Biology Term Papers Samples For Students

There exists about 300,000 plant species on earth, and every individual plant hosts one or more endophytes. However, it is just a few of these plants that have been researched relative to their endophytic biology. Hence, the chance for isolation of new, as well as, interesting endophytic bacteria in plants are important. Endophytic bacteria can be referred to as bacteria that can be isolated from tissues of a surface-disinfected plant or bacteria extracted from inside of a plant, which cause no visible negative effects to the plant. Almost every plant is populated by varied bacteria referred to as endophytes. Majority of ...

Addiction and alcoholism

In the treatment for alcohol addiction, the sub culture that a patient is from should be considered in the treatment process. This is because cultural beliefs shape the approach and the behavior of an individual concerning drug and substance abuse. Culture influences are essential in forming the expectations of an individual about the problems that an individual might face in drug use. Initiation into seeking treatment for excessive substance abuse can occur in periods of sudden social change in cultural groupings (NIAAA, 2012).
Acculturation or degree in which an individual identifies him with the native culture also influences the ...

Humanistic and Biological Approaches to Personality

Introduction
Personality refers to the characteristic aspects of an individual both internally and externally. Internal factors refer to the motives, feelings, perceptions and attitudes of an individual while the external factors refer to bodily actions, speech, gestures and habits. In looking at these features, there has to be an element of consistency in the personality traits. In a given situation there is the way an individual would react and it is commonly known by peers and family.

Maslow Personality Theory

Maslow introduced a hierarchy of needs which he argued influenced a person’s personality. In the first hierarchy an individual is concerned with fulfilling ...

Abstract

This paper examines what mood disorders are and what individuals with a mood disorder are likely to face. This document encompasses the different types of mood disorders and how they affect an individual in a varied manner. Most importantly, the biological basis of each has been discussed at length. Depression is the most common mood disorder, and that is why -in one way or another- all other odd disorders are likely to revolve around depression. In general, when a person has a mood disorder, they face extreme mood - either too happy, too anxious or too sad. All these ...

Nature vs. Nurture

Abstract
For centuries man has been trying to determine what makes a person moral. Some have theorized that babies are born with an innate sense of morality while others debate this theory with their own beliefs that human ethics are molded by their environment. Those in the field of psychology have long endeavored to find commonalities that would explain human personalities. Even though all humans have similar traits there are also many ways that make us all unique. In the search to understand the relationship between commonality and uniqueness, several different theories of personality have been developed ("The study ...

Introduction

Bipolar disorder alias maniac depression is characterized by mood swings between lows( depression) and highs( mania), or a combination of these two at times. While depression is one of the most common features of this illness, maniac episodes are, usually, marked by a mix of irritability and anger, with or without euphoria. As such, the mood symptoms in the disorder may take four forms:

Mania: A period of persistently irritable mood accompanied by increased sense of self-esteem and optimism.

Depression: A period of unhappiness leading to changes in sleep, appetite, and indifference with the usual groove.
Mixed Mania: The stage when mania and depression coexist.
Hypomania: The state of persistently elevated mood marked by a ...

Introduction

Taste aversion is a common phenomenon in human beings. Most people are averse of food of one kind or the other, which is sometimes confused with allergy. If a person claims that he can eat cheese but is allergic to milk, it is mostly likely the case of taste aversion. Taste aversion is aversion to certain foods, in human beings and animals, due to a past illness experienced with similar food. It is an interesting topic of discussion, in the field of psychology, as this form of conditioning defies more than one rule of classic conditioning. The objective of this paper is ...

Abstract

Shortly after WW2, Japan became a place where the Allies put on trial Japanese military criminals of different standing. Overall, the process looked methodical and well-though-out, with an ad hoc classification developed for determining the guilt of offenders. The post-war years witnessed the execution of generals and the punishment of soldiers following their brutal orders. However, several years later, a complex of factors like the deliberate destruction of evidence or the enormous number of cases halted the prosecution process expediting its termination. As unethical and immoral as it was, the USA had its reasons not to prosecute some of ...

Introduction

Genetic evolution refers to change(s) in inheritable traits occurring across succeeding generation of organisms. The change (evolution) is responsible for the diversity at all levels including the molecular level e.g. genetic variations, individual organisms in the same species (intra-species variations) and among species (interspecies variations). It is believed that all organisms emanated from common ancestry about 3.7 billion years ago and then evolved over time to the present biodiversity. Therefore all organisms have some shared traits at the morphological and molecular level with the species sharing a more recent ancestry having more similar traits. The process of evolution involves ...

Abstract

This paper explores development of adolescents and young adults by involving adjustments and changes, which can vary in people of the same age. While studying their developments, I have considered emotional, social, cognitive, sensory and physical processes and even their combination. For instance, when individuals enter the puberty period, they may feel some implications for personal development and personality in whole. Although during adulthood and adolescence there are a lot of developmental aspects, wide personal variations occur because of core issues, achievements and circumstances. For example, not all people can attain stages of psychological development in early adulthood. There ...

The discovery of DNA as the genetic material was one of the landmark events in the field of biology. By confirming DNA as the genetic material scientists made a huge leap that has advanced the cause of medical science to a great degree. While discussing the discovery of DNA as the genetic material, we mostly speak of Friedrich Miescher (1871), the man who discovered DNA. After the discovery of DNA a significant number of studies were conducted that proved DNA as the genetic material. Then Griffith, (1928) conducted studies on bacterial transformation and indicated that genetic information can be transferred from one ...

Sex is the innate characteristics that determine whether an individual is male or female. These innate characters are contained in the gene makeup of an individual. There are two categories of sex; male and female. Sex determines the biological processes that take place in the body of an individual. These biological processes take place at different in life, depending on sex. The biological differences that are apparent are as follow: Nevid and Jeffrey 349.
Females menstruate while males do not. Menstruation is the monthly release of ovaries into the fallopian tube in a female individual. This process facilitates fertilization. ...

Introduction

David Eagleman’s (2015) book entitled The Brain details scientific discoveries about the way the human brain processes information. The book details the ways in which one’s sensory capabilities and sensory processing activities formulates the way in which one interprets the external environment. It is the combination of sensory capabilities and the processing of sensory input that is largely responsible for the “reality” that one experiences (Eagleman, 2015). The external environment or what humanity would collectively call “reality” is not necessarily what truly exists. Reality may in fact be more subjective or internal than previously thought. Therefore, one ...

Causation of Climate Change

The world’s climate system is composed of five elements that include hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, cry sphere, and biosphere. It varies naturally with time and is dependent on the incoming and outgoing energy which determine the optimal balance of the earth’s energy. These determinants constitute factors that cause climate variation that result in either warmer or colder states. This result into a phenomenon referred to as climate change. This is a condition, in which, the earth experiences adjustments in its weather that occurs over a period. This essay provides a detailed analysis of the causes, characteristics, and the impacts of climate change ...

Authors: Bror Jonsson, Nina Jonsson and Ander G. Finstad

Source: Journal of Animal Ecology
Age of maturity is a very important aspect of growth and development that has been at the forefront of many scientific experiments over the years. Berrigan and Charnov(Berrigan & Charnov, 1994) first came up with a postulate on how the size and age of maturity of reptile and fishes were interrelated. Berrigan and Charnov through their paper, created a scientific puzzle wherein, the growth is positively correlated to slight increase in temperature, therefore creating a positive slope in the size-to-age at maturity reaction norm. On the other hand, if food is the deciding factor and not temperature, ...

Introduction

Pesticides are substances or a mixture of substances whose main aim is to destroy, repel, prevent or inhibit the action of any pest. A pest is any form of an insect, plant pathogens, weeds, birds, mollusks, nematodes (worms), and microbes that destroy human foods while in the field, during transportation or in stores. In addition, a pest can destroy other human properties apart from food or help spread harmful diseases. Pesticides are classified into five categories: a chemical substance, a biological agent, disinfectant, antimicrobial and a device. Since pesticides find use in both our homes and in farms, they have the potential of causing ...

Introduction

The thyroid gland is an essential gland found in various vertebrates, and has thyroid follicles (comprised of thyroid epithelia cells), which are supplied by a dense network of blood capillaries. The thyroid tissue’s main function is the biosynthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormone, which is an essential biological molecule existing in either of two forms, T3 and T4. The activity of the thyroid gland is controlled through the neuroendocrine system, which involves the hypothalamus and the secretory actions of the pituitary gland. TSH plays a key role in stimulating the thyroxin-binding globulin (TGB) and the uptake of blood iodine ...

Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Every year, various types of cancer kill millions of people. The problem of cancer disease is unique because of its complexity and importance to humankind. Cancers affect all segments of the population, causing enormous damage to society. Although malignant tumors are extremely diverse and complex for the perception, the risk factors and mechanisms of development of cancer are well known enough so that it becomes possible not only to heal, but also to engage in cancer prevention. Cancer is the most difficult and dangerous disease, since it can ...

The concept of "social brain" is one of the challenging and advanced concepts of the modern neuropsychology. In addition, the "social brain", as a concept, forms a completely new approach to the study of social psychology and brain pathologies. Research and development of this concept contributes to the discovery of the social and psychological development of a person. The thematic justification of this study is important because it allows tracing the relationship between the social cognition and social behavior of a person, which is basic in the context of psychology, sociology, and neuropsychology. The development and use of the " ...

There have been many studies on the relationship between feminist and conformity to masculinity. Being born a male or female in a society is more beyond a mere biological fact. The Social setup usually redefines, revalue and represent the biological sexes. There are various normal associated with being born a woman or a man. According to an American Anthropologist, Gender is defined as a set of arrangements by which the society has transformed biological sexuality into a reflection of human activity. The society expects that individuals meet the transformed sexual needs. According to Nancy Fraser in her theory on status, stated that there is a need for ...

Introduction

Currently the distribution of tigers extends from the Pacific coast of Russia to West and Southern India, continuing East into the Malayan Peninsula and Sumatra. They inhabit a wide range of habitats from impenetrable tropical forest of Sumatra to the semi-arid tracts of Western India and the human dominated agricultural landscapes of the Gangetic Plains of India. The tiger (any sub-species) is always the top carnivore and the apex predator of any ecosystem wherever it is present. Being on top the food chain, they regulate the population of other predators, prey species (herbivores) and in turn the plant population of a ...

Introduction

Handedness can be considered as the use of the hand for better, faster and more precise performance or control in certain tasks. In the concept of handedness, right and left hands are considered, and generally the use of one hand more than the other is considered. However, there are four kinds of people in terms of handedness: right-handed people, left-handed people, mixed-handed people, and ambidextrous. Left-handedness is less frequently found than right-handedness. Researchers have found that left-handedness is fairly more common in men as compared to women (Papadatou-Pastou, Martin, Munafo, & Jones, 2008).

Theories of left-handedness

Several theories have been presented in order ...

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) describes that Utah Prairie Dog is a species of rodent that inhabits the grassland in the southern part of Utah in the United States. This species inhabit grassland areas and feed on grasses and forbs (USFWS 5) that are readily available in their habitat. Social structure of this species is called a clan consisting of an adult male, several females and their young (USFWS 5).
Historically, the habitat of Utah Prairie Dogs were reportedly extended from Pine and Buckskin valleys in Beaver and Iron counties, north to Salina Canyon and near Gunnison in ...

Part 1- Gender discrimination

Introduction
Evidences of gender discrimination are obvious in many societies. Social structure has encouraged discrimination among women. It would appear to be a man’s world in many instances. Politics is a male dominated institution. In some societies women could not vote. Many industries did not accept women employees claiming they could not function as efficiently as men due to lack of education. However, society has converged into male dominated occupations as well as female ones too. Therefore, it can be argued that from an employment perspective gender discrimination affects men just as women to some degree.

Theoretical applications

Symbolic interactionists theory ...

There are several elements, which constitute the classification of an individual as either male or female. Determination of one’s gender is influenced by interplay of social, biological and psychological factors. Expression of a patient’s gender identity is crucial in a clinical examination of a patient. Genetic gender is vital in determining whether an individual is male or female since males and females have distinct sexual organs. However, gender is also psychological and involves the awareness of an individual and their reaction to biological sex. Sexual orientation is they key here, as well as the gender roles and gender identity. People ...

Mental disorders are a common illness in the society. Scholars and medical practitioners have taken time and effort in attempting to understand the causes and treatment methods for these conditions. However, since the biological processes that leads to mental illnesses are quite difficult to understand, several hypotheses have developed to assist studies. Genetics and other environmental factors have been associated with numerous mental disorders. This paper first evaluates the issues of mental disorder such as depression and provides review into the genetics involved. Then the paper reviews studies into twin cases, association and neurodevelopment disorders. The research will then argue ...

The paths of water through the hydrologic cycle

One of the most fundamental principles in hydrology and ecology is the hydrologic cycle. This cycle represents the process of water circulations from the oceans, atmosphere, land and back to the ocean. The energy driving the cycle is from the solar/sun and forces of gravity. The process is continuous, and is a global wide process ensuring that every water drop on earth is part of the system (Harper et al n.d).

At the beginning of the process, water from the seas, lakes, wetlands, rivers gain energy from the sun and get transferred to the atmosphere as vapor. The sun provides ...

The rediscovery of Mendel's works on heredity in 1900 became the foundation to investigate more on genetics. However, the acceleration of the study of genetics was slow, taking more than half a century later for Watson and Crick to crack the chemical basis of heredity. In fact, their proposal, the double helical structure of DNA, became the beginning of modern biology. Over the next 30 years, the advent of recombinant DNA technology allowed us to sequence specific DNA segments (Collins & McKusick, 2001). Note that mapping specific regions of a particular DNA offers explanations to many traits, including behaviors, disorders, ...

Introduction

The process of learning in animals and humans come through a series of situations that come together to motivate, and ignite the brains and enable them to repeat specific actions in the face of certain circumstances. The basic logic presented by psychologists and biologists is that there is intrinsic motivation based on the brain which controls the nerves and models of an animal or human being. This implies that an external variable triggers an extrinsic motivation that gets the organism to ignite the internal or intrinsic motivation in order to undertake certain actions and internalize it in order to ...

Challenges of Multiculturalism

In a world with a large number of issues undergoing the complicated process of resolving like racial and gender discrimination, it is of no wonder that heated debates and arguments have been happening in all corners of the society. Philosophers, sociologists and even functionalists have mustered up enough grounds to curiously question the origins and possible answers to these arguments. Moralists like the famous teacher-student duo, Socrates and Plato, have stimulated the intelligent minds of the people regarding the morals and virtues concerning the significance of the challenges that discrimination presents. Sociologists like Karl Marx and Max Weber have ...

Introduction

Autism is considered a neurodevelopmental problem. The disease comprises problems with language skills and social communication, and relevant repetitive behaviors. The total number of children in the United States affected by autism is 1 in 88 children, and the ratio of 4:1 males versus females exists.
There is a saying about autistic children that if you are able to know ONE child with autistic symptoms, you only know ONE child with autism. That is to say that each child with autistic symptoms is unique and rarely shows similarities in symptoms amongst them. However, where from do the symptoms of ...

Brief information, risk factors and symptoms

Colon cancer, that is also known as colorectal, is a type of cancer that starts from rectum or colon. As any other type of cancer, colon cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growing cells of the body. This type of cancer usually starts with a polyp – a kind of growth on the inner lining of the rectum or colon. However, it is important to know that not all polyps change into cancer, though some of them might do it after several years. The chances that a polyp will become cancer after some, depends on the type of polyps. There are ...

Question 1

What is the biological pump as it relates to the ocean?
The biological pump as it relates to the ocean is the removal of carbon (IV) oxide from the atmosphere into the deep ocean, driven by photosynthesis, where an approximated 20 to 40 % of the carbon, which has been fixed by phytoplankton, is transported to the deep ocean .

Where did this study take place? Why is this area important?

The study took place in the Southern Ocean. The area is important because it is fundamental for the control of the carbon in the atmosphere. In addition, the area is rich in nutrients that contain a lot of nitrogen coupled with ...

Iron Whale

(3 Points) What is the biological pump as it relates to the ocean?
The process of obtaining carbon dioxide molecules from the atmosphere is influenced by the biological pump. This pump increases the carbon dioxide molecules in the deeper parts of the ocean which results to the decrease in the atmospheric carbon dioxide by turning and incorporating the carbon dioxide molecules into living matter or phytoplankton. Upon fixation of the molecule into the phytoplankton, the organism starts to descend to the deeper levels of the earth due to gravity (Earth guide, n.p.).
(3 Points) Where did this study take ...

Description of 3D Printing and Associated Science

Over the past decade, technological advancements and general progress have indeed changed or rather revolutionized human life and activities. Through the advanced technology both in hardware and software, people can now interact, communicate and complete different tasks in a more efficient and effective manner than before. The efficiency is because of how technology has influenced how we operate. Computing and Information technology has seen the rapidest and noticeable development in the past few years. These changes have affected the society, businesses and human life over the past few years. Through technology, one can achieve more socially, industrially and commercially. 3D ...

The fight for equal rights for women can be said to have existed since the dawn of civilization and a stratified culture based on patriarchal ideals of male supremacy; despite the tremendous advances that have been made since that time, there are still many instances of inequality based on gender. Social, economic and political stratification based on gender are still alive and well, though the past hundred years have seen incredible strides being made on the part of women’s rights. Many believe that gender equality has been successfully achieved, or that women should not get equal rights. These opinions ...

H S K J

BIOL/RELT421-Issues in Science and Society- Winter 2014
Term Paper
The origins of the universe has been a subject of many theories and explanations (Linder, 2003). Some believe in the scientific explanations and the Big Bang Theory is the foremost of them (Linde, Linde & Mezhlumian, 1994). Many, on the other hand, believe in the creation as what was told in the Holy Bible (Van Till, Stek, Snow, & Young, 1990). This paper will portray the notable characters that shaped the theories and beliefs about the origins of the Earth.
Hugh Ross, Leonard Brand, and James Gibson are the three ...

Abstract

This report delineates the water quality and contamination of groundwater based on different water samples in three experiments. The water quality was monitored by adding laundry detergent, oil and vinegar in one experiment. The effectiveness of filtered water was evaluated in the second experiment by passing the contaminated water through filter layers containing sand, gravels and charcoal. The filtrate showed clear water compared to raw water. The third experiment was conducted to make a comparative analysis of water samples obtained from tap water with two types of bottled water samples. The samples obtained from Dasani and Fiji bottled showed good ...

Analysis of Psychopathology

Introduction
The process of understanding how the human mind works entails to provide important details that also distinctively create a connection between behavior and thinking; this intends to connect the practical manner by which people intend to become more specific when it comes to mandating their acts in consideration to what they want or to what they perceive is necessary (Atkinson, 2011). In the field of abnormal psychology, it is imposed that there are instances when humans intend to become rather evasive in the lives of others just so to realize the importance of themselves and take note of ...

ID Number

Society has caused a lot of stereotypes between men and women. Gender and sex have always been perceived as the primary social categories in nearly all cultures especially in Asia. Society made people believe that women must be only second to men in terms of achievement, height, and everything. Women are often restricted in achieving recognition in education, sports, politics, and almost all aspects of the society. This paper explores series of gender stereotypes that have been formed across generations in diverse cultural aspects of the society.
In the past, society labeled women in different ways. Most ...

The word "homo,” the name of the biological genus to which human belongs is Latin for "human.” It was picked initially via Carolus Linnaeus in his grouping framework. The saying "human" is from the Latin humanus, the descriptive manifestation of homo. The Latin "homo" infers from the Indo-European root “dhghem,” or "earth.” Human advancement is the evolutionary procedure paving the way to the presence of modern people.
Human presented developmental capacities, which are innovative, complex, typical, and social in nature and make them unique from other surviving species. In any case, what precisely has advanced to evolve these ...

Abstract

Culture and personality are two ideologies that compliment and supplement each other. So several times, society has never failed to use culture in the process of convincing and influencing people to believe in the same beliefs as it have. This paper sought to justify the effect of each towards one another and to establish that several of these effects can be geared towards the positive or the negative side.
Keywords:Culture, personality, globalization

Consumer: Culprit to the Disintegration of Culture

The image the public have about a particular gender is dictated by the society. In other words, in a male-dominated culture male will always have the upper-hand and ...

Abstract

Aging is a reality of life, at some point the beauty of youth fades and is replaced with a gradual destruction of body tissues, organs, and the reduction in energy as well as desire for most things. For many, aging is a challenge and psychologically traumatizing experience. However, it is important for the society to understand that aging is a natural process, and there is no known cure for the process of aging. Still, the world has developed such that some of the happenings of old age such as the ease of acquiring diseases, the comfort of life as well as the life span ...

Introduction

Oedipus the King is a play by Sophocles in which Christopher Plummer plays the role of the psychologically disturbed Oedipus. This play is about a successful kingdom, which begins to fall apart as the king discovers that he had killed his own father and married his mother. It is paradoxical that Oedipus sleeps in the same bed that he was conceived with his mother. These facts disturbs Oedipus mother to an extent that she commits suicide. Hamlet is play whereby the king Hamlet of the Elsinore castle of Denmark got dead and his brother Claudius had to inherit his position with ...

Introduction

The secret to a long life has always been a fascinating topic and an appealing scientific inquiry. People are interested with the elixir of life. This is because everyone wants to die old and extend their stay on earth. The whole of humanity embraces youthfulness and life, in general. The manner by which people live is also paramount. Most people anywhere in the world are interested with health and wellness. Public health has also become a necessity while modern medicines and several technologies are trying to slow down the natural processes of ageing (Manning, et. al., 2012).
Most popular longevity factors ...

Compare and Contrast King Oedipus and Tiresias

Even though there is not even an ounce of truth to the Greek’s Mythology, their stories are the most read folklore. In The Odyssey Tiresias and King Oedipus are extraordinary characters of this great tale. Although they are from different strata of the Greek society there are time when their lives intertwined..
The story of Oedipus is one of the biggest tragedies in all of Literature. The story has not only remained popular in Literature but has lent itself to Psychology and very often one hears the term, “The Oedipus Complex.” “The Oedipus Complex” simple stated is ...

The study of critical mixed theory is not only a complex field of study, but also a field that must be examined in a multidimensional view. The mixed race theory entangles itself with political, social, and economic implication in the study of racial identities and the ‘race problem’. People with a multiracial background may experience difficulties in identifying with a particular class of people. This is because racial identities give a person the sense of belongingness. Moreover, one tends to develop a sense of self that is crucial to self-acceptance. However, even where there is a defined mixed race, a sense of belongingness can only be realized if ...

Abstract

The following assignment is dedicated to the topic “Crime scene investigation”. The Introduction presents basic ideas related to the concept of investigation, the role of crime scene investigation in investigating the crime and most important functions, performed by crime scene investigator. Thereafter legal background and other relevant concerns are emphasized. Other concerns include adhering to ethical principles of crime scene investigator’s job, health and safety issues, and planning, organization and coordination phase, which precedes core crime scene investigation activities. Special attention is paid to practical importance of each of mentioned concerns. The rest of the course work contains a ...

Introduction

Firstly, the rules of competition required that there be no competitor with an undue advantage over the other. This was simply the case when it was rumored that some men competed disguised as women so that they could win in athletic competitions. It was also alleged that intersexed individuals competed as women in order to gain an upper hand. It was for this reason that gender verification was started. The eligibility of a competitor to compete in any sporting event is decided solely on sex.
Previously, women paraded nude in front of a team of gynecologists in order to have ...

Stephen King is a familiar name to almost anyone in American society. Even people who do not read many books at all, much less serious literature, know Stephen King to be the author of numerous horror novels and stories. According to the author information on his website (Author), King was born in Maine in 1947. His parents separated when he was young, and subsequently his mother raised him and his older brother, at times living with her parents to care for them in their declining years.
As noted on his website, after graduating from high school, King attended the ...

Real Madrid CF

Real Madrid is a Spanish, professional football club founded in 1897, and with upwards of thirty Spanish League (La Liga) titles, seventeen Spanish Cups, nine European Championship Cups and two UEFA trophies, it is easily one of the most successful football clubs in the world ( Real Madrid, 2012). It was voted the 20th Century’s most successful club by FIFA and by the close of 2011; it was the richest club in the world, with annual revenues reaching upwards of $695 million and $204.0 million in operating revenues. The club, which is entirely owned and controlled by its members, is ...

Concerns about health and hygiene figure prominently in modernist urbanism and urban planning. Using Ebenezer Howard's Garden City and Le Corbusier's Contemporary City for Three Million as your point of focus, explore how this might be the case. What particular health concerns vis-a-vis the metropolis did these urban theorists have? How did they believe they could remedy the "ills" of modern urban life? What specific spatial strategies did they adopt in an effort to execute their ideas? What role, if any, did technology play for them? What are the major simiarities and/or differences between the Garden City model, as ...

Recently United Kingdom research community has proposed several challenges in computer science research with the ambition for development implementation in a wide research area. These Grand challenges would address areas in Non-classical computation which would include the exploitation of the natural world such as DNA and quantum computing in order to develop new areas of computations key being the artificial immune system (AIS). This has been well commented considering the lack of certain issues key being the lack of thought in areas of AIS, theoretical work and the limited view of the immune system. However it has to be agrees ...

Crystal evolutions

Recent developments in DNA have established that computations can now be embedded in crystals. It has been speculated that crystal computations have a possible connection to the origin of life. Support for this hypothesis has been postulated but Graham Cairns-Smith on the assumptions that primitive ‘organisms’ were clay crystals. One of the key strengths behind Cairns-Smith’s theory is that it answers Darwinians evolution that could have begun through a geological process. Taking into consideration the simplicity and conceptual evolution of crystals this provides wide range of open evolutions.

Another great advancement in this area is the case of ‘crystal metabolism’ ...

Unconventional computing refers to the different alternatives or rather unusual methodology to classical computing. With key interest being programming, our aim will be to establish the motivation behind the evolution and development of programming language. By seeking to explore how a given programming best defines itself, four critical criteria will have to be evaluated. They include the computational notion embodied into the language, support for the development process support for the underlying reasoning behind the program as well as their best suited applications. With programming being a key part of information systems, there is a need to look into the languages that ...

The movement from sites of waste-disposal of contaminated groundwater is a problem faced by many cities in world. Solid and liquid waste dumped in landfills generates an atmosphere where inorganic and organic compounds present in the water or which are produced in the landfill become prone of entering the hydrological regime through movement. The movement of contaminants in water bodies through landfills is more distinct in temperate and humid climates as penetration of rainfall is moderate to high, and separation of leachate from the aquifers which are underlying for extended time periods becomes a complex process. In such areas, landfills gets ...

Criminal law

Is risk a gendered phenomenon?
Criminologists are in consensus on the universality of gender gap in crime. Women are at an average statistics less to commit criminal acts. Patterns of offences committed by women and male are noteworthy both for their differences and for similarities. This variation of risk-taking depends on organizations of gender, motivational factors, context of risk, as well as biological factors. The issue of risk being a gender phenomenon varies in diverse content domains, this include financial, recreational, social, ethical, as well as safety.
In the past decade, a lot of study has been carried out on ...

Abstract
Deviant behavior is the behavior that fails to cope to the widely-accepted cultural or social norms. For instance, murder is a form of serious deviant behavior because it violates the cultural norm which indicates that killing another human being is unacceptable. As far as the study of deviance is concerned, there are a number of approaches towards it, coupled explanations as to why deviant behaviors occur, and how they might be addressed. The initial stage is to understand and acknowledge deviant behavior as a study of social and cultural norm. As far as cultural diversities are concerned, norms vary widely. ...

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder that causes shortness of breath, a feeling of tightness in the chest, and persistent cough. There are two primary types of asthma: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic asthma comes about through non-allergic means: cigarette smoke, stress, cold air, cleaning agents – basically anything that does not involve an allergen. Extrinsic asthma, on the other hand, comes about through an allergen such as dander, pollen or others. It leads to a constriction of the airway during an attack, leaving the victim out of breath, unable to take in more air, and with a tight feeling in their chest. In this ...