (pandemic) of Influenza stuck during the summer-winter of 1918 taking the total death toll to about 10 ...

Abstract:

The safety of the healthcare providers, and that of their clients, remains to be of uttermost importance. Thus, there is a need to draw close attention towards saving the lives of healthcare workers and those who dwell within the hospital facility through knowledge increase of the advantages of hand hygiene. This study takes into account some recent researches in connection to hand hygiene and the infections that may come about when the pathogens and the bacteria within the surface of the skin is not washed away. As there are about 2 million people who get infected every year, it is ...

Abstract

The safety of the healthcare provider (s) and that of its clients (patients) remains to be of uttermost importance. The increasing incidence of acquired infection within the health facilities due to the use of contaminated materials as well as transfer of communicable diseases is become notably identified scenario. Dealing with the incidences of acquired infection through the process of healthcare delivery is becoming a world health organizations’ (WHO) major concern, (Weston, 2013). Over the past decade the rising complains on the diseases related from acquired infection was identified. This shows that there is need to draw a close attention towards saving ...

Healthcare environments are significantly prone to the risk of infection. Apparently, given the many avenues for possible infection that are evident in healthcare environments, there is an urgent need for intervention that such places demand. Several studies have revealed that all the people who participate in such environments stand a risk of getting infected, an aspect that further raises concern on the way those in charge of such places conduct their activities. The current paper identifies where the risk stems from, the possible interventions that should be initiated to curb the involved risks and it provided a reliable model ...

Introduction

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, is a virus that weakens the immune system in humans. This is accomplished as the virus attacks the cells that fight infection and diseases. As a virus, it is similar in nature to other viruses, such as the flu. Unlike other viruses, however, the symptoms associated with HIV do not improve over time as HIV reproduces by systematically overtaking the cells within the host body. HIV does not heal and once an individual is infected, that individual will live the remainder of their life with this virus (aids.gov, n.d.).
The symptoms associated with HIV may ...

OVERVIEW

In the terminology of the WHO, AIDS is a viral disease that prevents the body to fight against infections and cancer ("HIV/AIDS", 2016). AIDS infected people are easily affected a large number of unusual and life-threatening diseases. These diseases are often treatable; however, successful treatment based on immune deficiency is caused by a virus there.
The causative agent of AIDS is HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The name was adopted in 1986 as a term to describe the virus that causes AIDS. This allows the name itself to distinguish AIDS from other retroviruses and evidence offline. This virus was known ...

The purpose of this paper is to present a research proposal for nurse hand hygiene practices in a hospital setting. The paper will provide an introduction and literature review in order to identify gaps in the literature with respect to hand hygiene practice in hospitals. Finally, the paper will present a research project to address the issue.
1. Introduction
The relationship between nosocomial infections and hand hygiene has long been understood and established with Larson’s publication in 1988. Although hand washing had been established as a cornerstone of nursing practice, by 2003 compliance in hand hygiene in hospitals ...

Hepatitis B Vaccination to Infants

Introduction
Hepatitis B is considered to be very common in the United States. A study that was conducted shows that over one million Americans are considered to be infected by Hepatitis B and over half of them have no idea they are infected (London, 2011). It is an illness that is very infectious. The virus responsible for Hepatitis B is called Hepatitis B virus. It spreads when un-infected person comes in contact with the semen, body fluids and blood of infected person and it founds itself inside his immune system. This mostly happens through sharing of needles during ...

Abstract

Stress is a dynamic and interactional process involving intricate body systems with formulations and operationalisation of the components at different levels(1).There is growing evidence that there is a positive correlation between emotional stress and oral health. As will be demonstrated from the literature reviewed in this paper emotional stress can be implicated in oral problems such as ulcerative conditions, inflammatory conditions, dental decay, TMD, RAS and others that continue to be linked to stress. Stress has also been found to aggravate some oral conditions such as oral lichen planus. In some of these conditions the precise mechanisms by which ...

Effects

HIV/AIDS has hit Sub-Saharan Africa the hardest among all the other nations. Such occurs in terms of migration, poverty, low literacy levels, and economic instability (World Health Organization, 1997). Further, the death tolls in the world have increased significantly because of this disease leading to the loss of human labor, which is needed for much production in society. Nations are also spending a lot in the healthcare sector with an aim of addressing the negative impact of the virus, which has led to the attainment of economic instabilities in different regions (Wasserheit, 1992). Adult population has been lost resulting ...

Implementing Standard Practice for Collecting Blood Cultures Among ER Nurses

Abstract
Collecting blood culture samples is an important part of data collection for the process of diagnosis. The results of such a test can provide information regarding the presence of bacteria within the patient’s blood with great certainty. Therefore, it is an integral procedure for the verification of a prognosis. Unfortunately, there are a variety of factors that can lead to false positives of these tests. It mainly occurs due to the improper collection practices. This is most seen among the emergency room nurses. Because of the great risk associated with diagnosis and future medical treatments based on incorrect test ...

Abstract

Collecting blood culture samples is an important part of data collection for the process of diagnosis. The results of such a test can provide information regarding the presence of bacteria within the patient’s blood with great certainty. Therefore, it is integral to the verification of a prognosis. Unfortunately, there are a variety of factors that can lead to false positives on these tests. One way this can occur is through improper collection practices. This is seen amongst emergency room nurses to varying degrees. Because of the great risk associated with diagnoses and future medical treatments based on incorrect test results, it ...

According to Carlson and Rice (2014), patient safety advocates have in the recent past called increased regulations on the safety of patients. The advocates lament that the nation’s lack of effective measures and regulations aimed at protecting people once they have entered the hospital premises. Medicare watchdog, a body concerned with the monitoring of patient safety situation in the US noted that adverse events within hospitals lead to about 15000 deaths every month. This body further asserts that over 130000 less-severe injuries occur as a result of the adverse events in the hospitals. This means that little has been done ...

Classical English Literature

Introduction
Teen pregnancy is a complex issue due to social, economic, emotional, and physical consequences that badly affect the life of teenage girl. In the United States, 3 out of every 10 teenage girls become pregnant before attaining the age of 20 (Shuger). There are about 50% of the high school students that have sexual intercourse in their teenage (Schuster, Bell, Berry, and Kanouse). The teen pregnancy, however, brings considerable economic and social cost to the teenage parents, to their children, and to their communities. One half of the teenage mothers do not even complete their high school.
...

Appendix B: PICO Worksheet and Search Strategy

PREFACE: In one to three sentences of common prose, describe the patient concern that made you interested in pursuing this PICO process. Must be documented
A 17-year-old male presents with findings of latent pulmonary tuberculosis. He had not been vaccinated with BCG as a child, and his father had been diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis 4 months ago. The patient had started a prophylactic regime of Isoniazid (INH) 300mg daily, but he missed several doses. He asks if there is a shorter and more effective prophylactic regime, so that his younger teenager siblings reduce the risk of acquiring the disease.
1. ...

Introduction

The world is currently experiencing a rapid pace of globalization. Globalization, in general, offers a more positive than negative set of effects to society. It makes countries more interconnected. The actual advantages of this worldwide phenomenon, in fact, come from the international interconnectivity that it creates.
With a more globalized international marketplace, trade between two or more countries regardless of their geographical location becomes a lot easier. At some point, it may also become cheaper as more and more infrastructure projects get developed in anticipation of the emergence of a world that is so interconnected that countries cannot, especially ...

1. Introduction

Monroe College is a fast expanding college offering different academic modules to different categories of students. With this expansion comes the need to have a well structured IT department that will be instrumental in promoting excellence in the institution. This paper aims at coming up with a plan that will be used when creating the new department. A feasibility study has been conducted to determine its suitability and effectiveness of the department in question.

1.1 Feasibility study

IT services are essential for every running of an organization. The need for IT services cannot be overlooked (Anderson 17). At New Monroe College, the importance of the ...

The Map of Haiti and others countries in the Caribbean

Haiti
Acknowledgement
This Cholera Proposal would not be having been possible without the support of “the Hinckley Institute at the University of Utah who gives me opportunity to serve the world and to see the good in the world. I am grateful to those who provided guidance and support during my internship at Medical Care Development International from ministry of health in Haiti (MSPP) I’m thankful my best Dr. Benavente Louis for his valuable contributions to this proposal. I’m thankful to Dr. Pablo Paolo and for Dr Jeff Wendell their leadership support of my research for this ...

Nursing research is relevant to the community, and it aims at finding more knowledge to advance the practice of nursing, shape the healthy policy, and to change the health in the whole country (America Association of Nursing, 2006). According to American Nurses Association (2006), the nursing research priorities at the advancement of quality and health care, and to significantly advance the critical importance of professional nursing practice especially in the research.
In my research am going to rely mostly on the online research publications because they are more updated that printed journals. My role specialization chosen in UTI in ...

Business Proposal

Business Proposal
A1.
In the choice of retail, the company has identified that there exists a vast opportunity in capturing new customers if new products that they prefer are brought into the market. Although the market has a competitive way of obtaining customers, the retail company has designed a marketing strategy to employ in ensuring that the new products sell profitably. Currently, the number of retailers has grown significantly and, hence, the competitive nature of the market. It, therefore, calls for a strategic way of marketing that gives the new products a competitive advantage. In addition, the introduction of ...

Diagnosing Trichomonas Gallinae Infections in the Pink Pigeon Columba Mayeri: A Comparison of the InPouch TF Culture System

Flagellate protozoan parasite Trichomonas Gallinae is a flagellate protozoan parasite that has been known to infect columbiform birds such as doves and pigeons. This parasite has been identified as agent causing mortality in the endangered pink pigeon (Columbia mayeri) population in Mauritius . There have been various methods in detecting Trichomonas parasites, and some of these methods are applicable for Trichomonas Gallinae. These methods include OSOM rapid test ; wet mount microscopy; and InPouch TF culture system . The objective of the proposed research is to examine the applicability and effectiveness of molecular identification using DNA primer and PCR ; OSOM rapid test for ...

Food is a basic need not only to human beings, but also to all living organisms. It is through food that humans acquire the necessary nutrients that are crucial in maintaining and fostering their development and growth. In this respect, food safety falls in the category of vital docket that command inevitable consideration. A population can be easily wiped out through poisoning of food to be consumed. The increase in population calls for increased food production, which intern has culminated to eruption of ample food processing industries (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). These industries need to be regulated, ...

Affiliated institute

Abstract
Capturing space in social media is a easy task, difficulty lies in capturing customer mindsets and their moulding their viewpoints about your business or product using the social media. Social Media has given a great opportunity to businesses but collecting distinct target groups under one roof who are open to any sort of communication and explore new things.

Introduction

In this era of Information Technology dominance, social networking is a great opportunity. Social media is not just a way to meet friends, but to meet potential business associates also and thus expand the business without spending much. You can build a business from ...

Implementation of the VAP project is a significant step aimed at ensuring that the objectives of giving patients outmost care, improvement of nursing practices and achieving desirable patient’s outcomes on the mechanically ventilated patients in the critical care unit are realized. Nevertheless, there is the need for making sure that all the relevant implementation stages have been followed and adequately taken into consideration. This will ensure any possible hitches that may affect project execution along the way are equally addressed. Additionally, it will be imperative that well-informed decisions are made with the intentions of ensuring that all the ...

Introduction

What role do information systems play in an upcoming organization? Information system plays a crucial role of transcending information from a person or one company to another. The information is mainly meant to aid the business in meeting the transactions or decisions that the executive board needs to make. To perform this, there must be a format or chain to be followed so that the information can flow as required. The chain needs to be hierarchical so that the information can be passed from one head department to the other. In today's economy, failing to embrace the culture of ...

Network design proposal

Introduction
Any organization that has its operation on many interconnected computers remains exposed to attacks from both external and internal sources. To address the issue, a computer that operates over a network requires several measures that target to minimize possible attack. The term network security is used to describe the process of bringing together the physical and software based preventive measures to prevent the underlying network infrastructure from attacks such as modification of data, misuse of infrastructure, unauthorized access and another form of attacks.

The problem statement

Analysis of security needs
The university environment provides different security threats. Data that is stored ...

Promote health and safety to the community of Esperanza through the free installation of water filtration system.

Summary:
The Engineers for Community Service (ECOS) is a student organization of the Ohio State University that started its engineering community services since 2004. One of our major projects was at the Montana de Luz, an orphanage house for HIV/AIDS stricken children at Honduras. Since then, the organization has been reaching out to other local and international communities to achieve our mission that is “To promote life-long professionalism via educational experiences through local and international community service projects (ECOS, 2016). We assist different communities with the advances in technology and promote improvements for electrical and other engineering aspects. One ...

The paper that I wrote focused on the importance of wound care education, to help healthcare practitioners in providing efficient service in the treatment of wounds for the prevention of infection. Evidences ranged from the use of wound treatment in amputation, to the use of videos and telemedicine, especially since the professional medical continuing education has been changing rapidly nowadays. For this, Abeln & Pitassi (2012, p.164) stated that there should be frequent communication and teamwork between healthcare practitioners and the patients and their families. Kent (2010) even suggested the implementation ...

There is a growing need for the education of healthcare workers, for them to efficiently cover and treat wounds and prevent contamination. Thus, there should be an evidenced approach in evaluating differences in the approach of treatment that medical practitioners use in various spheres. For this, it is important to examine some evidences on the different treatment of wounds that are being used nowadays in healthcare. This is crucial for medical practitioner training, while providing opportunity for developing proficiencies with regards to proper wound care, which may avert undesired patient outcomes in hospitals.

Evidence Review

Based on the article of Aalaa et ...

Introduction

Acute myocardial infarction is a complication of the heart that in which patients complain of heaviness or discomfort of the chest area. This complication is mainly as a result of a decrease in blood flow into the lungs or increase in perfusion. Diagnosis of this complication is done with great detail of the family history as well as physical examination to ascertain the levels of complication (Kapfhammer et al., 2004). In most cases, the treatment involves combating the possibility of re-infarction with much focus being given on the need to reduce any further damage of the cardiac tissue.
Treatment procedures in ...

Introduction

When a substance is termed as organic, it means that it is produced using through environmentally friendly methods. Ideally, organic substances are not artificial. Organic substances are environmentally friendly. A produce is something that is created. Therefore, organic produce refers to substances that are produced by methods of organic farming. Organic farming does not encourage the excessive use of modern inputs. These inputs include synthetic pesticides and fertilizers that are composed of excess chemicals (Gupta, 2007). Ideally, there is a difference between organic foods and conventional foods. Organic products are produced in compliance with organic standards that are set by the ...

Cover page

GREEN HOSPITALS

Executive summary

Just like any other institutions of the world, hospitals are required to adopt sustainable development procedures as they go about their duties. In every diagnostic and therapeutic activity in a hospital, it is highly recommended to put into consideration the effect of the environment and hence the effects to humans and the surrounding flora and fauna. The following work is focusing on green hospital concept. What does it entail, how can be achieved, and how can it be maintained. It also stipulates the consequences to hospitals that do not adhere to the green hospital policies and the long ...

Introduction

Patient health outcome is influenced by different factors. One of these factors is the nursing staff-patient ratio. Nurse staffing and how it affects the patient and nurse outcomes is of major concern to the hospital administrators and policy makers. This can be linked to the findings of several researches done relating to the outcomes of nurse-patient ratios. Since delivery of high-quality patient care is a key motivating factor for managers, understanding this myriad of issues and providing key solutions will be a beneficial step towards restructuring the nurse-patient relationship within the health care system. The review paper by (Patternson, 2011) pointed ...

Introduction

People living in community posses diverse needs and willing to get access to
multiple resources. This accompanied with certain restriction or limitations at facilities in their daily schedule could disturb them. Very often this trend could also lead to emotional or psychological distress. All people have equal rights and receiving an unbiased response from the other side is of paramount importance. For instance in public amenities, educational institution, work place or at hospital, certain individuals representing a specific ethnic background or race are more likely to receive an unpleasant reaction. In more adverse cases, there could be a violence or a ...

Part 1

Many theoreticians and practitioners of health care, along with patient advocates are currently emphasizing the need to shift from a provider-centered model to the one, which will concentrate on patient’s wellbeing (Earp, French& Gilkey, 2008, p.241). Such a need puts healthcare industry under significant pressure to demonstrate continuous improvement of quality of provided services (Lloyd, 2004, p.11). In this regard it is worth referring to the need to develop an understanding of what the term “quality” actually means and which aspects may be considered within its scope. Lots of definitions of quality exist. However, for the purposes of the following ...

Nurse leaders are responsible for continually improving the quality of care offered in the departments they head. One of the most effective ways of improving quality is through the incorporation of interdisciplinary teams in the delivery of health care services. The teams are made up of specialists in various fields who contribute specialized knowledge aimed at providing holistic care. I am a nurse leader in a women’s surgical unit. Although the unit functions well enough to meet the hospital standards, there are various challenges which if eliminated would improve the care offered in my unit drastically. One of these challenges ...

Abstract

At a time like this when knowledge and information is considered power, and a lot of people rely on the various channels of knowledge and information, typically via the internet and other forms of media, the threat to the personal security of these individuals would normally be on the rise. Cyber security is one of the most often overlooked forms of security because people tend to focus a lot on physical security and other forms of threat. Being aware of the various threats in the cyber space, which is basically a dimension where millions, if not billions of people spend their time every ...

Background

Hemodialysis is one of the most effective treatments or therapies administered for patients with either an acute or chronic renal problem. This renal therapy is most commonly administered to patients who have primary renal failure and secondary renal failure due to another condition such as cancer or a blood infection. The objective of a hemodialysis treatment is to extract and dispose waste products such as urea and mineral ions from the patient’s bloodstream to avoid the complications and morbidities that will surely come as a result of a bilateral kidney failure.
Technically, the hemodialysis machine does the job of the kidney. ...

The network upgrade

There may be multiple reasons behind the company's decision to operate the network, whether it is an increase in the number of customers or a next action of the number of employees within a site, it is an important task for Network Manager to plan and implement an adequate network system. On one hand it is important to choose the right equipment and on the other hand it is also important to manage the prices accordingly, so that everything can fit into the budget that is forecasted at the time of planning the upgrade. In this report, an upgrade standard operating ...

Background of the Research

The research paper is fundamentally about the comparison of Compassion Fatigue and PTSD patients. The research main objective it to go along with or reject this hypothesis: People suffering from Compassion fatigue will experience similar physiological changes as those suffering from PTSD. By working towards this hypothesis, the research can be able to compare and contrast CF to PTSD and recognize how the two are related. In order to verify and distinguish the relation between these two phenomena, it is essential to know what the research will be looking for. First, it is essential to have the invariable values ( ...